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The dying words of Abou-Said, who had declared that none of the existing race of Hulaku were equal to the weight of empire, were, however, held by the chiefs to justify his elevation, and he strengthened his title by marrying Sati-beg, the sister of the deceased monarch. Arpa is said to have been a religious and beneficent prince, but he was inadequate to sustain the falling monarchy; and some ill-timed acts of severity having alienated the turbulent nobles, Moussa-Khan, grandson of Baidu, a former sovereign, was set up in opposition by the governor of Diarbekr. Arpa was taken prisoner, and being delivered up to the sons of MahmoodAinju, whom he had put to death, suffered retribution at their hands, May 15, 1336, after a reign of scarcely more than five months. (Habib-æs-Seir, in Price's Mohammedan Dynasties, ii. 674-7.)

ARPAD, the founder of the kingdom of the Hungarians. It was in the ninth century that a tribe of the Huns, on the Caucasus, calling themselves Magyars, and most probably prompted by some traditions of Attila's exploits, resolved to invade Pannonia a second time. They elected Salmutz (Almus) their duke, and it was agreed upon, that this dignity should remain hereditary in his family. Almus conducted his hordes over the Wolga and Dnieper, to the foot of the Carpathes, where he was succeeded, in the year 886 (or 889, or 892), by his son Arpad. The chiefs having promised allegiance to him, he was, according to the custom of the Magyars (Chazares), lifted upon a shield. Shortly afterwards, Arpad separated his army into seven divisions of 20,857 men each (Deguignes), over which he placed subordinate chiefs. Ound and Retel conquered the districts of Ugatsch and Szatmar; Borsu parts of what is now called the Borschod country; Tosu and Szabales laid waste the country between the Theiss and Köres. Other hordes took possession of the lands about the Danube, the Gran, and the Waag, and, near Neutra, hanged the Sclavian chief, Zobor, on a mountain which is yet called Zobor. Arpad himself, with the main body of his army, went from Ungwar to the Bodrog, and defeated the Bulgarian duke, Salan, even after the latter had obtained assistance from the Greek emperor, Leo, and he deprived him of his lands. After such exploits, Arpad held in the year 893, near the lake Kirthilto, at a place where, afterwards, the convent of Szermonostor was erected, and where now

the village of Pusztaszer stands, a consultation with his waywodes, in which laws for the general management of his kingdom were framed, and a sort of codex laid down-which was the groundwork of the subsequent constitution of the realm of Hungary. When the Greek emperor Leo got at war with the Bulgarian king Simeon, he sought the assistance of Arpad, who sent an army over the Danube, but they ended by betraying the emperor, whom they besieged in a little town (Mundraga-Alba Bulgarorum), and forced him to swear allegiance and to pay a tribute to Arpad. This army united afterwards with another, and made incursions into Sclavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia, and subdued the whole of Croatia in the year 895. In the mean time, the king of Bulgaria, to revenge the reverse he had met with, united his strength with the Patzinazites, invaded Atelkusu, and dispersed the Magyars in the year just mentioned. Arpad retreated with his waywodes to the island of Gepely (Tschepely), formed by two branches of the Danube; whence, the following year, he sent his generals, Zuard, Kadusa, and Bayta, towards the Temesch, Transylvania and Wallachia. After having collected another army under his own command, he went to Old-Ofen, where, according to the custom of those times, he abandoned himself with his waywodes, for several weeks, to all sorts of convivial hilarity. The next year was spent in subduing the Marahane Sclaves, who had received considerable assistance from the GermanRoman emperor. After a few uncertain contests, he defeated them entirely, near Tolna, and having taken possession of the whole surrounding country, returned, at the close of 896, to Old-Ŏfen, which from that time became the metropolis of Hungary. About the same period, the Magyars conquered the whole country between the Gran and the Waag. Their progress was stayed for a while by the emperor Arnulf, whose army entered Moravia in 899. On his death, Arpad prepared to extend his conquests to the right bank of the Danube, and occupied, about A.D. 900, that part of Pannonia which is called Interamnensis. The Magyars then extended their invasion to Germany and Italy. On the banks of the Brenta, they defeated an Italian army, of which 20,000 are said to have remained on the field of battle. In 900 and 901, their progress was arrested by the arms of duke Luitpold (Leopold), of

Bavaria. Still, however, the Magyars carried on their depredations in other quarters, though, during his latter years, Arpad did not lead them in person. In 905 the aged warrior nominated his son Soltan to be his successor, and had him proclaimed by the waywodes and nobles. He died in 907, and was buried with much ceremony at the source of a small rivulet near Stuhlweissenbourg (according to others, near Old-Ofen). His name is still revered by the people, and lives in the strain of Magyar popular poetry. Arpad's dynasty reigned until 1301, when the last of the race, king Andreas III., died by poison. (Deguignes, Hist. Gen. des Huns. Fessler. Schneller, Gesch. v. Ung. Ersch und Grueber, Encycl.)

ARPAJON, (Louis, marquis of Severac, duke of,) a French general, who distinguished himself in the wars of the reign of Louis XIII. In 1645, when the sultan Ibrahim threatened Malta, D'Arpajon raised a large body of troops, and went to assist the knights. When the danger was over, the grand master, with the consent of his council, conferred many honours and privileges upon him, and, among others, the right that one of his sons or descendants should for ever be enrolled a knight from the time of his birth, and be made a grand cross at the age of sixteen. In 1651 he was created a duke by Louis XIV. He died at Severac in 1679. (Biog. Univ.)

ARPAJON, (Louis, marquis of,) grandson of the preceding, was a distinguished general in the wars of Louis XIV. He died in 1736. He left an only daughter, who was married to a son of the duke of Noailles, and who transmitted the Maltese privilege mentioned in the life of the duke of Arpajon to that family. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARPE, (Pierre Frederic,) was born in 1682, at Kiell, in Holstein. He was professor of law at Kiell, but left it and retired to Hamburgh, to give himself entirely to literary pursuits. He died in 1748. He wrote, among other works1. Apologia pro Cæsare Vanino, Rotterdam, 1712, a bold undertaking, and which made much noise at the time. 2. The atrum Fati, sive Notitia Scriptorum de Providentia, Fortuna, et Fato. 3. De Prodigiosis Naturæ et Artis Operibus, Talismanes et Amuleta dictis. Hamburgh, 1712. 4. Feriæ Estivales, sive Scriptorum suorum Historia Liber singularis. Hamburgh, 1726. An account of all his writings, printed and in manuscript. 5. Themis Cimbrica. Hamburgh, 1737. He

was a man of great learning and vast memory, but he threw them away upon trifling researches. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) ARPINO. See JOSEPIN.

ARPINO, (II Cavaliere d'.) See CESARI. ARQUIER, (Joseph,) an eminent dramatic composer and player on the violoncello, who was born at Toulon in 1763, and died at Bourdeaux in 1816. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARRAIZ, (Amador, 1530-1600,) one of the classic writers of Portugal, born at Beja, in the province of Alentejo. At the age of fifteen he entered the order of the Carmelites, and while still young, acquired much reputation by the elegance of his sermons. Dom Henry made him, in 1578, bishop of Tripoli, and Philip II. gave him the bishopric of Pontalegro in 1581. This he resigned in 1596, and spent his latter days in the monastery of Coimbra. He is best known by his Ten Moral Dialogues, composed in imitation of Plato, which were printed at Coimbra in 1589. (Biog. Univ.)

ARRAS, (Mathias von,) a native of France, who was invited by John of Bohemia to Prague, as his architect, in 1344, to complete the cathedral of that city, which, however, was not finished till 1385, some years after his death. He also superintended the erection of the Karlstein, begun by Karl IV. in 1348, which edifice still remains for the most part according to the original, notwithstanding the alterations it underwent in the time of Rudolph II. It was completed by Arras in seven years, and he is supposed to have died very shortly after

wards.

ARRAULT, (Charles,) an eminent French advocate, who was born in 1643, and died in 1718. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARRE, a Swedish engraver, by whom we have the portrait of Thorstan Ruden, Epis. de Sinkoping, in the form of a medallion. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng.)

ARREBOE, (Andreas,) bishop of Drontheim, in Norway, during the reign of Christian IV. of Denmark. His reputation rests chiefly upon his poetical talents, which were so great, that he has been called the first Danish poet who wrote elegantly in his own language. His rhythmical version of the Psalms, and a poetical picture of the Six Days of Creation, are still held in reputation in Denmark; besides many pieces on secular subjects. He was deposed from his episcopal office in 1622, at a judicial assembly held at Bergen, in which the king presided in person, for his irregular

ife and openly scandalous demeanour. It was also made part of the charge against him, that he had refused to appear before a lay-court when summoned to do so at Drontheim; "thereby openly affronting the authorities of that city without cause assigned." He afterwards discharged the duties of the clerical office decently and without blame, at Werdingborg

ARREDONDO, (Don Isidoro, 1654— 1702,) an eminent Spanish painter, born at Colmenar de Oreja, was first a scholar of Joseph Garcia, and afterwards studied under Francisco Rici. He painted history with great reputation; and on the death of Rici was appointed painter to Charles II. of Spain. One of his principal works was a large picture of the Incarnation, which Palomino, who describes several of his productions, mentions as a very grand composition. (Bryan's Dict.)

ARRHENIUS, (Claudius,) royal historiographer of Sweden, was born at Linköping, of a family originally German. His studies, commenced in the public school of his native place, were afterwards prosecuted at the university of Upsal. Here his favourite subject was history; but he made considerable progress in other branches of learning, and his poetical compositions were not without merit. At the age of thirty he took the charge of a young Swedish nobleman, the count Gabriel Oxenstierna, and accompanied his pupil on his foreign tour; on his return from which, he was appointed tutor in the academy at Upsal, and afterwards (in 1667) professor of logic and metaphysics. In the following year he was chosen professor of history, a post which he filled with the greatest credit and ability for nineteen years; so that, according to the testimony of a Swedish author (Gezelius Biographiskt Lexicon, voc. "Oernhielm,") the history of his native country, which before this time was involved in obscurity, was brought to light by his diligence. The college of antiquities was founded during his professorship, in which he was appointed assessor in 1669; and ten years after wards, he received the appointment of royal historiographer. The duties of this office he discharged with extraordinary diligence, perusing and collecting documents of all kinds bearing upon Swedish history of these he formed a larger collection than any one had ever possessed before him. In 1687 he resigned his professorship, and received

the appointment of librarian to the university. In 1684, he was ennobled by the name of Oernhielm (under which name he is more frequently mentioned in biographical works,) retaining the arms of his family with some additions. He wrote-a Life of Anscarius, the first archbishop of Hamburg; the Ecclesiastical History of the Swedes and Goths, in four books; the Life of Ponti de la Gar

die; and left behind him in MS. a Latin and Swedish translation of the History of the Goths and Lombards in Italy, by Emanuel Thesaurus; a collection of Letters from the Romish See to the Kings, &c. of Sweden; a History of the Swedish Martyrs and principal Ecclesiastics, and of the Foundation of the principal Swedish Monasteries; a Sueogothic Chronology from the earliest Times; and a Latin translation of Pyrrhi Ligorii Fragmenta de Vehiculis. A little before his death, count Eric Dahlberg received from the king a grant for the preparation of a work in 3 volumes, containing plates of the Swedish towns, castles, churches, and other remarkable buildings, for which the descriptions were to be furnished by Oernhielm; but his death put a stop to this undertaking. This event took place at Stockholm in 1695. A funeral oration was pronounced over him by Petrus Lagerlöf, which has been printed.

ARRHENIUS, (Jacob,) the brother of Claudius, was born at Linköping, in 1642. He came to Upsal in 1663, and was first amanuensis and afterwards notary in the college of Antiquities, established there in 1668. In 1680 he was made administrator, and afterwards professor of history in the college of Upsal. In his capacity of administrator he greatly improved the finances of the college, applied them to the increase and improvement of the building, and was the founder of the new library there. In 1716 he gave up his professorship to his son Laurentius, and lived as an honorary member of the academy, and senior of the academic consistory. He died in 1725. Besides many disputations on historical subjects, he wrote a treatise-De Patria et ejus Amore; compiled a Collection of Psalms; and translated and composed many of the Psalms in the Swedish authorized version.

ARRHENIUS, (Laurentius,) son of the preceding, and his successor in the historical professorship of Upsal. His works consist of dissertations, chiefly historical.

ARR

ARRHIDEUS, the natural son of Philip, was placed on the throne by the Macedonians, after the death of AlexHe fell ander the Great, in 321 B. C. into the hands of Olympias, who put him He was a weak to death in 315 B. c. prince, and always governed by others. ARRIA, 1. wife of Cæcinna Pætus. For taking part in the revolt of Camillus Scribonianus, (Sueton. in Claud. 13, and 35; Dio, lx. 15,) Cæcinna was sent from Illyricum to Rome, and condemned to die. Arria plunged a dagger into her breast, and presented it to her husband with the long-remembered words" My (See Martial. Pætus, it hurts not." Epp. i. 14.) Pliny the younger, however, who heard from Fannia, the granddaughter of Arria, many particulars of her history, esteems this an inferior instance of the heroism of Arria's nature, (see Epp. iii. 16, compared with vi. 24,) and he prefers the following. Her husband Cæcinna, and her son, were both, apparently, dying. The son died; and Arria, with an unchanged countenance, continued her attendance upon the survivor, replying cheerfully to his inquiries for his son," He sleeps, or has taken food, and is recovering.' Even the preparations for the funeral were concealed from Cæcinna; and when her grief became too powerful to control, Arria left After the chamber to weep unseen. the death of Scribonianus, Cæcinna was seized and forced on board a ship to be carried to Rome. Arria entreated the soldiers to allow her to accompany him, saying, "For a consular senator you will have to provide slaves to prepare his food, to dress, and wait upon him. I will perform all their services." When this was denied her, she hired a small fishing-boat, and crossed the Adriatic with the galley that conveyed her husband. And when Junia, the widow of Scribonianus, to procure some mitigation of her own sentence, offered to give further information respecting the revolt, "Do you then continue to live," observed Arria," in whose lap Scribonianus expired?" To the entreaties of her son-inlaw Thrasea, who asked her, "Would you then, were I condemned, wish your daughter to die with me?" She replied, "Aye, had she lived with you as long and as harmoniously as I with my Pætus." To those who watched her she said, "Your pains are fruitless; you may keep me from an easy death, but not from dying." And with these words, she leaped from her seat, and dashed her

206

ARR

head against the wall of the chamber.
When her sense returned, Arria re-
marked, "I told you, that if you pre-
vented me from an easy way of dying, I
would find out a hard one.'

2. Arria, daughter of the preceding.
Upon the condemnation of her husband,
Thrasea Pætus, she wished to imitate her
mother. But Thrasea enjoined her to
live for the sake of their only daughter,
Fannia. (Tacit. Ann. xvi. 34.) She was
sent into exile after Thrasea's death,
(Plin. Epp. ix. 13,) and returned to Rome
with her daughter Fannia, after the death
of Domitian. Her daughter Fannia was
the wife of Thrasea Pætus, put to death
by Nero, (Tacit. Ann. xvi. 34;) and
Anteia, her granddaughter, was married
to Helvidius the younger. (See Pliny,
Epp. 1. c. and Dio. vii. 30. Tacit. Agri-
col. 45, et ibi Lips.)

3. Arria Fadilla, mother of the emperor Antoninus Pius.

ARRIAGA, (Rodrigo de, 1592-1667,) of Logroño, a Jesuit, taught philosophy at Valladolid, theology at Salamanca, and subsequently at Prague in Bohemia, His where he ended his days. He published lectures in both these faculties. opinions on matters unconnected with religion were not settled; he was more fond of destroying other systems than of erecting one of his own; hence he is rather a favourite with Bayle.

Two other persons of this name occur in the literature of Spain.

1. Gonsalvo, (d. 1657,) a Dominican friar of Burgos, published Lives of St. Thomas Aquinas, and Zaycano.

2. Pablo Josef, a Jesuit, and missionary to Peru; who, having for some time governed the college at Lima, perished at sea in 1622. He wrote several religious books, the best of which is, On the Means of Extirpating Idolatry, and of bringing the Indians to the Knowledge of the Truth.

ARRIAN, who assumed the prenomen of Flavius, when the emperor Adrian made him a citizen of Rome, about a. D. 124, was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia; where, says Photius, who, in Cod. 93, quotes from the Bithynica, a lost work of Arrian, the young Xenophon, (as he calls himself in the still extant Cynegetics,) was a priest of Ceres and Proserpine, the tutelary deities of his native place. At once the pupil and friend of Epictetus, as Xenophon had been of Socrates, he chose to perpetuate not merely the substance of conversations the philosopher held with himself and others,

but, as far as he could, the very words, as he tells us in his letter to Lucius Gellius. Of these Memorabilia, which extended to eight books, says Photius, only four have been preserved, unless it be said that the Enchiridion of Epictetus, still extant, forms another portion of the same work; while the fragments of the Homilies to be found in Stobæus, and the Discourse alluded to in Aulus Gellius, xix. 1, are to be referred probably to the twelve books of Homilies, or Discourses, mentioned by Photius; of which the one detailing the life and death of Epictetus, perhaps formed a part; for Simplicius, in his preface to the Enchiridion, says that Arrian arranged the discourses of his master in books of many lines. Like his prototype, he sacrificed to Mars as well as Minerva, and was appointed by the emperor Adrian prefect of Cappadocia, where he signalized himself in the war against the Alani and Massagetæ; and we are told that such was the fear felt by the barbarians of his talents, that the Scythians under Pharasmanes, who had committed great havoc in Media, did not dare to attack the province under his command. In the language of Mr. Dansey, the learned, faithful, and elegant translator of Arrian's treatise on Coursing, Lond. 1831, not only is there a similarity in the lives and tastes of Arrian and Xenophon, but even in the frame of their minds. The same excellences and the same weaknesses existed in both; the same patient and unerring virtue; the same kind and generous feeling; the same credulous regard to celestial admonitions, with a proportionate degree of the purest heathen piety. Arrian's principal work-the Expedition of Alexander-though composed in an age when genius and taste were on the decline, is not unworthy of the best period of Attic literature; and his Indian history, written in the Ionic dialect, and in imitation of Herodotus, is one of the most curious fragments that have come down to us. Though he did not, like Xenophon, take any part in the scenes he describes, yet, like Thucydides, he did not fail to apply to the most trustworthy sources for information, and he thus presents a singular contrast to the romantic writer, Quintus Curtius. Of his other works, Dansey has given the following account. Arrian's Periplus of the Euxine is in the form of a letter, from its author to the emperor Hadrian, who was particularly attached to geographical research, and had visited in

person a large portion of his extensive dominions. It contains an accurate topographical survey of the coasts of the Euxine, from Trapezus to Byzantium, and was written probably while Arrian held his office of prefect, a short time before the breaking out of the war against the Alani: and it was doubtless at the same time that he drew up his instructions for the march of the Roman army against the barbarians, which are found in a short but imperfect fragment annexed to the Tactica, written, as he states himself, in the twentieth year of the reign of the emperor, and containing, after a brief account of former writers on the same subject, a description of the order and arrangement of an army in general. With respect to the Periplus of the Erythrean sea, which sometimes passes under the name of Arrian, its genuineness has been doubted by many, and it is positively rejected by Vincent. To the preceding works must be added-1. The Parthica, containing an account, in seventeen books, of Trajan's victories in that part of the Roman empire. 2. The Life of Tilliborus, a celebrated brigand of Asia, mentioned by Lucian. 3. The History of Events subsequent to Alexander's Death, in ten books. 4. The Histories of Dio of Syracuse and of Timoleon of Corinth, together with some other works, which Photius says, in Cod. 58, were attributed to him, but of which the bibliographer confesses he knew nothing. Neither the period of Arrian's birth or death has been as yet discovered; and even the time of his consulship is placed only by guess at the close of his campaign against the Alani. Like all the other Greek historians, Arrian was first known at the revival of learning by Latin translations. The oldest of these is attributed to Carolus Valgulius Brixiensis, and is said to have been printed in the sixteenth century; but the volume is known only from the Catalog. Biblioth. Pinell. No. 2473. There is another, or the same, assigned to Petrus Paulus Vergerius, of which there is a MS. copy in the Vatican, according to Zeni, in Voss. Dissertaz. i. p. 53. The third is by Bartholomæus Facius, who, however, lived to get through only a fourth part of the Expedition of Alexander: it was completed by Jacobus Curulus, and printed at Pisaur. 1508, fol. The first edition of the Greek original appeared at Ven. 1535. A copy of it is in the British Museum, with the collations by Bentley of a MS. whose readings occasionally differ from any furnished by other Codices.

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