expenditure will be wasted until we have learned how to spend much more than we are spending upon the training of teachers. A large number of the teachers in our city schools have raised their social status by entering this work. The payment made for their services is in many cases more than the young teachers would receive in other positions. It is usual for a person who may be a mediocre or poor worker in his own occupation to compare himself with the more successful members of other groups, and as the result of this comparison he feels great dissatisfaction with his own income. Elementary schools can not make the progress the times demand without the wise expenditure of much more money than is now spent, but one of the first steps toward the necessary larger investment will be the recognition that the average young woman within two years of the high school is not ready to meet the large responsibilities elementary education places upon the teacher.

In his Introduction to Economics, Dr. Seager states:

In practice capital invested in training affords a very high return, because so many of those who might benefit most from training are too poor to obtain it. * * Unless the earnings in the industry requiring specific preparation promise to be large enough to repay them for the investment, they will not make it.

The demand for increased maturity and experience is deeply concerned, in the case of women, with the issues now pending in certain cities with reference to the relation to teaching of married women and especially of the mothers of children.

Occupations of members of families of training-school students.

Occupations of members of families of training-school students—Continued.

Occupations of brothers and sisters, excluding housekeepers, those at leisure, at school, and aged 6 years and under.

Occupations of fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters, excluding housekeepers, those at leisure, at school, and aged 6 and under.

Bobbitt, Franklin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Some general principles of management applied to the probIn National society for the study of education. p. 7-96.

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[The city training school.] Editorial. Education, 19: 243-45, December 1898. [The city training school.] Editorial. Education, 21: 119-21, October 1900. Coffman, L. D. The character of the teaching population as influencing the possibilities of improved instruction. In National society for the study of education. 13th yearbook, 1914.

-The social composition of the teaching population. New York city, Teachers college, Columbia university, 1911. vi, 87 p. 8°. (Teachers college, Columbia university. Contributions to education, no. 41.) Colleges and city training schools. School journal, 74: 60, January 19, 1907. Cubberley, E. P. The certification of teachers. In National society for the study of education. 5th yearbook, 1906. part 2. p. 7–93.

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Foos, Charles S.

Normal education in city school systems.

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[Reading, Pa.,

Ford, F. E. A study of city normal schools and normal courses in high schools. Ms. thesis in library of University of Iowa, 1911.

Gordy, J. P. Rise and growth of the normal school idea in the United States.

Washington, Government printing office, 1891. 145 p. 8°. (U. S. Bureau of education. Circular of information, 1891, no. 8.)

Gordy, Wilbur F. The local training school as an agency for the preparation of teachers. In National education association. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1906. p. 124-25.

Holland, E. O. The Pennsylvania state normal schools and public school system. New York, Teachers' college, Columbia university, 1912. 94 p. 8°. (Teachers college, Columbia university. Contributions to education, no. 55.) Jackman, W. S. City training and practice schools. In National education association. (Dept. of superintendence.) Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1889. p. 45-52.

Ladd, A. J. The work of the pioneers. Quarterly journal of the University of North Dakota, October 1912. p. 3-30. .

Chapter III of Dr. Ladd's forthcoming book on "The history of normal schools in the United States."

Lawry, Charles D. The relation of superintendents and principals to the training and professional improvement of their teachers. In National society for the study of education. 7th yearbook, 1908. part 1. p. 11-66.