according to Hanbold, prevented him from obtaining a place among the most celebrated jurists of his country, in the critical department at least of the science. His eulogium was pronounced by his friend and tutor Hemsterhuis, and is to be found in Hemsterhusii et Valcken. Orat. p. 157, Lugd. Bat. 1784, 8vo. A dissertation, entitled Vitæ Scævolorum, was published after D'Arnaud's death by Arntzenius, (Utr. 1767.) The fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the Observ. Miscellan. Amstelod. also contain some contributions by D'Arnaud.

ARNAUD DE RONSIL, (George, 1697-1774,) a celebrated French surgeon. He studied physic and surgery at Montpellier in 1719, under Chicoyneau, Deidier, Astrue, and Soullier; afterwards at Paris, in the Hôpital de la Charité,under Gerard; and in 1725 was admitted a master in surgery. He was subsequently chosen a member of the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, upon its establishment in 1731, and he taught osteology and the diseases of the bones in the school of St. Cosme in 1736. In this school he succeeded his father, Paul Roland Arnaud, who also delivered lectures on anatomy and the operations in surgery at the Royal Garden of Paris. In the library of the Medical Society of London there is a manuscript of the second part of a course delivered by him in 1716, which does great credit to his intelligence. From some observations in this volume it appears that he lectured on the operations in conjunction with the celebrated M. Duverney, and was altogether engaged twenty years in teaching his profession.

George Arnaud withdrew from Paris about the year 1746 or 1747, for reasons now unknown, and settled in London, where he became a member of the corporation of surgeons, and engaged in practice. He enjoyed much eminence in his profession, possessed skill and ingenuity, exhibited great industry, and introduced several improvements into the practice of surgery. His professional reading was extensive, and in his writings he quotes largely from preceding writers, both ancient and modern. He died Feb. 27, 1774. In the course of his career he published several works :

1. A Dissertation on Hernias, or Ruptures, London, 1748, 8vo; in French, Paris, 1749-1754, 8vo. The treatment of hernia appears to have been in France considered apart from the practice of surgery, and Arnaud styles himself "Surgeon for ruptures, of the hospitals of Hôtel Dieu, the Inva

lids, and the Incurables of the city of Paris, and of all the military hospitals in France." In his work he gives a good history of the opinions and practice of ancient writers, and shows a very particular knowledge of all points connected with this disease. He is the first to describe with accuracy the symptoms of strangulation, and to remove with success large portions of gangrened omentum. Arnaud was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, in 1740, to compose a memoir on hernia, and a great number of papers and communications were placed in his hands for the purpose. Their bulk, however, precluded their insertion in the Memoirs of the Academy, and a condensed account of them is to be found in this work. He greatly improved the manufacture of trusses, and had a pension granted to him by the French government to supply the army and public hospitals.

2. Observations on Aneurisms, London, 1750-1760, 4to; in French, Paris, 1760, 4to. The author gives in the French edition a translation of Dr. William Hunter's paper, contained in the Medical Observations and Inquiries, which renders the first account of the aneurismal varix, arising from an injury of the artery produced by phlebotomy. Arnaud invented a machine for pressure in cases of false aneurism, and he admits its inefficiency in producing obliteration of the vessel in the true aneurism.

3. A Dissertation on Hermaphrodites, London, 1750, 4to; in French, 1765, Paris, 8vo; and in German at Strasbourg, 1777, 4to. This formed the subject of a paper read before the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, but first printed at London.

4. A plain and easy Method of curing the Disorders of the Bladder and Urethra, London, 1754-1763-1769, 12mo; in French, Amst. 1764, 12mo. The edition of 1769 was a letter addressed to Mr. Goulard, taken from the French edition published in Holland in 1674.

5. A Discourse on the Importance of Anatomy, London, 1767, 4to. This is printed in English and in French, and was a public discourse delivered as an introductory lecture in a course before the corporation of surgeons of London, when Arnaud had arrived at the age of 70. He forcibly displays the importance of a knowledge of anatomy to all classes, but particularly to the surgeon, and he states the following curious circumstance :-"In France, betwixt the years 1720 and 1730, Adelaide of Orleans, princess of the blood,

according to Hanbold, prevented him from obtaining a place among the most celebrated jurists of his country, in the critical department at least of the science. His eulogium was pronounced by his friend and tutor Hemsterhuis, and is to be found in Hemsterhusii et Valcken. Orat. p. 157, Lugd. Bat. 1784, 8vo. A dissertation, entitled Vitæ Scævolorum, was published after D'Arnaud's death by Arntzenius, (Utr. 1767.) The fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the Observ. Miscellan. Amstelod. also contain some contributions by D'Arnaud.

ARNAUD DE RONSIL, (George, 1697-1774,) a celebrated French surgeon. He studied physic and surgery at Montpellier in 1719, under Chicoyneau, Deidier, Astrue, and Soullier; afterwards at Paris, in the Hôpital de la Charité,under Gerard; and in 1725 was admitted a master in surgery. He was subsequently chosen a member of the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, upon its establishment in 1731, and he taught osteology and the diseases of the bones in the school of St. Cosme in 1736. In this school he succeeded his father, Paul Roland Arnaud, who also delivered lectures on anatomy and the operations in surgery at the Royal Garden of Paris. In the library of the Medical Society of London there is a manuscript of the second part of a course delivered by him in 1716, which does great credit to his intelligence. From some observations in this volume it appears that he lectured on the operations in conjunction with the celebrated M. Duverney, and was altogether engaged twenty years in teaching his profession.

George Arnaud withdrew from Paris about the year 1746 or 1747, for reasons now unknown, and settled in London, where he became a member of the corporation of surgeons, and engaged in practice. He enjoyed much eminence in his profession, possessed skill and ingenuity, exhibited great industry, and introduced several improvements into the practice of surgery. His professional reading was extensive, and in his writings he quotes largely from preceding writers, both ancient and modern. He died Feb. 27, 1774. In the course of his career he published several works :

1. A Dissertation on Hernias, or Ruptures, London, 1748, 8vo; in French, Paris, 1749-1754, 8vo. The treatment of hernia appears to have been in France considered apart from the practice of surgery, and Arnaud styles himself "Surgeon for ruptures, of the hospitals of Hôtel Dieu, the Inva

lids, and the Incurables of the city of Paris, and of all the military hospitals in France." In his work he gives a good history of the opinions and practice of ancient writers, and shows a very particular knowledge of all points connected with this disease. He is the first to describe with accuracy the symptoms of strangulation, and to remove with success large portions of gangrened omentum. Arnaud was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, in 1740, to compose a memoir on hernia, and a great number of papers and communications were placed in his hands for the purpose. Their bulk, however, precluded their insertion in the Memoirs of the Academy, and a condensed account of them is to be found in this work. He greatly improved the manufacture of trusses, and had a pension granted to him by the French government to supply the army and public hospitals.

2. Observations on Aneurisms, London, 1750-1760, 4to; in French, Paris, 1760, 4to. The author gives in the French edition a translation of Dr. William Hunter's paper, contained in the Medical Observations and Inquiries, which renders the first account of the aneurismal varix, arising from an injury of the artery produced by phlebotomy. Arnaud invented a machine for pressure in cases of false aneurism, and he admits its inefficiency in producing obliteration of the vessel in the true aneurism.

3. A Dissertation on Hermaphrodites, London, 1750, 4to; in French, 1765, Paris, 8vo; and in German at Strasbourg, 1777, 4to. This formed the subject of a paper read before the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, but first printed at London.

4. A plain and easy Method of curing the Disorders of the Bladder and Urethra, London, 1754-1763-1769, 12mo; in French, Amst. 1764, 12mo. The edition of 1769 was a letter addressed to Mr. Goulard, taken from the French edition published in Holland in 1674.

5. A Discourse on the Importance of Anatomy, London, 1767, 4to. This is printed in English and in French, and was a public discourse delivered as an introductory lecture in a course before the corporation of surgeons of London, when Arnaud had arrived at the age of 70. He forcibly displays the importance of a knowledge of anatomy to all classes, but particularly to the surgeon, and he states the following curious circumstance :—“ In France, betwixt the years 1720 and 1730, Adelaide of Orleans, princess of the blood,

a virtuous and great scholar in every science and art, was led into the most scrupulous details of anatomy by the celebrated Winslow. It was a shining epoch, for ever honourable to our art!-the uncommon genius of that princess, enlightened by the beams of anatomy, induced her to be taught in the performance of the operations of surgery by several of the best practitioners in Paris; and, if I may say so, I was partaker of that honour with them. That genius placed her in so high a degree of skill as to enable her to perform, with the greatest dexterity and success, all the operations on living favourite subjects of her own sex, which she would not trust to any other hand. She had so much resolution, and was so sure in her operations, that she blooded herself with the greatest safety, though very fat and difficult to be operated upon."

6. Mémoires de Chirurgie, avec quelques Remarques Historiques sur l'Etat de la Médecine et de la Chirurgie en France et en Angleterre, London, 1768, 2 tom. 4to. These volumes contain, among other papers, a Memoir of the Life of Dr William Hunter, who was then living, and a translation of his celebrated work on congenital hernia, illustrated by plates; a discussion to show that priests afflicted with hernia are not to be regarded as imperfect, or thereby disqualified from performing the offices of the Roman Catholic Church; Observations on Aneurisms; a Dissertation on Hermaphrodites; various papers on different kinds of hernia; Description of a Chair for the Performance of Surgical Operations; a Speculum Uteri; Memoir on Staphyloma, &c. The speculum is an improvement upon that proposed by Scultetus, ingeniously contrived, but too complex in its construction.

7. Remarks on the Composition, Use, and Effects of the Extract of Lead of M. Goulard, and of his Vegeto-mineral Water, London, 1770-1774, 12mo. To this essay the author has affixed a somewhat singular motto from Borelli-" Plumbi cum corpore humano sympathia." The effects of this useful preparation are very clearly pointed out. Arnaud was a fellow-student with M. Goulard, who was "demonstrator royal" of anatomy in the College of Physicians of Paris, and a man of considerable celebrity in his day.

ARNAUD, (François,) a French author, born in 1721, died in 1784, was an ecclesiastic, and a member of the Académie Française. He was a man of learning and taste, but an indolent disposition prevented the full development

of his talents. His first production of note was his Lettre sur la Musique, au Comte de Caylus, 1754, being a prospectus of a large work on the music of the ancients, which was never completed. In concert with M. Suard, he edited, L'Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Europe, par Du Buat, 1772; and assisted in the Journal Etranger, the Gazette Littéraire de l'Europe, Variétés Littéraires, and other works. Arnaud was a great admirer of the German composer, Gluck; but the compilation entitled, Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire de la Révolution opérée dans la Musique par le Chevalier Gluck, 1781, is not by him, but by the Abbé Leblond. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNAUD, (François Thomas Marie de Baculard d',) a French author, born in 1718. Some early compositions procured for him the notice and assistance of Voltaire, to whom he was the means of introducing Le Kain. Frederick V. invited Arnaud to Berlin, and complimented him with the name of his Ovid; a distinction which Voltaire thought too great for his protégé, and which exposed him to considerable ridicule. He remained for one year at Berlin, when he was appointed counsellor of legation_at Dresden, but afterwards returned to Paris, where he lived for several years. He was imprisoned during the reign of terror, and on his liberation suffered considerable pecuniary distress. He died in 1805. The writings of Arnaud are very numerous, consisting of novels, poems, and plays, of which there are two editions-one in twenty-four volumes 12mo, and another in twelve volumes 8vo. (Biog. Univ. Dict. Hist.)

ARNAUDIN, a French author, born about 1690, wrote-Refutation par le Raisonnement du Livre intitulé, De l'Action de Dieu sur les Créatures, 1714; La Vie de Dom Pierre le Nain, Sousprieur de la Trappe, 1715; besides a translation of the treatise of Cornelius Agrippa, De l'Excellence des Femmes, 1713. (Biog. Univ. Supp.)

ARNAULD, (Antoine,) eldest son of Antoine Arnauld, advocate-general to Catherine de Medici, was born at Paris in 1560. He was made counsellor of state by Henry IV., and received the daughter of Marion the advocate-general in marriage, as a mark of his admiration. His most celebrated cause was that of the University of Paris against the Jesuits; and the speech made by him, in favour of the university, has been printed several times. Arnaud was besides the

author of a work against the Jesuits, and of some political writings; and died in 1619, having had twenty-two children by his wife Catherine Marion. His integrity and modesty were not less conspicuous than his talents; and he was so disinterested, as to refuse the post of secretary of state, offered to him by Catherine de Medici, saying, "that he could serve her better as advocate-general." He was so much respected, that on his death, he lay in state for some time, to give his countrymen the opportunity of visiting his remains. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNAULD D'ANDILLY, (Robert,) eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1589, and discharged several important offices with great ability and integrity. He was deservedly in great favour at the court of Paris, which he always employed for the best purposes; and merited what Balzac said of him-" Il ne rougit point des vertus chrétiennes, et ne tira point vanité des vertus morales." At the age of fifty-five he retired to the monastery of Port Royal des Champs, where he occupied the hours not devoted to study in the cultivation of fruit-trees. The queen, Anne of Austria, always desired that she might be served with Arnauld d'Andilly's fruit, of which he used to send annual presents. He was married to the daughter of Le Fevre de la Boderie, by whom he had three sons and five daughters. He died in 1674, leaving some translations, several religious works, and memoirs of his own life. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNAULD, (Henri,) brother of the preceding, was born in 1597, and was destined for the bar; but on receiving from the court the abbey of St. Nicholas, he entered the ecclesiastical state. In 1637 the Abbé Arnauld was appointed to the bishopric of Toul, which he declined to accept, in consequence of disputes between the king and the pope on the right of nomination. In 1645 he was despatched to Rome on an extraordinary mission, on the occasion of the quarrels between the Barberini and Innocent X.; and prevented the seizure of the Barberini palace by that pontiff, by affixing to it the arms of France during the night, and alleging that it had been privately sold to the French monarch, as had been previously arranged. His negotiation was ultimately successful, and the Barberini family suffered to return to Rome: they struck a medal in honour of Arnauld, and erected a statue to him in the palace, the possession of which they owed to his exertions. On his return to France, Arnauld was, in 1649,

made bishop of Angers, and spent the remainder of his life in the discharge of his functions, upon his diocese, in the practice of the most extensive charity and active benevolence. On the revolt of Angers in 1652, the bishop procured from the queen-mother the pardon of the rebels; and on the occasion of a great famine, he secretly employed 10,000 livres in relieving the wants of the people. His latter days were disturbed by the Jansenist quarrels. He lost his sight five years before his death, which took place in 1692. His Italian diplomatic transactions were printed at Paris in 1748, and contain many interesting particulars. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNAULD, (Antoine,) brother of the preceding, and son of Antoine Arnauld and Catherine Marion, was born in 1612, and inherited all his father's animosity to the Jesuits. He studied theology at the Sorbonne under Lescot, whose doctrine of grace he impugned in his Acte de Tentation, which he held in 1636. Lescot's resentment against his pupil was implacable, and his influence with Richelieu prevented Arnauld from receiving his doctor's degree till after the cardinal's death, in 1641. Two years afterwards he published his book, De la Fréquente Communion, which was immediately attacked by the Jesuits, against whom it seemed to be levelled, with the greatest vigour; and it was denounced by them as full of pernicious doctrine. The pub lication of this work may be regarded as an epoch in the history of the Gallican church, from the reform effected by it in the administration of the sacraments. But it exposed Arnauld to great persecution; and the enmity of his adversaries was increased, after Nouet had been compelled to demand pardon on his knees, before the assembled clergy of Paris, for calling him an heresiarch worse than Luther and Calvin, and his followers blind. In the subsequent disputes on grace, Arnauld warmly espoused the cause of the Jansenists; but laid himself open to a formal censure by the Sorbonne. The duke of Liancourt's grand-daughter was receiving education at Port Royal, in 1655; and the duke was refused absolution, after confession to a priest of St. Sulpice, unless he would remove his daughter, and break off his connexion with the Jansenists. Arnauld, on this, wrote two letters on behalf of the duke; the second of them containing two passages, one on grace, the other denying that the celebrated five propositions of