M. Kinson, representing the Duchess de Berri showing to Mademoiselle the Portrait of her Father, when he was attacked by illness, of which, a year afterwards, he died. Audouin received a medal at the exhibition of 1819, and was engraver to the king, and a member of the Academy of Arts of Vienna; but he was not a member of the Institute, though his works were frequently spoken of with praise in the reports and official publications of the class of fine arts. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUDOUL, (Gaspard,) a French lawyer, who lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1708 he published a work entitled, Traité de l'Origine de la Régale. This work was condemned in a brief of Clement XI. in 1710, which, however, was suppressed by the parliament. The author was opposed, in this book, to Baronius and Bellarmine. (Biog. Univ.) AUDOVERE, the first wife of Chilperic, king of France, who was separated from him by the treachery of the celebrated Fredegonde. She retired to a monastery, in which she was strangled by order of Fredegonde in 580. AUDRA, (Joseph,) was born at Lyons in 1714. In 1770 he published the first volume of a work, entitled, Histoire Générale. This met with Voltaire's high approbation. He said, that some fanatics indeed, who had " ni l'esprit ni mœurs," might be angry with it, but that he had nothing to fear. The archbishop of Brienne, however, condemned the work. This so affected Audra that he was at tacked instantly by a fever, which settled in his brain, and carried him off in twentyfour hours. (Biog. Univ.) AUDRADUS, surnamed MODICUS, chorévêque of Sens, in the ninth century, a man of reputation and learning in his time, but celebrated most for his pretended visions, the object of which seems to have been the suspension of the domestic hostilities which then ravaged France. In 849, Audradus Modicus visited Rome, and presented some of his writings to pope Leo IV. On his return he was deposed, along with the other chorévêques of France, by the council of Paris. His prophecies were committed to writing, in the form in which they are now extant, about the beginning of the year 854. Extracts from them, illustrative of the history of that time, were printed in Duchesne's Collection of French Historians, and will also be found in the collection of Dom Bou quet, vii. 289. A Latin poem, by AUDRAN. The name of ten French artists, all of the same family, eight of whom were engravers, and two painters, and most of them attained to the highest eminence. 1. Charles, or Karl, (1594—1674,) was born at Paris, and was the first of the family that became eminent in the art of engraving. He was a son of Louis Audran, an officer belonging to the wolfhunters, in the reign of Henry IV. of France. In his infancy, he showed a great disposition for the art. He received some instruction in drawing and design, and when young, went to Rome to perfect himself, where he produced some plates that were admired. He adopted that species of engraving which is entirely performed with the graver, and his works bear much resemblance to those of Cornelius Bloemart, though they are more finished. On his return, he settled at Paris, where he died. In the early part of his life he marked his plates with a C, but his brother, or as some say, his cousin-german, Claude, having adopted the same initial, he changed his, and used K, for Karl. 2. Claude I. (1592-1677,) mentioned above, and said in the Biog. Univ. to have been born in 1597; he engraved a few plates, but not well, and lived in Paris, whence he removed to Lyons, where he died. He was the father of the three next following of the name. 3. Germain, (1631-1710,) the eldest son of Claude I., was born at Lyons, but removed to Paris to study under Karl. On his return, he published several capital prints, and was soon made a member of the Academy at Lyons, and chosen professor. He died there, leaving four sons, Claude, Benoit, Jean, and Louis, all artists. Among his works are ornaments, vases, ceilings, &c.; and a large book of Views in Italy, and a book of six landscapes from Gaspre. He sometimes signed his plates Ger. Audran, Sc. 4. Claude II. (1639-1684,) second son of Claude I., was born at Lyons, and was placed in the school of Perrier, and in 1658 went to Paris. Charles le Brun observing his facility in painting, employed him for the beginnings of his Battles of Alexander. He soon adopted a style of his own, and became an emi- to have acquired both its richness and nent painter of the French school. In its softness." The works of Audran con1675, he was received into the Aca- tain a judicious mixture of free hatchdemy for a picture representing the ing and dots, placed together apparently Institution of the Eucharist, and nomi- without order, but with an inimitable nated professor in 1681. His principal degree of taste. They are familiar to works are, the Decollation of St. John every admirer of the art of engraving." Baptist, St. Denis, St. Louis, and the Miracle of the Five Loaves; the Great Staircase of Versailles; the Gallery of the Tuileries, &c. It was he who composed and executed, in conjunction with the regent, the subjects of Daphnis and Chloe, which were engraved by Benoit Audran. He died in Paris. M. Durdent, in the Biographie Universelle, states his birth to have been in 1641, but as he was the elder brother of Gerard, who was born in 1640, it must be clearly a mistake. 5. Gerard, or Girard, (Aug. 2, 1640 -1703,) the third son of Claude I., and the most celebrated of his family, and perhaps one of the greatest engravers that ever lived, for spirit, vigour, and decision of execution. He was born at Lyons, whence, after receiving the elements of the arts of engraving and design under the tuition of his father, he went to Paris, and had the benefit of the tuition of his uncle Karl. He afterwards visited Rome, and is said to have studied under Carlo Maratti, where, during a residence of three years, from 1666 to 1668, he executed some plates, which gained him high reputation, particularly a portrait of pope Clement IX. from a picture painted by himself, and a ceiling painted by Pietro di Cortona; besides making numerous copies after Raffaelle, Domenichino, and other great masters, both in chalk and in oil. His fame induced the great minister Colbert, who was a liberal encourager of the arts, to invite him to return to Paris, a proposition which he accepted, and on his arrival was appointed engraver to the king, with a considerable pension, and apartments in the Gobelins. Soon after he was appointed by Louis XIV. to engrave for him the set of the Battles of Alexander, which grand work spread throughout Europe the fame both of Le Brun and of Audran. He was elected a counsellor of the Academy in 1681. The works of this great engraver are very numerous, some of them after designs of his own. He died at Paris. M. Ponce, in the Biographie Universelle, thus speaks of his style: "In his experienced hands the graver and the point appear to Le metamorphosed into the pencil, and 6. Claude III. (1658-1734,) the son of Germain, called Claude the younger, or the nephew; was a painter, and born at Lyons. He painted ornaments, arabesques, and grotesque figures; in which capacity he was appointed designer and painter to the king. He worked much at the Luxembourg, of which he was keeper, and died there. Gillot says, that the celebrated Antoine Watteau was his pupil. His brother Benoit engraved after him a set of six plates, folio, representing the twelve months of the year, in compartments, with grotesque ornaments. Al 7. Benoit I. (Nov. 3, 1661-1721,) an engraver, was the second son of Germain Audran, and was born at Lyons, and studied under his father and his uncle Girard. He was appointed engraver to the king, received a pension, was made a member of the academy, and nominated one of its counsellors. though he never equalled the admirable style of his uncle, yet his works are bold and clear; his drawing of the figure correct; and his expression admirable, particularly in his heads. His plates are very numerous; a list is given by M. Heinecken. He died at Louzouer, near Sens, at an estate which he had purchased with the produce of his talents. 8. John, (1667-1756,) an engraver, and third son of Germain, born at Lyons, was also a pupil of Girard Audran. He engraved the Battles of Alexander, small size; the Rape of the Sabines, after Poussin, &c. În 1707, Louis XIV. appointed him his engraver, to which he added a pension, and assigned him apartments at the Gobelins, and the year after he was admitted to the Academy. He died at the Gobelins, in Paris, leaving three sons, one of whom was an engraver. The hand of a great master is visible in his works, and though he did not attain the extraordinary perfection of Girard Audran, his claim to excellence is very considerable. 9. Louis, (1670-1712,) the last son of Germain, born at Lyons, whence he removed to Paris, like his brothers, to study in the school of his illustrious uncle. He died suddenly at Paris, before he had produced many plates. His most esteemed works are, the Seven Acts of Mercy, after Sebastian Bourdon, and Cadavere or the corpse, from R. A. Houasse. 10. Benoit II., called the younger, was the son of John Audran, and flourished about 1735. He was established also at Paris. His works are frequently, from the similarity of name, confounded with those of his uncle, Benoit I.; but they are very inferior to, and easily distinguishable from, the plates of that artist. He executed a Descent from the Cross, after Poussin; and the Ages, and the Elements, from Lancret, engraved conjointly with Desplaces and Nicholas Tardieu; and other plates. (The foregoing articles are compiled from Heinecken's Dict. des Artistes. Biog. Univ. Strutt's Dict. of Eng. and Bryan's Dict.) AUDRAN, (Prosper Gabriel,) was born at Paris, in 1744. He was of the same family as the engravers beforementioned. He first practised law, but retired from the world to give himself up to religious studies. In 1799 he was appointed professor of Hebrew at Paris, and died there in 1819. He published a Hebrew Grammar, and an Arabic one. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUDREIN, (Yves Marie,) was elected bishop of Quimper, in 1800, but on his way to his diocese was stopped and assassinated. He had some reputation as a preacher before the revolution, and had been elected a member of the legislative assembly. He published some religious works. (Biog. Üniv.) AUENBRUGGER, (Leopold,) born at Gratz, in Styria, in 1722; is celebrated for having invented the method of determining the state of the lungs by the sound produced by the chest, when struck by the hand. This invention was neglected for forty years, and was revived by Corvizart. Laennec, improving upon it, invented the stethoscope. He wrote I ventum novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani, ut Signo, abstrusos interni Pectoris Morbos detegendi, Vienna, 1761, and two treatises on Insanity. (Biog. U iv. Suppl.) AUERBACH, (1482-1542,) the builder of the large inn in Leipzig, named after him, and renowned as one f the curiosities of Germany, immortalized even by the verses of Goethe. His real name was Henry Stromer, but he took, according to the custom of those times, the above name, as being that of his birth place in Bavaria. George the Bearded, duke of Saxony, called him to Leipzig, where he became doctor, pro fessor of medicine, and subsequently a senator. When, in 1519, the famous disputation between Eck and Luther took place in Leipzig, Auerbach, with a truly unflinching German openness, supported Luther, and even bestowed hospitality upon him. The great house, and adjacent premises, built by him in 1530, in the Grimma-street, have received their European renown partly from there having been formerly exhibited there the most curious and costly merchandises during the great fair, and partly from the popular tradition, that the famous John Faust rode out in 1525 from one of its cellars, mounted upon a cask. Two oil paintings on wood, and inscribed with the date of 1525, which are yet seen in the hall of these wine cellars, are commemorative of this ancient popular legend. (Stieglitz Beilagen zur vaterl. Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1826, vol. i.) AUERSPERG, a family of princes and counts, formerly dependant only upon the German empire. The name was derived from the borough of Auersperg, in Illyria, which has belonged to the family since 1067. Auersperg, (Johann Weichard,) supreme high master of the court of the emperor Ferdinand IV., received, in 1654, the investiture of the principalities of Münstenberg and Frankenstein, in Silesia. He was in great esteem at court, and was ordered to give his opinion about the war between Sweden and Poland in 1657. But he, and prince Wenzel de Lobkowitz, had the same fate, of being afterwards removed from court, without being permitted to ask for any explanation. He died in 1677, at his castle of Seisenberg, in Carinthia. (Europaisches Theater. vol. viii. p. 1077. Ersch und Grüber.) Auersperg, (Transton Charles, prince of,) born in October, 1750. He was sent in 1792 to the courts of Berlin and Dresden, to announce the coronation of Francis II. Made a prisoner in the Low Countries, he was kept as a hostage for those French commissaries whom Dumourier had given up to the Austrians. In 1795, he received, in the name of the emperor, the homage of the provinces of Poland, which came then into the possession of Austria. In 1805, he was named commandant of Vienna, and received definite orders to burn all the bridges over the Danube, if he were obliged to retire. But, whether enticed by the equivocal assertions of Murat; or (as it is strongly asserted,) bribed by the French; he did not burn the bridge near Vienna, and thus opened the country to the easy invasion of the enemy. The palpable error, or venality, of a man of such elevated rank, filled the hearts of every Austrian patriot with disgust, and is even now remembered in sarcastic puns. After the conclusion of peace, Auersperg was brought before a court martial, cashiered, and committed to prison. Subsequently he was permitted to live at one of his domains, and died at the beginning of this century. (Allg. Zeitung. Biogr. N. des Contemp., where he is mentioned under Aversperg.) AUFFMANN, (Joseph Anton Xavier,) a very excellent player on the organ, master of music to prince Campidon, born in 1720, died in 1778. He published, in 1754, at Augsburg, the Triplex Concentus Organicus, fol. which contains three highly esteemed concerts on the organ. AUFFRAY, (Jean,) born at Paris, 1733, died 1788, a French writer of no great merit, who wrote a treatise to prove that printing had done more harm than good to literature; and proposed a plan that none should be allowed to write for the press, but those ascertained, by examination, to be fit for it; and that only those works should be allowed to be printed, that were undoubtedly useful, and calculated for the advancement of literature. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUFIDIUS, (Titus,) a native of Sicily, and a pupil of the famous Asclepiades, (Steph. Byzant. in Auppaxtov,) who lived a little before the beginning of the Christian era. We are told by Cælius Aurelianus, that he employed friction in peripneumony, (Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 29, p. 144;) and that to cure mania, he had recourse to flagellation and abstinence. The patients were confined with cords, but he thought it prudent to allow them to indulge their sexual desires. (Morb. Chron. lib. i. cap. 5, p. 339.) AUFFSCHNAITER, (Benedict Anton,) was master of the orchestra at Passau, in the beginning of the last century, and a very esteemed composer of church music; some of whose rare works are to be found in the Munich library. Amongst them are, Twelf Offertoria, Passaviæ, 1719, fol. One of his operas, entitled Alaude V., contains six complete masses, printed Augsburg, 1711; fol.; considered in those times the ne plus ultra of German church music. AUFRERI, (Etienne,) a French lawyer, was born at Toulouse about the beginning of the sixteenth century. Toulouse was the seat of his labours, and the courts there the subject of his writings. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUFRESNE, (Jean,) a French actor, who was born at Geneva, in 1729. His father was a watchmaker, of the name of Rival, and Jean was brought up to the same trade. A strong turn for the stage made him give up his watches for it; but to spare the feelings of his family, who were much opposed to his plan, he changed his name of Rival, to that of Aufresne. Not being able to agree with his brother comedians about the proper style of acting, he quitted France, and spent his life at the courts of Frederic II. Catharine II. of Russia, and her successors. He visited Voltaire in 1776, who gave him very high praise; but, perhaps, as has been suggested, he flattered, that he might be flattered. Aufresne died in 1806. (Biog. Univ.) AUGE, (Daniel d',) in Latin, Augetius, a professor of Greek in the university of Paris, in the sixteenth century. He is supposed to have died about 1595. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUGEARD, (Matthew,) a French lawyer, who died about 1751. He made a useful compilation, entitled, Arrêts notables des differents Tribunaux du Royaume. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUGEARD, (Jacques Mathieu, 1731 -1805,) a French statesman of the last century, who, previous to the revolution, held the offices of fermier-général and sécrétaire des commandemens, to queen Marie Antoinette. An imprudent and unauthorized step which he had taken in the execution of his official duties, led to the belief that the queen exercised an improper influence in some branches of the administration, and was the cause of many of the misfortunes that followed. After the breaking out of the revolution, Augeard endeavoured to expiate his errors by his loyalty. He absented himself from France during the reign of terror, and thus escaped the fate which struck so many others at that dreadful period. He returned to France after the 18th Brumaire. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUGER, (Edmond,) was born in 1515, near Troyes. His father was a labourer, and Edmond is said to have been, in his youth, a mountebank, and to have conducted a bear about the streets. He begged his way to Rome, and, having arrived there, entered a college of Jesuits in the capacity of a kitchen boy. His abilities attracted the notice of the fathers, and he was admitted a novice of the college. He was sent to France, on a mission to convert the Huguenots, and had wonderful success in many of the cities of the south. In one place alone, 1500 Huguenots, by his persuasion, were restored to the church. The baron des Adrets, however, displeased with his mission, ordered him to be hanged, and he was barely rescued, with the rope round his neck, by a priest, who hoped to make a convert of him. He obtained the favour of Henry III. who made him, in 1575, his confessor and preacher in ordinary. This rendered him an object of hatred to the league, who, after the death of his patron, forced him to leave Paris. Auger was reduced to the necessity of travelling in disguise from city to city, till at last he died, in 1591, of fatigue and vexation. He left some controversial writings behind him, but they are of a worthless and intemperate character. (Biog. Univ.) AUGER, (Nicolas,) a French comedian, of considerable reputation, who made his debut at Paris in 1763, retired from the stage in 1782, and died at Paris in 1783. (Biog. Univ.) AUGER, (Athanase, born at Paris in 1724, died 1792). He was professor of belles-lettres at Rouen, and appears to have been an amiable man and good scholar. He translated into French, Demosthenes, Æschines, Lysias, and Isocrates, and some parts of other classical authors. He published also an elaborate work on the early Roman history. His translations are considered to be correct, but to be deficient in spirit. (Biog. Univ.) AUGER, (Louis Simon, 1772-1829,) a celebrated French writer and journalist of the present century. From his twentyfirst year till 1812, he was occupied in situations in various government offices, most of which, in that year, he quitted, to devote himself entirely to literary pursuits. He received an appointment in the imperial university, on its establishment; and on the return of the Bourbons, in 1814, he was made royal censor. When the Institute was reconstituted in 1816, Auger was made a member, and not only held several commissions under it, but, on the dismissal of M. Raynouard, he was appointed to occupy his place of perpetual secretary of the Académie Française. The part he had acted in all these positions, and the numerous lucrative appointments which were showered upon him, procured him VOL. II. 337 many enemies, and he was constantly occupied in literary warfare. He was engaged, more or less, in several newspapers, which, with other of his writings, are enumerated in the article consecrated to him in the Biographie Universelle. He was also one of the contributors to that great undertaking; and, as such, was led into a warm controversy with Madame de Genlis, who had quarrelled with the publishers of the Biographie. Auger's most important work was a commentary on Molière, which is full of just criticism, curious anecdotes, and valuable illustrations of the times of his author. He also edited many French classic authors. On the 2d of January, 1829, when in the midst of prosperity, without any apparent cause, Auger put an end to his own existence by throwing himself into the Seine. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUGEREAU, (in Latin Augerellus, Antoine,) an early French printer, received into that profession at Paris in 1531.. He was one of the first to change the old Gothic type (black-letter) for the Roman characters. Many of the works which issued from his press are enumerated in Panzer. AUGEREAU, (Pierre François Charles,) duke of Castiglione, was the son of a mason at Paris, and born in 1757. He enlisted in one of the French regiments at an early age, from which he was expelled for misconduct. He afterwards entered another, and ran away with the horses of one of the captains, and sold them in Switzerland. He then entered the service of the king of Naples, where he continued until 1792, when he returned to France, and enlisted in one of the companies that were then raising in all directions. His talents had now full scope for exertion, and he rose step by step, until, in 1794, he obtained the rank of general of division. He served in the Italian campaign, with great distinction, under Bonaparte. He was on the banks of the Mincio in 1796, when Wurmser was advancing towards that river with a powerful army. Bonaparte ordered a retreat; but the firmness and energy of Augereau enabled him to countermand it. He took up the position of Castiglione, and for two days defended it against the reiterated attacks of the Austrian army. His behaviour on that occasion was the reason that Castiglione was chosen afterwards for his title. He had a considerable share in the manœuvres which forced Wurmser to take refuge in Mantua, with the wreck Z |