The number of hours devoted each week to the study of mathematics and of geometric drawing in the Gymnasium and Realschule is indicated in the following:

In Hungary, as in Austria, the minister of education is the highest school official. He is assisted by a staff of subordinate ministers and numerous school inspectors.

The elementary schools include the national, private, and city schools, but there is a certain unity in the courses, because all pupils are required to pass the same examinations. Boys and girls are usually taught in separate institutions, but coeducational elementary schools are not uncommon in the less densely populated districts. The course in the elementary school is six years in length. The law provides for a minimum school year of eight months in the country and nine in the city. Education is compulsory from the sixth to the twelfth year.

The Bürgerschulen are much the same as the corresponding schools in Austria. The course is usually four years in length, but some schools offer six or eight year courses. Some of the Bürgerschulen are supported by the State, some by religious organizations, and others by the communities. The girl and boy may enter these schools after completing the fourth class of the Volkschule. The entering age is usually 10. Both male and female teachers are employed.

In the Bürgerschule for boys the same subjects are usually taught in the first four years as in the first four years of the Gymnasium and Realschule, with the exception of Latin and French. The practical aim of the Bürgerschule is indicated by the introduction of some subjects not taught in the Gymnasium and Realschule. The Bürgerschule does not attempt to prepare the pupil for higher education, but seeks to emphasize the practical subjects and to lead to the higher vocations. Attendance at these schools does not excuse one from service in the army. Pupils may be transferred from certain classes of the Bürgerschule to the Gymnasium and Realschule and vice versa by passing examinations. The change that is gradually taking place in the Bürgerschule is evidenced by the fact that Latin is now taught in some of the boys' schools, and some of these schools are not unlike the Gymnasium and Realschule.

The secondary schools of Hungary are of two kinds: (a) The Gymnasium, (b) the Realschule. Both types of school have an eight-year course. A pupil may enter by examination after completing the first four classes of the elementary school.

In the Gymnasium Latin is studied in each of the eight classes and Greek in the last four. The study of Latin is obligatory. In many Gymnasia a pupil is permitted to elect some subject instead of Greek. German is taught after the second class.

Latin is not a required subject in the Realschule, but it is sometimes offered in the last four classes. In the Realschule German is taught in all classes and French

in the last six. Mathematics is treated more extensively and more intensively in the Realschule than in the Gymnasium.

Separate secondary schools of a distinctive type have recently been established for girls. These schools offer a six-year course and may be entered by examination after the completion of the sixth year of the elementary school. There are now two kinds of high schools for girls. In one of these especial emphasis is placed upon the modern languages and domestic science; in the other the course closely resembles that of the Gymnasium for boys. Both men and women are employed as teachers in the high school for girls.

The minister of public instruction is at the head of the national educational system and is a member of the cabinet. There is a higher council of 36 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the minister, 12 are designated by the ordinary and extraordinary professors of the universities, and the remainder are elected by the senate and the chamber. Of these 36 members, 15 are appointed by the minister as a special committee in charge of all matters pertaining to higher education. Another group of members has charge of the secondary schools, and a third group has charge of the elementary schools. There are also several permanent committees to act as advisers on particular subjects.

There is an official (Prooveditore) in each Province who has charge of the matters relating to public instruction within the Province. Each Province has also an educational council for the elementatry schools and one for the secondary schools.

The elementary school usually consists of six grades. The first three grades comprise the inferior and the next three the superior course. A pupil may enter school at the age of 6, and education is compulsory from the sixth to the twelfth year. After completing the fourth year of the elementary school, the pupil who is going to a higher school may take an examination, and if he passes this he may enter the secondary school. No pupil is allowed to remain in the elementary school after he is 15 years of age or in the inferior course after he is 12 years of age.

Separation of pupils on the basis of sex occurs wherever the number of pupils in a school is sufficient to necessitate a duplication of classes and courses. Women teachers predominate in mixed schools and in elementary schools for girls. Men usually teach in the schools for boys.

The State assumes a share of the expenses for the elementary schools, and the remainder of the expense is borne by the communes.

Secondary schools are usually erected and equipped by the local authorities, and the other expenses are shared by the State. There are two types of secondary schools besides the normal schools:

I. The classical school and the modern school with Latin

(a) Ginnasio-5-year course.

(b) Liceo-3-year course.

II. Modern school without Latin-Technical school

(a) Scuola tecnica and scuola complementare-3-year course.

(b) Instituto tecnico-4-year course.

Instituto nautico-3-year course.

Secondary schools are divided into first and second grade. The first-grade schools are the Ginnasio, Scuola Tecnica, and Scuola Complementare. The second-grade schools are the Liceo, Instituto Tecnico, Instituto Nautico, and Scuola Normale.

No pupil is admitted to the secondary schools until he has passed an examination (maturita).

The complete classical course covers eight years, and the modern course covers seven years.

Girls are admitted to secondary schools upon the same conditions as boys. The Scuola Complementare is for girls only.

The secondary schools are subject to rather rigid inspection by officials from the office of the minister of education.

The State has entire control of education, and school attendance is compulsory from the sixth to the fourteenth year. The minister of education is a member of the imperial cabinet.

The school year extends from the first of April to the first of March of the following year. The actual school year, after all vacations have been deducted, is about 40 weeks.

The elementary school consists of two subdivisions. The first extends over the first six grades and is called the ordinary primary. The second, called the higher elementary, extends over the next two or three years. Education is compulsory

in the ordinary primary, but not in the higher elementary school. In some localities supplementary education is now provided for those who can not pursue their regular education beyond the compulsory stages.

Boys and girls are usually taught in the same school and in the same class during the elementary school period, but the middle and higher schools are not coeducational. Frequently, if the number of girls in one school year of the ordinary elementary schools or the number of girls in all the classes of a higher elementary school is enough to organize one class, the boys and girls are separated.

After completing the course in the ordinary primary school, the pupil who expects to enter a higher school goes at once to the middle school instead of the higher primary. Applicants for admission to the middle school must be male graduates of the ordinary elementary schools, not less than 12 years of age, or must have attainments equal or superior to those of the graduates of ordinary elementary schools. Graduates of the ordinary elementary school are given preference over others.

The course in the middle school is usually five years in length; sometimes a supplementary year is added. The graduates of middle schools are qualified to enter higher special schools of various kinds and special industrial schools. They may enter military, naval, or navigation schools, or the higher normal school.

The middle schools were established to give boys a higher common education, but many of these schools have become virtually preparatory schools. The authorities are going to close the high schools preparing for the imperial universities and to establish new higher middle schools, for the purpose of imparting to those who have finished the middle school course a higher common education more thorough than before.

After graduating from a middle school, a boy who expects to enter the university may enter a higher school, having a course of three years, which prepares for the university. A boy who enters the university after preparing in this manner is 20 or 21 years of age. Admission to the higher middle schools is usually on the basis of competitive examinations. During the first year five hours per week are devoted to mathematics; during the second and third years, four hours per week. The course in mathematics in these schools includes trigonometry, algebra, analytic geometry, and the calculus.

After a girl finishes the ordinary primary school, she may enter a girls' high school or she may enter the higher primary school. The course in a girls' high school is four or five years. This is sometimes supplemented by two additional years. This supplementary course is the only provision for the higher education of women except the normal school and certain technical schools. No girl is allowed to enter the imperial university.

The schools of Roumania are divided into three groups: (a) Primary; (b) commercial, technical, and private; (c) secondary and higher.

The minister of public instruction has general supervision of all education and is officially advised by a general educational council. This council is divided into three groups. Each group has general supervision over one of the types of schools enumerated above. There are also general and district inspectors for both the primary and the secondary schools.

The primary and the secondary schools are free, and education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14 years.

In the cities the primary school course is 4 years in length, and the school year is 10 months. In rural communities the course is 5 years in length, and the school year is 9 months.

The secondary schools are of two kinds: The gymnasium and the lycée. In some cities both types are found in the same school. Pupils may be admitted to the gymnasium by examination or upon presentation of a certificate from the primary school. Admission to the lycée is by certificate from the gymnasium.

There are three parallel courses in the lycée, somewhat as in the French schools. A pupil may elect the mathematics-science course, the Latin-science course, or the classical course. Only a few of the public secondary schools are for girls.

A pupil who does not expect to go to a university spends five years in the gymnasium instead of entering the lycée.

Primary instruction in Russia is under either the minister of public instruction or the Holy Synod.

The schools under the direction of the Holy Synod bear about the same relation to the other schools that the church schools of England bear to the public schools. The synod manages the schools through the bishop and the clergy.

The primary schools usually have courses of three or four years, but in some cities the course is five or six years in length. Five periods a week are devoted to arithmetic. The secondary schools are of two types, the classical gymnasium and the modern gymnasium.

Gymnasia for girls are quite numerous, and the course of study indicates that quite a high standard is sought. Most gymnasia for women have courses seven years in length. There are some gymnasia with three and four year courses.

The following table indicates the number of periods per week devoted to mathematics in each of the types of secondary schools: