acquitted himself with high credit in those solemn and august subjects which relate to our religious duties, but in those tender, playful, and humorous compositions which belong to the best of our public amusements." The comic operas of the Maid of the Mill and the Castle of Andalusia are by him. (Musical Biog. Rees's Cyclo.) ARNOLD, or ARNOUL, (Jonas,) a painter and engraver of portrait and history, who worked at Nuremburg, Ulm, Paris, and other places. He drew the portraits and figures for Sigismond van Bircken's Spiegel der Ehren, or mirror of honour, which were engraved by Philip Kilian. Amongst his own engravings are Louis XIV. on his throne, whole length, a large upright plate after a picture by Antoine Dieu; the Dauphin, after the same; and Patrona Sodalitatis, a small work. His portrait of Jacob Jenis, oval, is engraved by P. Kilian, and one of Martin Zeiler, by A. Kohl. The date when he flourished is not given. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.) There is another engraver of this name, but one of no great merit, by whom, amongst others, are Daniel in the Lions' Den, 4to, from Fr. Xav. Palco, and a subject from Exodus, after Palco the son. (Idem.) A third engraver of the name is Anton Arnold, born at Königgraetz in 1735, who was pupil of the engraver Rentz, and who lived at Prague, and worked for the booksellers, occupying himself also in engraving devotional subjects. (Idem.) ARNOLD, (John,) the inventor of the expansion balance, and of several other important improvements in the mechanism of chronometers, died 1799, aged fifty-four. He obtained premiums from the Board of Longitude, for the accurate time-keeping of his chronometers. ARNOLD, (Thomas,) an English physician, who died at Leicester in 1816, and was author of some medical treatises. ARNOLD, (Benedict,) an American, succeeded Roger Williams as governor of Rhode Island in 1657, in which office he continued for three years. During this time, together with Coddington, who has been fitly denominated the father of Rhode Island, he effected the purchase of the Island of Quononoquot (afterwards James Town) from the Indian Sachems. He was governor of Rhode Island again, from 1662 to 1666; from 1669 to 1672; and from 1677 to 1678; in which last year he died. ARNOLD, (Benedict,) a distinguished American officer, was born at Norwich, VOL. II. 193 66 in Connecticut, on the 3d of January, 1740. He was in early youth apprenticed to a firm of druggists in his native place, but was twice, during his apprenticeship, induced to enlist as a private in the army. Having deserted, he at last returned to his original employment, and ultimately commenced business on his own account at Newhaven. In this he was greatly assisted by his former masters, a fact which leads us to doubt the accuracy of Mr. Sparks's assertion, (Life of Benedict Arnold,) that, during his apprenticeship, Arnold exhibited, to the displeasure of his superiors, an innate love of mischief, an obduracy of conscience, a cruelty of disposition, an irritability of temper, and a reckless indifference to the good or ill opinions of others." After his settlement at Newhaven, his enterprising disposition induced him to unite to his regular business that of a general merchant, and he carried on a trade with the West Indies, frequently commanding his vessels in person. At the time the revolutionary war broke out he was captain of one of the two companies of militia in Connecticut, called the governor's guards, and when the news of the battle of Lexington arrived at Newhaven, he managed to collect a body of volunteers, and, having obtained arms for them from the public magazines by threats, marched them to Cambridge. Here he received from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety a commission as colonel, and, at his own instance, instructions to attempt the capture of Fort Ticonderago, which was situated on the south-western shore of Lake Champlain, and was garrisoned by royal troops. Finding, however, that colonel Allen (see ALLEN, Ethan) was on his way to make the same attempt, Arnold hastened forward, and endeavoured to persuade that officer to surrender to him the command of the expedition; but, failing in this, consented to accompany him as a volunteer, in which capacity he assisted at the capture of the fort. After this event, and after endeavouring, without success, to obtain the government of the captured fortress, he managed to surprise St.John's, seizing at the same time a royal sloop on the lake. Leaving Ticonderago, he stationed himself at Crown Point, having assumed the command of a little fleet, consisting of the sloop, a schooner, and a small flotilla of batteaux; but soon, offended with the legislature of Massachusetts for having sent a deputation to inquire into his conduct, resigned his ARN command and commission in disgust. ARN the banks of the river to the weather, and About this time, a Major Brown, irri- address that body himself, and on his road to head-quarters, to obtain permission to do so, fell in with generals Silliman and Wooster, who were in pursuit of a body of British troops that, landing at Compo, near Fairfield, had burnt the town of Danbury, and were in full retreat to the coast. Joining these generals, Arnold took part in an action in which, after a brilliant display of valour, he nearly lost his life, but was rewarded by congress (Journals, 2d May, 1777) with the desired honour of promotion to the rank of major-general. The date of his commission, however, left him below the five major-generals previously appointed. Washington immediately offered him a high command, which he refused, and proceeded to Philadelphia, where he petitioned congress to inquire into his conduct, and to repair the injury it had inflicted on him. The board of war, to whom this petition was referred, entirely acquitted him, and reported that the charges were wholly unfounded, with which his character had been "cruelly and groundlessly aspersed." Although this report was confirmed by congress (23d May, 1777), yet his rank was not restored to him, nor any reparation made him for the manifold injustice of which he complained. On the very day his petition was presented, the well-known Richard Henry Lee, in a private letter, observed: "One plan, now in frequent use, is to assassinate the characters of the friends of America in every place and by every means; at this moment they are reading in congress a bold and audacious attempt of this kind against the brave General Arnold!" At the same time he submitted his accounts to congress, and prayed that they might be examined and passed. They were accordingly referred to a committee, who, we learn from Mr. Sparks (no friendly witness)," delayed making a report," and, in spite of Arnold's remonstrances, "seemed not inclined to hasten it;" while, at the same time, no notice was taken of his reiterated demands to have his rank adjusted. Wearied and disgusted, he at last wrote to congress resigning his commission, but on the very same day disastrous in telligence was received from the army, and also a letter from Washington, recommending Arnold for a post in the northern army, as being "active, judicious, and brave." Arnold on this, in spite of the injuries he had received, withdrew his resignation, and, sacrificing his personal feelings, offered to serve under General St. Clair, one of the five major-generals who had been promoted over his head. He was rewarded for this exemplary conduct, by a majority of twothirds of congress voting that his application respecting his rank should not be granted! On this, he begged General Schuyler's leave to retire, but, in obedience to that officer's entreaties and representations, withdrew his request. After having, by an ingenious stratagem, relieved Fort Schuyler, which was closely besieged by the British, Arnold distinguished himself greatly in an action which is usually called the first battle of Behmu's Heights. It would appear that General Gates, who had succeeded General Schuyler in his command, and who took no part in the battle himself, prevented Arnold, the greater part of the day, from entering the field; but that officer learning, towards the close of the day, that the action still remained undecided, could be withheld no longer; but, in disobedience of Gates's orders, hastened to the field and secured the victory. (See Col. Varick's Letters, quoted in Sparks's Life of Arnold.) The conduct which Gates pursued on this occasion can only be ascribed to the jealousy he entertained of Arnold's fine military talents, and to this may be attributed the very discourteous manner in which he withdrew from his command a portion of his division, without apprizing him of the fact. This occasioned a quarrel between the two generals, in which high words and angry letters were banded on either side. If Arnold was indiscreet and intemperate, Gates was insufferably overbearing and arrogant; so much so, that the former demanded and obtained a pass to join Washington at head-quarters, but was induced to delay his departure in order to take part in the second battle of Behmu's Heights, in which, holding no command, he conducted himself with more courage than discretion, but still most assuredly the merit of the victory is his. He was severely wounded in the leg, and, while suffering under its effects, was gratified with the announcement that congress had agreed to present him with a commission, giving him rank from the 29th February previous; they, however, rejected an amendment, which was to add to the vote a recognition of "his extraordinary merit.” (Journ. 8th August, 1777.) In order to recruit his health, he retired to Newhaven, where he received a letter from Washington, who had previously entreated him to return to the army, forwarding to him a sword and a pair of epaulettes which as proposed by Washington. They were he had received, with two other sets, called on, as accusing parties, to substanfrom a French gentleman who had sent tiate before the court-martial the charges them, begging Washington's acceptance which they had made, but this they were of one set, and requesting him to present unwilling, but at last consented, to do. the others to such gentlemen as he might The trial was still longer delayed, in conconsider merited them. This sufficiently sequence of the movements of the British shows how highly Arnold's services were troops; and previous to the occurrence, valued by Washington, who, at the end Arnold having resigned his command at of the next May, appointed him to the Philadelphia, (18th March, 1779,) formed command of Philadelphia, then lately a design of establishing a military settleevacuated by the British. This office has ment in the western part of New York, a been described as one of exceeding deli- plan approved by the deputation in Concacy and difficulty, arising as well from gress from that state, and by Mr. Jay, the loyal feelings of a large number of the president. At length the trial took the inhabitants, as from the fact, that the place. On two of the four charges pressed respective boundaries of the civil and against him he was acquitted; "the other military powers were not defined, and the two were sustained in part, but not so far course of conduct to be pursued was left, as to imply, in the opinion of the court, a almost wholly, to the discretion of the criminal intention." (Sparks.) The first commandant. A proclamation which, in of these last-mentioned charges was, that conformity with a resolution of congress, Arnold, without the knowledge of the Arnold issued on entering upon his duties, commander-in-chief, who was then in the for the purpose of prohibiting the sale of camp, gave a protection to a vessel lying any goods in the city until it had been at Philadelphia, then in the hands of the ascertained whether any belonged to the British, authorizing it to enter into any king of Great Britain or his subjects, port of the United States. This, although rendered him exceedingly unpopular. the vessel belonged to Pennsylvanian Other causes of dispute arose, and the citizens, was considered irregular. The result was, that he soon became involved second charge was, that he had employed in hostilities with the president and coun- new public carriages for the transport of cil of Philadelphia, who at last passed a private property, and this, although it was resolution censuring him for oppressive satisfactorily shown to have been done at and disrespectful conduct; they, at the private expense, and to have in no way same time, instructing their attorney- impeded the public service, was also congeneral to proceed against him "for such sidered irregular. For these irregulaillegal and oppressive acts as were cogniz- rities the commander-in-chief was directed able in the courts of law." to reprimand General Arnold. This office was performed by Washington with his characteristic delicacy, (Complot d'Arnold et Sir Henry Clinton, Paris, 1816, p. 33;) but Arnold was deeply mortified that his eminent and acknowledged services had not obtained for him an honourable and total acquittal. The nonsettlement of his accounts by congress, the indisposition of that body to appreciate his merits, the jealousy of many of his fellow officers, added to the difficulties into which an extravagant style of living had plunged him, all combined to disgust him with the service in which he was engaged. He is said to have used very improper means to extricate himself from his embarrassments, of which certainly the most objectionable was, an application he made to the French envoy, the Chevalier de Luzerne, for a loan of money, in the making of which, it is stated, he laid great stress on the advantages France would derive from binding to her, by the chains of gratitude, a dis Eight articles of accusation, embodying the charges against him, were laid before congress, who referred them to a committee, by which Arnold was immediately acquitted; but, it having been contended that the Pennsylvanian council, from a misunderstanding which arose between them and the committee, did not produce all the evidence they possessed in support of the charges, it was ultimately determined to refer to a court-martial such articles as were cognizable by such a tribunal. This course, which deserves the severest reprobation, Arnold bitterly exclaimed against, nor were his complaints diminished at the postponement of the court, which was obtained by the council under pretence of collecting the evidence. The three months which had elapsed since the charges were originally preferred, Arnold considered, and with apparent justice, amply sufficient for this purpose. The council also took exceptions to the form of the trial tinguished American officer. It is likely, however, that Arnold made this application, considering the envoy simply in the light of a private friend; and although such an application deserves to be treated with suspicion, there is nothing to induce a belief that any treason to his party was intended by him. The rejection of this request by De Luzerne left Arnold nothing to hope, except from his joining the standard of his lawful sovereign. To this his attention had been turned previous to his trial. The indignities he had suffered induced him,-availing himself of a correspondence between his wife and Major André, and also through the medium of anonymous letters which he addressed to Sir H. Clinton himself,-to communicate to the British commander important information relative to the republican armies; and having, with some finesse, obtained the command of the fortress at West Point, he commenced those negotiations in which the part that Major André took cost that gallant officer his life. For a full account of these transactions, we refer to our life of ANDRE. To the particulars therein stated we need only add, that on the capture of André, Arnold, with some difficulty, escaped to New York, where he was joined by his wife. His defection was rewarded with a colonel's commission in the British service, and the rank of brigadier-general. He raised a corps, consisting of American refugees, and took part in two expeditions, neither of them attended with any very important results. In December, 1781, he sailed for London with his family. There he continued for some time, and afterwards established himself as a West India merchant at New Brunswick. On his return from this place to England, he was engaged in some commercial speculations, in the course of which he had to visit the island of Guadaloupe, where he was taken prisoner by the French, but managed to escape, and returned to London, where he died on the 14th of June, 1801, in the sixty-first year of his age. He was twice married; the second time to the youthful and beautiful daughter of Mr. Edward Shippen, afterwards chief-justice of Pennsylvania, by whom, as well as by his first wife, he had issue. Whatever opinion may be formed of General Arnold's treachery to the republican party, by whom he was employed, this must never be forgotten, that through a career marked by the most brilliant services he received the greatest ill usage. There is no evidence whatever to show that, as has been asserted, he sold himself to the British the sum of 63157., which he received from Sir Henry Clinton, might have been, as he himself declared, compensation for the losses he had received in consequence of his desertion. (Complot d'Arnold et Sir Henry Clinton. Sparks's Life of Benedict Arnold.) There were several other distinguished Americans of this name:— 1. Arnold, (Josiah Lyndon,) an American poet, was born about 1760, at Providence, and graduated at Dartmouth college in 1788. He superintended the academy at Plainfield, Connecticut, for some time, and afterwards devoted himself to the study of law, and was called to the bar at Providence. He did not, however, pursue his profession, being appointed a tutor in his college. On the death of his father in 1793, he settled at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where he died. His hasty verses were published after his death. 2. Arnold, (Peleg,) who was a delegate to congress under the confederation, was afterwards made chief-justice of Rhode Island. He died at Smithfield, on the 13th of February, 1820, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. 3. Arnold, (Thomas,) appointed chiefjustice in 1809, and died at Warwick the 8th of October, 1820. ARNOLDI, (Bartholomew,) was born in Usingen, whence he received the cognomen, of Usingensis, under which he appears in the writers of his time. He was an Augustine friar in Erfurt, and was considered one of the most acute philosophers of the age. He, however, never ceased to be a strenuous advocate of the scholastics. Luther being at first one of his disciples, became afterwards familiar with him. Subsequently, Arnoldi entered the theological faculty. When Luther returned, in 1518, from the Erfurt convention, Arnoldi travelled part of the way with him; and he was also present at the famous colloquium of Luther with Jodocus Trutvetter. Luther could never convince Arnoldi, but merely reduced him, by his arguments, to silence. A coldness arose between them, and Arnoldi began to attack Luther and the new doctrine in his sermons, especially in the printed one entitled, Sermo de Sacerdotio, of which the consequence was, a long series of controversial writings between him and Culsheimer, Lange and Ægidius_Machler. 1526 he left Erfurt, with the rest of the In the year |