months when time was most worth money, who judged righteous judgment and executed it unflinchingly-their work made San Francisco for more than 15 years the freest from the spoils system of any in the Union. Yet I have seen that quiet self-sacrifice not only 'adapted' by rabbles, but sneered at by scholars who in the like civic crises pass rhetorical resolutions and go valiantly and virtuously home, leaving the Machine to continue business smiling at the old stand." [The reader is referred to contrary views in chapter VIII, wherein Mr. James O'Meara writes.-Editor.]

Artists and musicians California has produced in numbers, but the present writer has no knowledge which justifies him in any attempt to give names. He can see with his own eyes that Keith can paint landscapes, that Hill reproduces grand mountains and Mrs. Hudson has a fine touch in showing the traits of the Indian boys and girls, but of relative value in these regards he knows almost nothing.

Noted as engineers or architects have been Alfred Dickie, George Davidson, Herman Schussler, Page Brown, Goddard, and others: men forceful, adequate and of thorough training. The name of Luther Burbank, most successful inventor of fruits and flowers, belongs in a class by himself as an engineer of nature.

The lawyers, I am told, took the leading part in the development of California for the first twenty years of her life as a state, reluctantly yielding that place in later days to the man of affairs. It was the influence of good lawyers that brought about the use of the English language in the early courts and replaced the Civil law of Roman origin by the English common law. Prominent in this work, so important in the legal civilization of California, was Elisha O. Crosby in 1850. Not less important was the exclusion of slavery accomplished largely by the bar, backed by public opinion and by the moral force of Thomas Starr King and others of California's great moral teachers. That lawyers have been retained in California for other causes than those of civilization is doubtless true, but these are not the pages on which facts of shame are to be chronicled.

Among individual jurists of the past of California the name of Stephen J. Field is first to catch the eye. The establishment of community property, the change of mining customs into mining law and the development of the state code are among the achievements associated with his name. Others

whose names are especially honored in San Francisco are Lorenzo Sawyer, John B. Felton, Oscar L. Shafter, Samuel M. Wilson and Hall McAllister, and besides these the next century will register John F. Doyle, Henry E. Highton and John Garber.

Leland Stanford as war governor of California and David Broderick as anti-slavery leader deserve prominent mention in the record of Californian political administration.

Perhaps the influence of good lawyers had much to do with California's self-restraint in the period before Congress gave a system of laws to the newly acquired territory and in the beginning of the war of secession. This self-restraint has been called by Professor Abbott "one of the finest things in American history." A good lawyer, by the way, has been interpreted as "one who lives a clean life, lends a hand in the public service and dies with his debts paid." A great advocate who says in the office and court room, "I am my client," and elsewhere, "I am myself," may be a "good fellow," but he is not a good lawyer nor a factor in civilization.

"A great lawyer, if he be a lawyer merely," observes Nathan Abbott, "is not much more than a great actor. He may be popular with his name on every tongue, but he is not a moral force. Unless a man is at heart a moral man he cannot be said to be a factor in civilization."

The work of the business man for civilization is usually co-operative, and it is not easy to segregate the part taken by the individual. The builder of great railroads, the promoter of irrigation, the developer of commerce, the breeder of stock, the maker of fine fruit, the inventor of better methods, each has his place and his glory, and it would be impertinent for the layman to intrude in such matters his indiscriminating opinions.

But names not to be forgotten are those of Henry Meiggs, whose one step may be forgotten in the aggregate helpfulness of his life, George Gordon, James Donahue, Peter Donahue, A. W. VonSchmidt, Isaac Friedländer, Adolph Sutro, Andrew S. Hallidie, Louis Sloss, Horace Davis, F. W. Dohrmann, Irving M. Scott, and certainly not least though famous in quite different ways Leland Stanford, and his three associates, Hopkins, Crocker and Huntington. The name of Phoebe A. Hearst belongs among those who have helped to transmute wealth into culture and char

acter, the wisest of all forms of charity because it gives not alms but opportunity.

If the rule of the lawyer has yielded to that of the man of business, the next step must be the leadership of the university man. Or more correctly the men who are born to lead in public affairs or in business life will hereafter have the advantage of university training.

The recognition of this fact and its development in practical form is the great glory of Leland Stanford and of his noble wife, the sharer of his thoughts and actions. And for the future, above all efforts of single individuals, because inspiring and directing these must stand as civilizing agents the influence of the universities of California, a force which California is just beginning really to feel. Every dollar used for one of these counts more than any other dollar can, because it is put out at the compound interest of human development.

"Greater," says a Californian writer, "greater than the achievement of lasting honor among one's fellowmen of later generations, is it to become a living power among them forever. It rarely happens to one man and woman to have both the power and the skill to thus live after death, working and shaping beneficently in the lives of many-not of tens nor of hundreds, but of thousands and of tens of thousands, as the generations follow on. Herein is the wisdom of money spent in education, that each recipient of influence becomes in his time a center to transmit the same in every direction, so that it multiplies forever in geometric ratio. This power to mold unborn generations for good, to keep one's hand mightily on human affairs after the flesh has been dust for years, seems not only more than mortal, but more than man. Thus does man become co-worker with God in the shaping of the world to a good outcome."

The Golden Age of California begins when its gold is used for purposes like this. From such deeds must rise the new California of the coming century, no longer the California of the gold-seeker and the adventurer, but the abode of high-minded men and women, trained in the wisdom of the ages, and imbued with the love of nature, the love of man, and the love of God.

CHAPTER II.

THE TRUTH ABOUT CLIMATE and Resources is More WONDERFUL THAN FICTION COULD BE MADE-VAST EXTENT AND VARIETY OF CLIMATE AND SOIL-IMPORTANCE OF THE JAPAN CURRENT-CLIMATOLOGY, SCENERY AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE LAND.

It is the purpose of this chapter to present some of the vital truths about northern California, its climate, soil, resources, and general characteristics. The truth is more remarkable than any Aladdin-like tales that might be woven from the author's imagination. This is perhaps the reason that the early legends that reached Spain attributed supernatural powers to the women of this land, which was supposed to be a living Eden, a sort of fulfillment of Shakespeare's picture of fairyland, as portrayed in “A Midsummer Night's Dream." The truth was added to by the early navigators until none could say where fiction and fact were blended.

Despite the luring and palpable facts of every-day life in California, it is strange that a large proportion of the oldest inhabitants, even those of ample means, know little of its scenic wonders, its grandeur of sea and shore. But this fact has its counterpart the world over. Close to Niagara the writer was surprised, many years ago, to come upon intelligent men that had never heard its sublime diapason, the most wonderful manifestation on the globe of the power of gravitation. Its beautiful rainbows, its cave of winds, and other secret wonders awoke no curiosity in their minds. On the island of Maui, as well as on Oahu, in later years, the same indifference was noted. At the Hawaiian metropolis he saw old men and women that cared nothing for the volcanic fires of Kilauea, though at times its aspect was that of a burning mountain. The sublime spectacle of the Palace of the Sun (Haleakala), most marvelous of extinct craters, had never aroused the curiosity of the phlegmatic. So, in California there are thousands that have never seen or cared to see the glories of Yosemite, the inspiring peaks of Shasta, or the snowy crests of the high Sierras. Like the peasants that wandered away from the diamonds of Golconda, which