groups typified by the elements hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorin, and carbon are described, with their compounds. Then follows the chemistry of the metals, with their oxides and salts. They are taken up in the order of their analytical classification, with this exception, that the alkalies and the alkali earths are mentioned first. The chemistry of inorganic materia medica is made a feature.

Organic and Didactic.

SECOND OR SENIOR YEAR

Professor GREEN.

This course in organic chemistry consists of a series of lectures, together with laboratory work. The subjects are the aliphatic hydro-carbons of the paraffin, olefine, and the acetylene series. Also the derivatives of the open-chain hydrocarbons, viz., the halogen derivatives, alcohols, ethers, sulphuric compounds, aldehyds, ketones, acids, esters, amins, amids, carbohydrates, carbonic acid, and cyanogen derivatives.

The course is continued so as to include the cyclic hydrocarbons and derivatives. These comprise the phenols, cresols, diatomic phenols, likewise the aromatic aldehyds, ketones, and acids; in fact, cyclic compounds of pharmaceutical interest claim the greatest attention. The organic bodies containing nitrogen are then considered, especially the alkaloids.

This course includes the study and classification of the modern synthetic remedies.

CHEMICAL LABORATORY

FIRST OR JUNIOR YEAR

Experimental.

Professor GREEN.

The course begins with examples of chemical action, followed by the analysis and synthesis of simple things. The chemistry of the gases follows, the student isolating oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorin, and experimenting with their compounds. Then the nonmetals are considered and their properties investigated. The theory of the manufacture of salts and acids used in pharmacy, with their doses, follows, together with identification of the official acids, oxides, metals and salts. This completes the first part of the junior year. Then the properties of the metals are shown by reagents, together with the behavior of the acids, from the first steps leading to the study of analytical chemistry.

Qualitative analysis, based on the tests in the United States Pharmacopoeia, completes the term. In adopting such a wide range of study it is the aim to have typical processes of precipitation, neutralization, crystallization, and analysis carefully and correctly performed, rather than compel the student to do hurried work.

SECOND OR SENIOR YEAR

Analytical and Experimental.

Professor GREEN.

The course commences with elementary crystallography and the recognition of each system, with examples chosen from official salts. Models, both opaque and transparent, are used as aids. Then fol lows a short laboratory course in organic chemistry. The work is intended to elucidate classes and types. The student then begins analytical work which embraces a systematic course of quantitative chemical analysis, volumetric, gravimetric, and colorimetric. This is a necessity in the education of a practical pharmacist, and the course is shaped to this end. Quantitative (gravimetric) chemical analysis and manipulation, and volumetric analysis and its application to practical pharmacy, complete the first senior session.

The polariscope is employed in estimating sugar, also in determining the optical rotation of the essential oils. The absorption bands of coloring matter are demonstrated by means of the spectroscope. Along with these physical tests, the methods for the determination of the melting points are studied, with examples, such as melting point of petrolatum, cacao butter, lard, the waxes, salol, naphthaline, and acetanilid. The chemical tests for the new official synthetic compounds, as well as some in frequent use that are not recognized by the United States Pharmacopoeia, are carried out not alone as to identity, but also with a view to the detection of impurities.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the urine is then

studied.

The course concludes with experimental work in the identification and separation of poisons under conditions similar to those found in cases of accidental or criminal poisoning. This consti tutes the chemical side of toxicology.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY

FIRST OR JUNIOR YEAR

Didactic and Operative. Professor NISH and Professor SIMMONS. Theoretical pharmacy is taught by lectures and reviews explanatory of the operations and processes employed in laboratory work, while operative pharmacy is taught by requiring the student to perform the operations himself under supervision. The course begins with lectures on elementary pharmacy, the laboratory work beginning with the simpler pharmaceutical processes, the operations being first explained in the lecture room. By teaching theoretical and practical pharmacy simultaneously, as far as possible, both are better understood and their study made more interesting.

Beginning with a notice of the pharmacopoeias of Western nations, the systems of weights and measures in use by them, and the apparatus employed for weighing and measuring, the student passes on to the subject of specific gravity and the methods of estimating the same. Then follows a consideration of the application of heat to pharmacy, and of the measurement of heat by different thermometers. After this the simpler operations of pharmacy are taken up, such as solution, evaporation, distillation, sublimation, precipitation, filtration, dialysis, crystallization, etc. Comminution is then explained-slicing, bruising, grinding, and pulverizing, in mills, in mortars, and by other means; also sifting, elutriation, filtration, clarification, and decoloration.

The various processes of extraction employed in pharmacy are then considered, such as infusion, decoction, maceration, digestion, percolation or displacement, repercolation, expression, etc. Then the practical operation of these processes is shown in the preparation of the official waters, syrups, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, followed by mixtures, emulsions, oitments, cerates, oleates, etc. The manufacture of suppositories, pills, triturates, troches, and efferescing granular salts concludes the work of the year.

Identification. During the term practical work is given in the identification of pharmaceutical preparations, manufactured by the students in the laboratory.

Didactic and Operative.

Professor NISH and Professor SIMMONS.

The senior course is a continuation of the work begun in the junior year, but gradually leads on to operations requiring more skill and care. It includes lectures and reviews, followed by laboratory work on the manufacture of chemical syrups, the official liquors, solid and fluid extracts, scale salts, spirits, resins, glucosides, alkaloids, etc., so that when the course is completed, tne student has made one or more of almost every type of preparation in the United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary.

As this work proceeds, the processes of percolation, distillation, etc., are operated by the students, and each process is explained. The student is required to know the reason for every detail of each process. The menstrua employed in galenical preparations being dependent upon the chemical constituents contained in the drugs operated upon, this course forms a complement with that on organic materia medica and pharmacognosy.

The pharmacy of the new synthetic remedies receives due attention. In the lectures on pharmacy is included a consideration of the inorganic materia medica, so that nearly all the official drugs and preparations in the pharmacopoeia are noticed, and the student is instructed in the nature, preparation, and uses of practically all the more important official drugs, chemicals and medicaments.

Assay Work.-Several laboratory sessions are devoted to the processes of assaying. Students are required to make gasometric estimations of solutions of hydrogen dioxide and of spirit of nitrous ether; also alkaloidal assays of such drugs as opium, cinchona, nux vomica, belladonna, hydrastis, etc.

The work of preparing some of the standard toilet articles, with the capping and wrapping of the containers, is carried out in the laboratory.

Prescription Work. The course includes about twelve lectures as well as the actual dispensing of prescriptions. These deal with all the details of the management of the prescription counter, the subject of incompatabilities being fully considered. Many difficult or obscure prescriptions are submitted to the students, who are called upon to deal with them as they deem best. Their knowledge of weighing, measures, percentages, doses, etc., as well as their skill in compounding, are tested by this work in the laboratory.

Identification. During the term practical work is given in the identification of pharmaceutical preparations, manufactured by the students in the laboratory.

BOTANY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND PHYSIOLOGY

FIRST OR JUNIOR YEAR

Courses 1 and 5 are continuous lecture and recitation courses during the first year. Courses 2, 3, and 4 are continuous laboratory courses during the first year.

1. General Pharmaceutical Botany.

Professor CAREY.

A course of lectures on the domains of botany, referring especially to the cell and cell-contents; general morphology, and physiology of cells, tissues, and organs; the absorption, assimilation, and storing of food-substances; occurrence and formation of cell-contents; ascent of cell-sap; phyto-syntax; symbiosis; movements of plants; pollination and fertilization of plants; origin of domestic plants; influence of cultivation, etc.

2. Microscopy.

Professor CAREY.

Study of the optical properties of mirrors and lenses, and the mechanism and manipulation of the compound microscope; comparison of the more important microscopes now in use; the properties and uses of micro-reagents; the cutting of sections and preparation of microscopic mounts. This course is a necessary preparation for courses 3 and 4.

3. The Histology of the Cryptogams.

Professor CAREY.

Laboratory course in the study of the histology of types of cryptogamous plants, as algae, fungi, lichens, liverworts, mosses, and ferns. Special attention is given to the evolution and biological relationship of the plant groups referred to as revealed by their structure. The evolution and modification of cells, cell-contents, tissues, and organs; alteration of generations and sporeformation are also considered.

4. The Histology of the Phanerogams.

Professor CAREY.

The laboratory course is a continuation of course 3, and consists of the study of the histology of coniferous, monocotyledonous, and dicotyledonous plants. Special attention is next given to cellmodification and cell-contents, so as to prepare the student for the intelligent study of the histology of vegetable drugs. Suitable micro-chemical reagents are employed to aid in differentiating cells, tissues, and cell-contents.