lications is a very interesting series of historical tales and narratives by him. In 1817 appeared the first part of his Kronenwachter, a romance, (never completed,) where he gives an animated picture of the times of the emperor Maximilian. Several other productions by him-among others, his dramatic poem entitled Die Gleichen -attest both the power and the fertility of his imagination. During the latter period of his life he resided alternately at Berlin and on his estate at Wiepersdorf, where he died Jan. 21st, 1831. All Arnim's writings display no ordinary talent, great power of fancy and imagination, humour and feeling; but at the same time many, particularly his earlier ones, are disfigured by carelessness of execution, and by much that is disagreeably fantastic and capricious. ARNÍM, (Johann Georg von,) more commonly written Arnheim, was born at Boizenburg in Ukermark, in 1581, and descended from a noble family which had been established for more than six hundred years in the March of Brandenburg. His first military service was in the Polish army, but afterwards he entered into that of Sweden, where he served under the famous Gustavus Adolphus. In 1626 he entered the imperial service, under the auspices of Wallenstein, and soon acquired the esteem of that general, a feeling which he retained through his whole life, and which laid him open to the suspicion of collusion with his former commander, when a change of service had imposed upon him duties incompatible with such an understanding. In 1627 he was made fieldmarshal, and in 1628 besieged Stralsund -an attempt in which he was unsuccessful. In 1629 he commanded the detachment sent to the assistance of the Poles against the Swedes; but quarrels arising between him and the Polish generals led to his recall by the emperor, and ultimately induced him to leave the imperial service for that of the elector of Saxony, under whom he commanded at the battle of Leipsic, in 1631. He afterwards led a part of the electorial army into Bohemia, and took Prague, Egra, and Ellenbogen, but was obliged by Wallenstein to abandon his conquests; and it was on the occasion of this repulse that the suspicions of his secret correspondence with that general were expressed, alluded to in the beginning of this account. He afterwards conducted the war in Silesia for some years, in conjunction with the Swedish generals Duval and Thurn; still, however, mistrusted by the allies. It was said that some severe words, which fell from Gustavus Adolphus, had embittered him against that king and the protestant cause, and combined with his former devotion to Wallenstein to induce him to betray the interests of his own party. A brilliant victory which he gained over the imperial troops at Liegnitz contributed to produce a more favourable judgment of his fidelity; but on the occasion of the peace of Prague, conceiving that his interests had not been sufficiently respected, he withdrew from the elector's service, and retired to his family seat in Ukermark. Here he was seized, in 1637, and imprisoned, first at Stettin, and afterwards at Stockholm, by order of the king of Sweden, on suspicion of plotting against him; he escaped, however, the following year during a festival, when the vigilance of his guards was relaxed by the license of the occasion; and after lying concealed for some time, he again entered the service of the elector of Saxony, then in alliance with the emperor, and died at Dresden in 1641, at the time when he was engaged in endeavouring to levy a new army. He was distinguished by extraordinary energy and activity, and by temperance so remarkable, that it procured him the sobriquet of the "Lutheran Capuchin." He was distinguished for diplomatic, as well as military talent; was frequently employed in negotiations; and when the news of his death came to cardinal Richelieu, he declared that the world had lost a cardinal as subtle, and as gifted for the management of affairs of policy, as the court of Rome could have made. ARNIM, (Georg Abraham von,) general field-marshal in the Prussian service, was born in 1651, at Boizenburg in Ukermark. He served as a soldier from his sixteenth year, was present at the most important actions fought during his life, and had the command of the army of eight thousand Brandenburgers stationed in Italy, during the war of the Spanish succession, in 1709. His last expedition was the taking of the island of Wollin in 1715, after which he retired from the army. He died in 1734, after having had an honourable share in twenty-five battles and seventeen sieges. ARNISÆUS, (Henningus,) born at Schlansted, near Halberstad, was doctor of medicine, and professor of morals at Frankfort on the Oder, and afterwards professor of medicine at Helmstadt. This ARN latter university owes to him the foundation of a botanic garden, a chemical laboratory, and a series of anatomical drawings, consisting of twenty-five plates, and representing the muscles of their natural size and colour. These were still to be seen in the time of Haller. In 1630 he left the university to fill the place of court-physician, to which he was appointed by Christiern IV. of Denmark, and died at Fredricksborg in 1636. His works are numerous, and on various subjects; comprehending, besides several medical treatises, essays on metaphysical, political, and theological topics. ARNKIEL, (Trogillus,) a Lutheran theologian, born at Tollstedt in Holstein, was pastor in the church at Appenrade. He wrote a treatise on the philosophy and school of Epicurus; The Cimbrian Danish Church History; and several other works, most of which are of a devotional tendency, and several of them in He died in 1713. verse. ARNOBIUS, (the elder, or African,) was a teacher of rhetoric at Sicca, a town of Numidia, in the reign of Diocletian. His great work is a book against the Gentiles, which was written at the time when he was a candidate for admission into the christian church, and before he Of was enrolled among its members. this work, which consists of seven books, the first two are a defence of the christian religion against the charges of the Gentiles, and a defence of the Deity and The Divine Mission of Jesus Christ. three next following are directed against the errors of Paganism; and the last two, a justification of the Christians for abandoning the pomp and luxury of temples, sacrifices, and altars, in use among the Pagans. He appears to have known nothing of the Old Testament; and of the New, only the history of Christ, unless we suppose that he purposely omits any allusion to the contents of the rest of the holy Scriptures, as being works unknown to those for whom he wrote. On the other hand, he shows great acquaintance with Greek and Roman writers, many of whom he cites by name; considerable knowledge of the christian apologists-Justin and Clemens Alexandrinus, for instance; and in the books devoted to the attack upon the doctrines of Paganism, he exhibits an extensive mythological knowledge, and quotes, for the purpose of giving them a philosophical explanation, many myths which are not now to be found in any other writer. The first edition of this work was pub 188 ARN lished at Rome (1542-3), under the title ARNOBIUS, of GAUL, was a Semi- ARNOLD, of BRESCIA, was one of those who, long prior to Luther and the reformation, attempted to correct the abuses and corruptions which had introduced themselves intoChristianity, through the principles and practice established by Attracted to the Romish church, and through the policy of papal domination. Paris by the fame of his celebrated contemporary Abelard, he found in him a teacher, whose acuteness as well as eloquence instilled into him opinions and views not at all favourable to the existing state of things in the church; and he returned to Brescia, to become a servant of the church, in order that by his preaching he might the better disseminate his doctrines among the people, and convince them how greatly the religion of the gospel had been perverted, till it was become merely a system of worldly policy and ambition. Eloquent, earnest, enthusiastic, he inveighed unsparingly against the prevalent religious errors and corruptions in such manner as to excite general attention, admiration of his fearless boldness, and in many instances conviction also. That his doctrines were highly unpalatable to the clergy, and all orders of religious, may easily be conceived when we find that he strenuously opposed the temporal power claimed by the popes, declaring it to be utterly at variance with the gospel, and in contradiction to the declaration of Christ himself, that his kingdom is not of this world; and further contended that ecclesiastics ought not to but that possess temporal dignities and authority, principalities and revenues; they, and all other servants of the church, ought to imitate the apostles, both in poverty and in zeal, edifying the people by their example, and by the purity of their lives, no less than by their exhortations and doctrines. No wonder that such opinions were held to be exceedingly dangerous, and fraught with the most abominable heresy, or that measures were taken to prevent the promulgation of them; a pretext for doing which was afforded by his having also attacked the doctrines of the church in regard to the eucharist and baptism. The severity of his morals, which formed so striking a contrast to the lax and often scandalously licentious conduct of the clergy, gave additional weight to his eloquence and arguments. His followers increased, and the laity began openly to murmur against the ecclesiastical order and the monks. The bishop of Brescia applied to the pope to silence Arnold, who having good reason perhaps to apprehend that his enemies would not stop there, quitted Italy, (1139,) and went to his friend Abelard; and afterwards sought an asylum at Zurich, where he was received with much friendliness and respect. In Switzerland, his doctrines made many converts, and were patiently listened to by the bishop of Constance and the pope's legate, two individuals who could not have been inclined towards them by their prejudices or their interests. gaining over numerous proselytes, who were distinguished by the name of Arnoldists. At length, through the instigation of Bernard, the pope (Innocent II.) excommunicated him and his followers. But at this juncture, serious popular tumults took place in Rome itself; whether the doctrines that had been freely promulgated in Switzerland had any share in influencing the Romans is uncertain, but the latter determined to abridge the power of the church; to compel the pope to renounce all secular authority; seized upon the capital, and elected, by the name of a patrician, a chief magistrate for themselves and their new republic. On hearing of this, Arnold forthwith hastened to Rome, where everything seemed to second his designs. At the head of armed soldiers the pope endeavoured to expel the new senate from the capital, but was repulsed, and so severely wounded by stones, that he shortly after died. His successor Eugenius III. was no sooner elected, than he made his escape from the city, accompanied by several cardinals. Arnold was now looked up to by the people as their director and adviser: unfortunately, however, instead of exhorting them to moderation and discretion, he eloquently depicted the tyranny they had submitted to, the insolence of ecclesiastical power, and the advantages of regenerating a republic similar to that of the ancient Romans. He perceived his indiscretion when he found what effect his counsels had; for the people began to commit the wildest excesses, pulling down the palaces of cardinals and nobles, and maltreating many of the former. The pope now excommunicated the senate and its adherents, and threatened to lay the whole city under ban; wherefore as the inhabitants feared to brave the spiritual terrors of the church, or to withdraw their allegiance from it, notwithstanding their outcry against its tyranny, they submitted, and Eugenius entered the city in triumph, on Christmas-day, 1145; but only to escape from it again as a fugitive to France in the following year. On the other hand, he had now to encounter formidable opposition from St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, a man of the highest character both for his abilities and the sanctity of his morals, but also inordinately ambitious. His personal character, and that of Arnold, would at first sight appear to have been nearly similar, each being distinguished by his self-denial, and the patient exercise of poverty; yet widely different were their principles and motives for what the former gladly renounced for himself, he claimed for the church; whereas the Brescian reformer maintained that wealth tended only to corrupt the church, and to render it spiritually poor. While Bernard neglected nothing that could promote the aggrandizement of the church and its hierarchy, Arnold laboured to reduce both to the simplicity of primitive Christianity. Notwithstanding the persecution he had to endure from Bernard, who was not sparing of his reproaches towards the bishop of Constance, and the legate, Arnold continued to preach without interruption at Zurich, until 1144, Aware of the instability of their new government, the Romans invited first the German emperor Conrad, afterwards his successor Frederic I. (Barbarossa), to become their sovereign, but the latter mistrusted their flattering promises, and was fearful that the principles of democracy, which, aided by Arnold's doctrines, had spread greatly in Lombardy, would thwart his views of obtaining unlimited Jansenius were to be found in his works, which were selected for censure by the Sorbonne. Arnauld was excluded by this sentence from the theological faculty, notwithstanding his protests against the injustice and irregularity of their proceedings, in which seventy-two doctors and many bachelors were included besides himself, for refusing to concur in the propriety of his condemnation, which was moreover proposed as a test to future candidates. Upon this, Arnauld retired for many years to Port Royal, until the conclusion of the Jansenist controversy, in 1668, by the peace of Clement IX., when he was presented to Louis XIV., and received by him with great marks of distinction. Arnauld now turned his controversial powers against the Calvinists, and wrote, in conjunction with Nicole, La Perpétuité de la Foi, and other works. But he could not resist the temptation of renewing hostilities with his old enemies, the Jesuits-an inclination said to have been fostered by Harlay, archbishop of Paris, who bore no good will to them; and in 1679 Arnauld was obliged to quit France, after living for some time in concealment and disguise, for which his impetuous and indiscreet temper little fitted him, under the protection of the duchess of Longueville. He now lived in obscurity at Brussels, where he continued to indulge his polemical powers; and, after a life of constant excitement and exertion, his death in 1694 deprived the Jansenists of their most powerful supporter, and the Jesuits of their most dangerous opponent. It is to be lamented that the learning and philosophic spirit of Arnauld should have been so entirely occupied in bitter controversial warfare; but his eager zeal would allow of no repose. Nicole, his friend and companion, as earnest but less impetuous than himself, once confessed to him that he was tired of their constant agitation, and wanted rest. "Rest!" said Arnold; "have we not eternity to rest in?" Arnold, so violent in his writings, possessed manners of great simplicity and gentleness in private life, and his modesty was remarkable at a time when his reputation was spread over all Europe. A complete edition of his works, in 45 vols, 4to, was published at Lausanne in 1777, &c.: they may be classed as follows-1. Literature and philosophy, including his labours at Port Royal. 2. On the controversy concerning grace. 3. Writings against the Calvinists. 4. Against the Jesuits. 5. His other theological works, which were numerous. (Biog. Univ. Life in the Lausanne edition of his works. Mosheim.) ARNAULD, (Antoine,) eldest son of Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, was an ecclesiastic, and assisted his uncle, the bishop of Angers, in the business of his diocese. His Memoirs were published in 1756 (Biog. Univ.) ARNAULD, (Marie Angélique,) sister of Antoine Arnauld, born in 1591, was abbess of the Port Royal des Champs, and died in 1661. Her sister Agnes also directed the affairs of Port Royal, and died in 1671, leaving one or two religious works. There were four other sisters, all members of the same religious house, and all taking part in the controversy concerning grace. Their niece, Angélique de St. Jean Arnauld, was brought up by them, and was afterwards abbess. She died in 1684. (Biog. Univ.) ARNAULD, (Antoine,) a French general, (1767-1804,) who served in the invasion of Holland under Pichegru, and distinguished himself in the attack on Baltzeim and at Hohenlinden. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) ARNAULD, (Marquis de Pomponne and Abbé de Pomponne.) See POMPONNE. . . ARNAULT, (Antoine Vincent,) one of the ornaments of the age of Napoleon, was born in Paris in 1766, and nominated in 1785 secretary of the cabinet of Madame. He made himself known at an early period by his labours in dramatic literature, and his first tragedy, Marius à Minturnes, represented in 1791, met with great success, as well as another entitled Lucrèce. After the 10th August, 1792, he retired, first to England, and subsequently to Brussels. Having returned to France, he was arrested and put in prison as an emigrant, but the committees declared that the law did not apply to such literary men as the author of Marius. After his release, he devoted himself entirely to literature, and published several plays. In 1797 he went to Italy, where Bonaparte charged him with organizing the government of the Ionian Islands. In the former country, at Venice itself, amid the ruins of the institutions it refers to, he composed Les Vénitiens. In the following year he embarked with the Armée de l'Orient; but his brother-in-law, Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely, having fallen dangerously ill at Malta, Arnault returned to France, but the frigate in which he sailed was taken by the English, by whom he was treated with particular kindness. 1799 his tragedy, Les Venetiens, was In |