"GULA AUGUSTI" (10th S. v. 408).-Under Gule of August,' in Hazlitt's Dictionary of Faiths and Folk-lore,' is the following quotation, which may interest readers who have not access to the book : "Pettigal derives Gule from the Celtic or British Wyl or Gwyl, a festival or holiday, and explains Gule of August to mean the holiday of St. Peter ad Vincula in August, when the people of England under popery paid their Peterpence. This is confirmed by Blount, who tells us that Lammas day, called the Gule or Yule of August, may be a corruption of the British word Gwyl Awst, feast of August. Vallancey says that Cul or Gul in Irish implies a complete wheel, a belt, an anniversary. Spelman observes the word often occurs in ancient -legal parchments for the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula." Prof. Rhys in his Hibbert Lectures points out the great importance once attached to Lammas, Gwyl Awst, among the Welsh, "shown by the fact that the Welsh term in the modified form of Gula Augusti passed into the latinity of the chronicles, and even into a statute of Edward III.......The echoes of a feast or fair held on the first of August have not yet died out in Wales, where one still speaks of Gwyl Awst,' -fairs being still held in some parts at that date. The wheel, which Vallancey says is the (or an) equivalent for the Irish word Cul or Gul, was used in the old Runic Fasti to denote the festivals of summer and winter solstices, and rolling the wheel to denote the sun's beginning to descend from the highest place in the zodiac. The legend connecting St. Peter ad Vincula with the beginning of August is given by Miss Arnold Forster in 'Studies in Church Dedications,' vol. i. p. 54. T. S. M. J. J. Bond's 'Handy Book for verifying Dates' says as follows: "Gule of August. See Petrus ad Vincula, A.D. 439, Aug. 1. Gula Augusti, so called from gula, a throat, for this reason: One Quirinus, a Tribune, having a daughter that had a disease in her throat, went to Sixtus III., the Bishop of Rome, and desired of him to see the chains that St. Peter had been chained with under Nero, which request being granted, she, kissing the chains, was cured of her disease; whereupon this feast was instituted in honour of St. Peter, hence its name." Oxford. J. SCHOMBERG. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. 64 Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart. By Andrew Lang. (Glasgow, MacLehose & Sons.) "FALSE portraits of Mary, Queen of Scots, are infinite," says Horace Walpole; but there are many genuine, as may be expected of a woman who was Queen of France, Dowager of France, and Queen of Scotland, and, adds Mr. Lang, was Queen of England in the opinion of the great Catholic party that regarded Elizabeth as disqualified by birth and religion." While doubting the existence of many genuine portraits-that is, portraits painted from the life-Mr. Lang opines that there exist portraits of Mary from 1552, when she was in her tenth year, and miniatures enough to provide a pictorial history to 1584-6, the years before her death. Upon these much has been written at home and abroad; among recent contributors to the literature of the subject being the late Sir George Scharf, Mr. Lionel Cust, Mr. J. J. Foster, and Dr. Williamson in his 'History of Portrait Miniatures.' To the list, which might be further enlarged, may be added Mr. Lang himself, whose present work is a revision and an expansion, with additional illustrations, of what has previously seen the light in The Scottish Historical Review. Among those who can in no sense be regarded as experts the feeling must prevail that all the repeated portraits cannot be accurate, and that of those most probably genuine there are few which convey an idea of the extreme beauty with which Mary was blessed -or cursed. Regarding as rhapsody or fable the utterance on the scaffold of Châtelard concerning "the fairest and most cruel queen on earth," and Mr. Lang's opening comparison with Helen of Troy as described by Marlowe, we accept the historical certitude that "Mary was either beautiful or she But few of the surviving portraits answer the bewitched people into thinking her beautiful." expectations generally formed concerning her graces. It is pleasant to find Mr. Lang, notwithstanding the doubts of other authorities, voting in favour of the portrait in the possession of the Earl to his volume. Of the many portraits reproduced of Leven and Melville, which serves as frontispiece in the volume this, both as regards features and expression, is the most seductive. Apropos of the wealth of jewels in which the face is environed, this suggests to Mr. Lang a test for the genuineness of portraits by the extent to which the jewels in the possession of the queen. Among many depicted correspond to those known to have been portraits reproduced are a bridal medal of Mary and the Dauphin, Mary as Dauphine after a sketch by Clouet or Jehan de Court; a wax medallion from the Breslau Museum, Le Deuil Blanc,' a contemporary nude caricature of Mary as a mermaid, the Sheffield portrait by P. Oudry, and the Morton portrait. A final and interesting chapter is on the False Portraits of Mary.' The book is an im portant contribution to our knowledge of a subject which offers unceasing attraction. The Pageant of London. By Richard Davey.Vol. I. B.C. 40 to A.D. 1500.-Vol. II. A.D. 15001900. (Methuen & Co.) THE PAGEANT OF LONDON' is a title happily descriptive of a pleasant and popular book, interesting alike from the historical and the topographical standpoint. Compiled from the best authorities, ancient and modern (many of them not universally accessible, nor, indeed, generally known), and written with commendable spirit and vivacity, the letterpress constitutes an animated picture of London life, and chronicle of London doings, from Roman times till to-day, to which further brightness is added by the presence of forty coloured designs by Mr. John Fulleylove, R.I., the eminent painter and draughtsman. In a sense the whole may be regarded as history, the successive chapters conveying a capital idea of growth and development of life in the greatest of cities, and being as happy in atmosphere as ample in detail. We are, in fact, astonished at the amount of learning that is brought to bear. Ordinary sources, from Tacitus downward to Froissart and Pepys, are laid under contribution; and of such incidents as the trial and execution of great offenders the best existing descriptions are reproduced. In the case, however, of such things as the rendering penal, in the interests of archery, of other amusements and pursuits, and like recondite points, knowledge equally exact is displayed. In every case, indeed, Mr. Davey has gone to the most trustworthy sources. As an account of life in mediæval and Renaissance times we know of no more instructive or entertaining work, and none, certainly, the perusal of which is more of a pleasure and less of a task. The illustrations are unsurpassed in other productions of the class. Plutarch's Lives. Translated from the Greek by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., and George Long, M.A. 4 vols. (Bell & Sons.) LONG as this translation of Plutarch has been before the public, and many times as it has been reprinted in a quarter of a century, it has never previously assumed so attractive a guise as now, when it appears in "The York Library," whereto it forms a valuable and fitting addition. It constitutes the best, most trustworthy, and most readable of the translations that have been made of the most popular of classics, and can, as personal experience enables us to testify, be read with constant pleaTo Cicero and others of the Latins useful notes are supplied by the translators, and the first volume contains Long's preface to the lives published by him under the title of Civil Wars of Rome. A full and useful index to the work is given at the end of the fourth volume. A life of Plutarch is prefixed. The type of "The York Library" is admirably legible, and suited to the oldest sight. sure. John Siberch, the First Cambridge Printer, 1521-2: Bibliographical Notes, 1886-1905. By Robert Bowes and G. J. Gray. (Cambridge, Macmillan & Bowes.) ་ ALL that is likely to be known of John Siberch, the first Cambridge printer, is now within reach of the bibliophile. Coming after the late Henry Bradshaw, whose bibliography was prefixed to the facsimile edition of Bullock's Oratio' printed in 1886, Mr. Robert Bowes found in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, a copy of Linacre's 'Galen de Temperamentis.' which stood No. 6 among Siberch's books, differing from other copies that he had seen; and his account of it is now reprinted from the Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Other discoveries by Mr. Gray, including that of a hitherto unknown work printed by Siberch, are chronicled. Facsimiles of title-pages and colophons of those books printed by Siberch which have not previously been reproduced in facsimile are given, together with ornamental borders, woodcuts, and initial letters, the whole supplying specimens of each of his works, so far as present knowledge extends. All that has been discovered concerning Siberch is told in Gray's 'Earlier Cambridge Stationers. From February, 1521, he printed nine works; like other printers, he bound books, and he claims in his dedication of Baldwin to Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely, to be the first printer of Greek in England. He was known to Cambridge scholars, and is mentioned in letters of Erasmus. Four of the works for which he is responsible have been reprinted in facsimile by Messrs. Macmillan & Bowes, who proposed at one time to issue in a like forni the remainder. For want of adequate encouragement this scheme was not carried out. The work now issued in a sense completes the bibliographical aspect of the plan. All that is known concerning the title-pages and the designs is given in the shape of comment, and the whole, besides being a bibliographical treasure, is an im portant contribution to the history of the great university. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for pub. lication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answer. ing queries, or making notes with regard to previous entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second com. munication "Duplicate." WE cannot undertake to advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them. LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 30, 1906. CONTENTS.-No. 131. NOTES:-Cobden's Earliest Political Writing, 501-Punetuation in MSS. and Printed Books, 502-Robert Greene's Prose Works, 504-"Chart"-St. Michael's Church, Burleigh Street "Rag," "Ragging":"Brimer," "Brimade," 507-Richard Townsend's Epitaph-John, Lord Trevor-Bloomsbury's Famous Houses, 508. QUERIES:-John Dyer-Sussex Drinking-Song,' 508Floral Emblems of Countries-" Mother of dead dogs' "Sunken Land of Bus"-Wheels instead of Feet-North Sea Bubble-"Poor Folks' Stairs"-Holdich on Crowland Abbey-Arkle: Neilson, 509 - Aristophanes's Wasps'Burney Family-America v. United States "Minority waiter," 510. carried occasionally by the force of conscious powers into eccentricities which minds of less subtlety can, without difficulty, see and avoid. He is not without advantages, however, even in this point of view, above the characters of most of the public men of this country whose talents entitle them to a comparison with him. In industry he rivals even Pitt, whilst in his comprehensive views of the moral influences of our nature he surpasses that time-serving statesman. With more than the energy of Burke, he cannot become by his enemies charged with the apostacy of that great man. Equal in patriotism to the liberal and enlightened Fox, he is free from the laxity in public and private life which, owing to a REPLIES:-Santorin and St. Irene, 510-Gray's Elegy him. Whilst in native and acquired talents the too great facility of disposition, characterized its Translations-The Henry Brougham, Steamer, 511Emblemes d'Alciat' Masham Family Greek and subject of my remarks perhaps excels all the three Roman Tablets-Portmanteau Words and Phrases, 512- eminent names just quoted, it is doubtful, I think, Bury Family-Baskish Inscriptions in Newfoundland- whether in the absolute use and command of his Order of the Royal Oak-Cateaton Street, 513-Dr. Let-powers he can be regarded as equal to either. sum or Lettsom Society Ladies - Holborn - Rime v. Rhyme, 514-"Rose of Jericho," 515-"Dog's Nose," 516 Bream's Buildings - Butler of Toderstaff - Catterton Smith Blandina - Daniel Tuvill or Tutevil -Pancharis: Minerva,' 1735, 517-Lady Coventry's MinuetCox's History of Warwickshire'-West's Picture of the Death of General Wolfe-Kipling's 'With Scindia to Delhi'-" Eshin'"; "Beltin'"-Caning-Allan Cunning NOTES ON BOOKS:- The History of England from Addington's Administration to the Close of William IV.'s Reign -The Old Testament in Greek'-Documents illustrating Elizabethan Poetry'-'The People's Pray rs -'French Abbreviations, Commercial, Financial, and General'-'Famous Sayings and their Authors "The ham's King of the Peak,' 518. Universal Library " Opera." Notices to Correspondents. Hotes. COBDEN'S EARLIEST POLITICAL WRITING. MR. WILLIAM CATHRALL, who was jointeditor with Mr. Archibald Prentice of The Manchester Times, stated soon after Cobden's death that the great Free Trader was a contributor to that newspaper, and wrote letters about once a fortnight, which were signed "Libra." An examination of the file in the British Museum has resulted in the discovery of only one communication under that pseudonym. This was printed in The Manchester Times of 27 Sept., 1834, and is presumably the earliest of Cobden's political writings; and there is a spice of piquancy in the fact that it is a tilt at The Times-the journal with which in after life he was so frequently in conflict. As matter of curiosity this article may be worth reprinting : a THE TIMES' AND LORD BROUGHAM. To the Editors of The Manchester Times. GENTLEMEN:-I am not anxious to be ranked amongst the unqualified admirers of Lord Brougham's political conduct. His has been the fate of almost every other great genius-to be Lord Brougham is the creature of impulsehence springs his weakness. He is the terror of his partisans, even in the very act of leading them to victory. Hence arise also his tergiversations, often so clumsy, that his obtusest antagonist_even of the tory benches could not equal them. From this cause too, arises the undignified display which the Lord Chancellor has made in the House of Lords, where he has exhibited not merely the want of personal dignity-a quality which we do not prize even in dull men, and never look for in a man of genius-but a total absence of that tranquillity or consistency of mind and purpose which one would think that the decorous self-respect of great talents must ever impart to their possessors. I'am led into these remarks whilst referring to a series of extraordinary attacks which have lately been made in the Times London journal upon the reputation of Lord Brougham. Having been an attentive reader of that newspaper, 1 call their attacks extraordinary, because they evince a destitution of even a portion of that energy of mind and dexterity of tact which have for upwards of twenty years pre-eminently distinguished the conductors of that journal. It is with no malevolent feeling that I call attention to the errors of your metropolitan namesake. I believe the country owes much to the Times London newspaper, but the Public owes to itself the upholding of the integrity and honour of the effaced should that journal go unchastised for its press, which must receive a stigma not easily unprincipled conduct in the case before me. To enable your readers to judge clearly of the merits of this question, I will give them a few extracts from the Times-the same Times be it borne in mind, and which are to be found within the period of eight months in its columns: a to the fitting of any good or evil can exist only by the breath of the public; and I hold it to be one of the gravest duties of the body politic to award wisely its suffrages amongst the contending candidates of the periodical press. Delinquencies like those which have occasioned these remarks can admit but of one palliation-the haste with which newspapers are of necessity compiled; but if, from day to day, a journal braves the just current of public opinion with self-evident and deliberate falsehoods, or affronts its readers by reiterating contradictory slanders, then the chastisement should be as infallible as it is simple and severe-in the neglect and contempt of its readers. LIBRA. But so it is that whatever happens to be running in his head finds its way out of his mouth. He reminds one of a boy in love, taking up one thing when he wants another, forgetful, abrupt, and incapable of pursuing an idea or observing any coherency or It is difficult for a later age to undercongruity in speech or stand either the commanding position which action. Times, Sept. 1, 1834. Brougham once occupied or the swift loss of his political influence. Whatever the defects or circumstances which led to the disappointment of his high hopes, Brougham deserves the gratitude of the nation for his legal reforms and his advocacy of education. WILLIAM E. A. AXON. -- Apropos of water, and slip-slop, and mud, and all that, how came our friend of the Chronicle to declare the impossibility of washing the blackamore white, when it was on Saturday-the appropriate day for such work-scrubbing away at Lord Brougham's reputation? Was it a thought of present experience? Did the business on hand compel the Manchester. PUNCTUATION IN MSS. AND PRINTED (See 10th S. ii. 301, 462; iv. 144, 262.) A more indefatigablea more painstaking more punctual judge never presided in any Court in any period of our legal annals. His Lordship by his persevering attention, his unremitting assiduity, and his unexampled regularity, has afforded a striking proof that talents of the highest order and eloquence of matchless power can descend with cheerfulness and ease to the monotonous duties of the most laborious and patient (qy. painful?) drudgery. allusion? Was it an inThe dullest fag who stance of the subtilty of ever plodded without a truth, which, like murder, thought beyond the pale will out? One would of the technicalities of have thought that the his profession never attempt to wash worked so hard and so blackamore white would constantly as the man be the last image that whom even his enemies the Chronicle would adallow to be endowed mit into its defences of with the most compre- the Chancellor; but in brilliant its difficult task the intellect of his age and thought was uppermost, country.-Times, March and so out it came.18th, 1834. Times, Sept. 2, 1834. After reading the above extracts, which certainly make even Cobbett's inconsistencies to blush for very modesty, it is natural to inquire the cause of;= so great a change. The public character of the Lord Chancellor, to my eye, remains about the same hensive and as the ever-not better, we fear, nor, Heaven be praised, much worse. Pal. Soc., i. pl. 182.-Odyssey, dated 1479. By John Rhosos of Crete, a calligraphist. All iotas and upsilons are apparently doubledotted; whereas a Pausanias by Peter Hypsilas of Egina, 1497, has no dotted or v. Ptolemy, 1518, by Damascenos of Crete, has both. Printing,' plate 34.-A parallel Latin and Here the Latin has hyphens, dotted i, and full stops. This gives us also one of the earliest printed examples of the shapes of and the itself. There is probably not a comma in the Greek; and the Latin interrogation has no hint of a Q. It suggests rather the dash, or hyphen, or abbreviatingmark with a dot. There must be some private motive, and the Times of September 6th, alluding to this no doubt, speaks of its case as similar to that of a loving husband or friend who had been treated with infidelity or deception by a treacherous wife or confidant. The injustice of attempting to sacrifice the personal fame of such a person as the Chan-Jo. cellor to the personal pique of an individual is palpable. But the public has far more interest in preserving the press from corruption than in upholding the character of Lord Brougham. I regard the influence of public opinion, as exercised through the press, as the distinguishing feature in modern civilization, and which by its pureness or degradation must determine the period of existence of civilization itself. This engine of The Middle Temple Library has two editions of the same work, the Liber Abraham Auenezrac de Criticis Diebus' (bound with the up Amicus Medicorum' of Ganivetus), one dated 1496, printed in Latin at Lyons by Jo. Trechsal Alemannus ; the other, 1550, printed in Latin at Lyons by Wilm Rouillimi. They exhibit the varieties of contraction and punctuation shown in the parallel columns at 2. Ex meis libris.-'Stephani Ciceronianum Lexicon,' printed in Latin and Greek in 1557, at Paris, "ex officina H. Stephani," has modern punctuation, full stops with succeeding capital, question mark, no quotation mark, and the French form of the figure 5. It has no ecphoneme, even at passages where my Cic. Opera' (Parisiis, apud Lefevre bibliopolam, MDCCCXXIV.) has it regularly, e.g., Tusc.,' ii. 8, "O multa dictu gravia perfessu aspera Quæ corpore exantlavi, atque animo pertuli!" Ibid, ii. 9, "O pectora, o terga, o lacertorum tori!" So v.l. to same passage. Vulg. "Heu!" (at foot-note.) Sion, K 73, 2b. 'Histoires tragiques,' Bandel. Printed in French at Paris, by Jean de Bordeaux, 1572, Hist. lxv. p. 192:Que feray ie dōc......? Ah heureuse Cleopatre, de......! Bien fortunee Sophoniste, de......! Which brings ! back to 1572. 'Ciceronis et Demosthenis Sententiæ' (Sion, K. 83, 1), also at Paris by Hieronym. de Mornef, brings and further back to 1567. See at end of same volume 'Platonis (Dominus illn minatio me! & quem time, bo: 1550 afili è = consimiliter est Punctuation by colon and period Punct? by period foll'd by majuse. foll'd by minuscule ; does not occur, but neqz, also comma and colon. y{} ; used in neq; Iohannis abbrev Joh or Johan. Nate Invariable order io,. Abbreviating marks used etc. & (mod. form and size) Noteworthy in v = vel, Gothic type adg2 (1) used. Numerals: 5=5, 7=7. Roman type used, Numerals: 5=5, 7,34 |