cussed of the call of the Jesuits to take charge of the higher educational institutes in Luzern. Stenography was further practiced by the State counsellor of Zurich, Mr. Benz, who reported the discussions of the "Eidgenössische" session in 1832, and during the greater part of the decade 1830 to 1840, the discussions of the Zurich Great Council, for the proprietors of the Neue Zuricher Zeitung.

From 1830 until the present time the discussions of the Berner Great Council have been recorded by a German and a French stenographer, and are published in the "Tagblatt" of the Berner Great Council.

Stenography has also been used in the following instances: In 1844, by Krause in taking down the speeches and the toasts offered.during the great shooting club festival at Bâle; in 1862 (after Stolze system) the discussions of the Great Council in Argovie; in 1863, the discussions of the Great Council in Zurich relating to the Cantonal house insurance companies, and, in September and December, 1864, the discussions of the Swiss states council, relating to the commercial treaty with France. In 1868 the discussions of the Constitutional Council were reproduced for the New Zurich paper by 4 stenographers, and in 1870, the discussions of the Swiss Federal Conventions relating to the St. Gotthard railroad contract, and, in 1878, the discussions of the same jurisdiction, relating to the additional subvention of the St. Gotthard railroad enterprise, by five stenographers. Prof. Kollbrunner, from 1871 to 1874 reported the discussions of separate sessions of the Swiss Federal convention for the Thurgavie newspaper. Since 1876 stenography has been in constant use at the Swiss military department for the verbatim rendering of the discussions held at conferences and for copying from dictations of the chiefs at the military department. From 1876 to 1884 thirty-six larger and smaller works, by official commission, were executed by Swiss stenographers of the Gabelsberger system.

Text-books and other works on stenography have been issued in Switzerland to the number of more than a score. Three shorthand journals are now issued, Die Stenogr. Blätter aus der Schweiz, edited by Maj. Casp. Suter, in Berne; Der Stenograph, edited by Bär, a teacher in Zürich; also a journal issued by adherents of the Arends system, which began publication in July, 1890.

In reference to the Duployan system in Switzerland, Denis R. Perrault states that F. P. Bonabry, the president of the Club Sténographique de la Concorde, Fribourg, has taught shorthand for eleven years past to the Young Traders' Association, to the students of the university and others; that stenographers have been employed in the Confederation Parliament for only one year, two of whom report the proceedings in German and one in French, the latter using the Duployan method; also that there are three or four journals devoted to this system issued, the most important being "Le Signal Sténographique," published by Louis Mogeon, at Ouchy.

TURKEY.-Shorthand is very little used in Turkey, and no manual of the art has been published. A stenographic bureau was organized by the Grand Vizier to report the proceedings of the Imperial Ottoman Parliament formed in 1876. Public instruction was given, and Mr. Bontini was appointed president of the parliamentary staff at a salary of 22,000 piasters for the session. The proceedings were published in the official journals, El Djewaïb and the Vâkit. Difficulties were encountered because of the recognition of several languages, and the cost of the stenographic reports was proportionally increased.

VENEZUELA.-Marti's Spanish system was introduced into Venezuela by Chaquel. A reprint of Marti's text-book was issued at Caracas and

a manual was afterwards published by Geronimo A. Blanco. Shorthand is taught in the Colegio de Vargas and graduates report the proceedings of the Congress.

SHORTHAND IN THE UNITED STATES.

Systems of stenography resembling the earliest English methods were used in America almost contemporaneously with their publication, but no text-book was brought out until after the United States had become established as a republic. Gurney's and Taylor's systems were principally used, and the art was taught to a limited extent. At the time of the introduction of phonography Gould's treatises, based on Taylor's stenography, were the best known works on the art. The debates of the First Congress of the United States were reported unof ficially by Thomas Lloyd. These were published in 1791 and were followed by reports made by other stenographers and privately printed. Up to 1848 the Congressional Globe published weekly an abstract of debates and such speeches as were furnished by members of Congress. From that time until 1873 the reports were published in the Daily Globe, and since then in the Congressional Record. In 1873 the former arrangements for reporting were changed so as to provide five reporters of the House of Representatives, and the reporting of the Senate is done by contract, the same number of stenographers being employed. All use some modification of phonography.

In 1844 Stephen Pearl Andrews published "The Phonographic Class Book," embodying the principles of Isaac Pitman's system, and the following year in conjunction with Augustus French Boyle began the extensive publication of text-books presenting the same method. Sixteen editions each were printed of the Class Book and the Reader within ten years, and other books designed to conduct the student to verbatim reporting were prepared and published. The issue of this excellent and complete series of text-books was the means of introducing the system to thousands of persons.

In January, 1846, Andrews and Boyle issued the first number of "The American Phonographic Journal," containing eight pages of engraved shorthand, and during that year the "Anglo-Saxon," a weekly newspaper printed in phonetic type and devoted to "the writing and printing reform," began to be issued by the same publishers. As an illustration of the rapid dissemination of the art it may be mentioned that in 1851 there were said to be 6,000 persons who had been taught phonography in Philadelphia.

The introduction of shorthand as a means of expediting business correspondence has taken place within fifteen years, and principally within the past decade, the increased use within five years being very marked. In the majority of the schools in which the art is now taught it has been introduced since 1885.

Statistics of 276 schools and classes in which shorthand was taught in the year 1882, were published in "The teaching, practice, and literature of shorthand," issued as Circular of Information No. 2, 1884, of the U. S. Bureau of Education. According to these figures a grand total of 12,470 persons received instruction during the twelve months specified, of which number 10,197 persons (6,032 males and 2,904 females, the sex of 1,261 being unreported) were taught orally and 2,273 by mail. A subsequent table gave data in reference to the introduction of shorthand in 23 schools and classes in which 264 students were instructed.

To obtain the information contained in the following tables 11,000 circulars have been sent out and a very large personal correspondence conducted. It has been necessary to devote many months in learning, from all available sources, the addresses of teachers of the art and in awaiting their responses, which in the case of voluntary statistics such as these are often received only after personal and repeated requests have been made. The tables show that from July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1890, 57,375 persons received instruction in shorthand. Of this number, 23,325 males and 26,005 females (the sex of 817 being unreported) were taught in schools and classes; 7,228 by mail. Of the students by correspondence 3,744 were males and 3,208 females, the sex of 276 not being stated in the returns.

In the subsequent table statistics are given in reference to 229 schools and classes in which shorthand was introduced during the scholastic year ended June 30, 1891. The number of persons taught orally was 4,150, which with those instructed by mail, makes a grand total of 4,738. Of the former class 2,474 were males and 1,658 females. The sex of a considerable number was not indicated by the reports sent in.