meeting with approbation there, he returned to the scene of his exploits and his duties, which were to watch the counter-revolutionists with renewed activity. The fall of Robespierre put an end to his authority, and he therefore came to Paris, and joined the most violent of the democratic party. After having narrowly escaped in 1795, Babi engaged in Babeuf's conspiracy, and was one of the party that sallied out of Paris to attack or win over the troops in the plains of Grenelle. He was taken prisoner, and shot under a military commission in 1796. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BABIN, (François, 1651-1734,) canon, grand-vicar, and dean of the faculty of theology at Angers. He published the Conferences of the Diocese of Angers, in 18 vols, which contain much curious discussion on different points of theology and church discipline. (Biog. Univ. Journal de Trevoux, 1740, p. 2575.)

BABINGTON, (Anthony,) a gentleman of very ancient descent, and great alliances in the counties of Derby, Nottingham, and York, was the eldest son and heir of Henry Babington, who was twice married; to Mary, a daughter of George Lord Darcy, and to a daughter of Sir John Markham. The Babingtons had very extensive estates, but their chief house was at Dethick, in a wild part of the county of Derby, not far from Sheffield, Chatsworth, and Winfield, where was confined the queen of Scots, with whose history his name is so unfortunately connected. While still a very young man, probably not more than twenty, he became the leader of a little band of persons, zealous, like himself, in the Roman-catholic religion, and fancying that they saw the means of restoring it in England by procuring the death of queen Elizabeth, and the liberation of the queen of Scots. In the prosecution of this design he was greatly encouraged by Ballard, a priest; but, from beginning to end, he was watched by Walsingham, who had spies among them, acquainting him, day by day, with all their proceedings; and who, when the proper time arrived, seized on the whole party. Babington for a while eluded the pursuit, lying hid, in the disguise of a countryman, in the part of Middlesex about St. John's Wood and Harrow-on-the-Hill. But he was at length taken, and the proof being manifest, he had no defence to make, but received sentence of execution as a traitor, which he suffered on the 20th of September, 1586. Thirteen other

persons implicated in the same conspiracy were executed on that and the following day; and on the 7th of February following, the queen of Scots herself suffered death, the most fatal charge against her being the cognizance and countenance which she yielded to Babington and his accomplices. Mr. D'Israeli has made the undertaking of this band of gallant, but misguided youths, the subject of one of the notices in his work, entitled Curiosities of Literature. Babington was married, but had no children.

BABINGTON, (Gervase,) bishop of Worcester, a contemporary of Anthony, and of the same family, being the son of Barnard Babington, brother to Thomas, grandfather of the conspirator. His mother was a daughter of Gervase Clifton of Nottinghamshire. He was educated in Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow, and taking holy orders became a celebrated preacher in the university. He was removed from thence by Henry Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who took him to be his private chaplain. This is the earl who married the sister of sir Philip Sidney. There is a translation of the Psalms into English verse by this lady, in which it is supposed that she was assisted by Babington. By the interest of this family, he was promoted to the bishopric of Llandaff in 1591; and when he had sat four years in that see, says Fuller, who has a brief account of him in his Abel Redivivus, for his singular piety and learning he was, by queen Elizabeth, translated to the bishopric of Exeter, "where he scarce stayed three years, but he was made bishop of Worcester, and in the midst of all these preferments he was neither tainted with idleness, or pride, or covetousness; but was not only diligent in preaching, but in writing books for the understanding of God's word; so that he was a true pattern of piety to the people, of learning to the ministry, and of wisdom to all governors." He was made one of the queen's council for the Marches of Wales. He died in 1610, having been bishop of Worcester above thirteen years.

Of his printed writings, the most considerable are his Comfortable Notes on the Five Books of Moses, and his Exposition of the Creed, the Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer. His works were early collected in one volume, which was several times reprinted in the early years of the century in which he died. He was buried in his own cathedral.

BABINGTON, (John,) an English mathematician and pyrotechnician of the early part of the seventeenth century. He is principally known by a very curious and elaborate treatise on Fireworks, published at London in 1635, and highly valued by some, even at the present day. To this treatise was annexed a work on geometry, by Babington, with tables of square and cube roots, which are, we believe, the first tables of the kind published in this country.

BABINI, (Matteo,) a celebrated singer of the last century, to whom the modern theatre owes much of its perfection, was born in Bologna, on the 10th of February, 1754, of poor but honest parents. It was a great fortune for poor Matteo that, having been left an orphan when still very young, he was received into the house of his maternal aunt, Rosa Ponte, the wife of Arcangelo Cortoni di Cortona. This man, who was the most celebrated tenor singer of the age, as Algarotti relates in his Saggio sopra la Musica, partly for amusement, and partly to please his nephew, who seemed to have a predilection for music, took great pains to teach him all the secret and delicate expressions of the art, in which he had made his fortune, and acquired an immense reputation; and such were the pains he took, and the talent of his pupil, that he succeeded in rendering him a most finished singer, equal, if not superior, to the greatest masters. His reputation being now spread throughout Europe, he visited the several capitals, and was every where received with great distinction. The empress Catherine made him her "virtuoso di camera." Frederic II., for a long time, honoured him with his correspondence. In Paris, Marie Antoinette sang a duet with him; and in almost all the courts he visited, princes of the blood played the accompaniment to his singing. The presents he received, and the profits he derived in the exercise of his talents, allowed him to accumulate not less than thirty-three thousand sequins (15,000l. sterling), a sum which exceeds credibility if we consider the age in which he lived. He, however, seems to have deserved it; for notwithstanding so great success, and so much favour, he preserved his morals pure, and never allowed pride to take possession of his mind. To his aunt he paid the duty and affection of a son, and after her death would no longer live in the house where he had seen her breathe her last. To his talents the modern theatre owes much of its improve

ments. It was he who introduced on the stage the custom of dressing the actors according to their character, in which attire he, for the first time, appeared in the opera of the Orazj and Curiazj, of Cimarosa; he also was the first who carried into execution the suggestion of Jacopo Peri, of singing the recitatives; for before him the airs alone were sung, and the recitatives declaimed. Towards the end of his life he returned to Bologna, where he died on the 12th of September, 1816.

BABINOT, (Albert,) was born in Poitou, and was one of the earliest of Calvin's converts in that province. He published some devotional poetry, entitled, La Christiade, in 1560. (Biog. Univ.)

BABLOT, (Louis Nicholas Benjamin,) a French physician, born in 1754, died in 1802. He fixed his residence at Châlons-sur-Maine, and was an ardent revolutionist. He was the first that introduced vaccination and inoculation into his district. He was an excellent physician, and the author of many works, principally professional. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BABO, (Joseph Maria, or Francis Maria,) a German dramatist, was born in 1756, at Ehrenbreitenstein, and applied himself early to literature. He was successively professor of æsthetics at Munich, literary director of the military academy, counsellor of censorship, and finally commissary-general of the German theatre, and knight of the Bavarian order. He died in 1822. Dr. O. L. B. Wolff gives a list of his works, mostly plays. (Wolff, Encyclopädie.)

BABON, or BERCHTHOLD II., son of the pfalsgrave Berchtholdt of Bavaria. He had the title of burggraf of Regensberg, and count of Abensberg and Rohr, and was the founder of the houses of the counts of Abensberg and others now extinct. By his three wives he had thirty-two sons and eight daughters. The emperor Henry II. invited one day all the nobles of Ratisbon and its neighbourhood to a hunt, but enjoined them to bring but a small retinue with them. Babon came with his family, and the emperor upbraided him for having acted contrary to his commands. But Babon told him they were all his own children, and that every one had but one servant with him. Henry, pleased with their appearance and behaviour, retained them at his court, and provided for them. In commemoration of this numerous family,

the walls which surround the town of Abensberg contain thirty-three round and eight square towers, with three doors, the latter in allusion to the number of Babon's wives. He also founded at Abensberg a hospital, or leper-house.

BABRIAS, or BABRIUS. Various individuals of this name are shown by inscriptions in the collections by Fabretti and others to have existed at different periods in Italy. The oldest of them is, perhaps, the Barbius, or rather Babrius, who, according to Suidas, was one of the satellites of the Triumvirs. But history records nothing further concerning any of them, except the individual who is described by Suidas as the author of some choliambic verses; which, from the numerous fragments preserved in that author's lexicon, are known to have been the fables of Æsop, and stated there to have run through ten books, formed, according to Flavianus, (or, as he is more commonly called, Fl. Avianus,) two volumes. As some choliambic verses relating to the life of Esop are quoted in the Homeric lexicon of Apollonius, who lived in the time of Augustus, Tyrwhitt was led to believe that Babrias flourished a little antecedent to that period. But as Apollonius would scarcely appeal to so recent an authority, and as the fragments of Babrias are written with an elegance of language and a terseness of style far superior to any Greek compositions of that date, Coray felt disposed to carry back their author to the age of Bion and Moschus. It is not here the place to enter into the discussions which have been, or may be raised, respecting the character and date of these fables, or their author. At a much later period, they were turned into Greek prose, which has been frequently printed as the original text of Esop's fables; and the ingenuity of modern critics has been able to trace in these prose translations many of the verses of the original. The fragments of Babrias were edited by Coray, 1810; by Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Vratisl. 1812; and by Knoch, Halle, 1835. We may further refer to the writings of Bentley and Tyrwhitt; to the observations of G. Burges in Gent. Mag. March 1833, p. 220, and his note on Platon. Alcib. ii. p. 169, and the Excursus on the Crito and Hippias, in the same vol.; and to a dissertation by G. C. Lewis in the Philological Museum, No. II.

BABYLAS, (Saint,) bishop of Antioch, succeeded Zebinus in that see, (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 29,) probably in the year

A.D. 237, and died in the persecution of Decius, A.D. 250, under the severity of a rigorous imprisonment, according to some authorities (Euseb. H. E. vi. 39, S. Hieron de Vit. Illust. c. 54) ; by actual martyrdom, according to others (S. Chrys in Gentes seu Hom. 2, de S. Babyla, ard repeatedly elsewhere; Sozom. v. 19: i Theodor. Hist. Eccl. iii. 6; S. Epiphar de Mensur. c. 18.) A single anecdote of his life-an intrepid refusal to admit the reigning emperor into his church, when polluted by the guilt of murderis variously related by St. Chrys. In Gentes), and Eusebius (H. E. vi. 34; the former speaking of a total exclusion, and of a persecuting emperor, which can only apply to Decius; the latter, (who, moreover, does not name St. Babylas, d the half-christian emperor Philip, and of an exclusion conditional upon submission to penance. Philostorgius (vii. 8), and stil later writers (Suidas in Baßvλas, Chron. Alex. pp. 270-274), have further confused both this and the account of his martyrdom, by referring them to the reign of Numerian. But the fame of St. Ba bylas rests more upon his posthumers than upon his living triumphs. He boldly rebuked the wicked during his life; he is said to have miraculously confounded the unbeliever after his death. In the year A.c. 351—such is the outline of the story-his bones were disinterred by the Cæsar Gallus, for the purpose of bestowing upon them a more honourable burial. They were translated from Antioch to a church prepared for their reception at Daphne, and a heathen oracle at the latter place was rendered mute by their vicinity. A few years afterwards, A.D. 362, the emperor Julian, in order to relieve the oracle, commanded their removal; they were retranslated to Antioch in solemn procession by the Christians; and the immediate destruction of the oracular temple by fire proved the vanity of attempting its liberation from their presence. Besides the ecclesiastical historians, (Theodor. iii. 10, Sozom. v. 19, 20, Evagr. i. 16, Philostorg. vii. 12,) the circumstances have been twice selected by St. Chrys., in a discourse (In Gentes) written within twenty, and a homily (Hom. i. de S. Bab.) preached upon the spot within twenty-five years of their occurrence, as affording an irrefragable argument to the christian preacher; and may be gathered from heathen sources-from Julian himself, (Misopog. Opera, p. 96,) who insinuates that the Christians set fire to the

temple; from Ammianus, (xxii. 13,) who candidly rejects the insinuation as a "levissimus rumor;" and from Libanius, whose oration upon the subject is quoted and criticized in detail by St. Chrys. (In Gentes.) It is curious that a parallel case, both to the conduct and to the miracles of St. Babylas, may be found in the history of St. Ambrose; to the former, in the boldness of that prelate towards Theodosius; to the latter, in the circumstances attendant upon the discovery of the bodies of Gervasius and Protasius. (Tillemont. Cave, Lives of the Fathers. Fleury. Baron. in ann. 253, 362. Moreri. Gibbon, c. xxiii.)

BABYLONE, (Francis de,) an old engraver, who was frequently denominated the master of the Caduceus, from his having marked his plate with that figure. He appears to have flourished about 1550, and his manner of engraving is quite original. His plates are executed with a graver, in a slight manner, with fine strokes, and not much crossed. His drawing is defective, and his draperies are badly managed, being divided into almost numberless folds. His prints are greatly valued on account of their extreme rarity; they are nine in number, and are as follow:-Apollo and Diana; three men bound, two small upright plates; the Virgin and Infant resting on the stump of a tree, and St. Joseph leaning his head on his hand, a square plate, half-length figures; another Holy Family, the Virgin sitting at the foot of a tree, the Infant by her side, and Elizabeth sitting near him; the Wise Men's Offering, a small upright plate; St. Jerome writing, with a crucifix before him; two small upright plates, one representing a man carrying a boat, and the other a woman with a child in her arms, (Jerome Hopfer has engraved both these figures on one plate, much larger, and decorated the head of the woman with stars and a glory); a sacrifice to Priapus, partly copied after Marc Antonio. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng. Bryan's Dict.)

BACCALAUREUS, Bakalarzin Bohemian, (Nicolaus,) a printer in Nowo-Plzen (Neu-Pilzen), in Bohemia. He printed, in 1499, Kniha Chwal Boskych neb Kniha o samomluwenie proroka o Kristowi, 8vo; on the Four Cardinal Virtues, 1505; the Book of Barlaam, 1504, 8vo. Of these tracts one or two copies only are known to exist. (Ungar K. neu. Beitr. zur G. der Buchdruckerkunst in Böhmen.)

BACCANELLI, (John,) a physician

of the sixteenth century, born at Reggio in Calabria. His name is variously given by bibliographers, as Bacchanelli, Baccanelcius, Bacchanellus, and Bachanalius. In his person he was greatly deformed, and his stature was exceedingly short. Nature had, however, made him amends by endowing him with great intellectual power, and he was highly celebrated in his day for the extent of his erudition. Two works are known as the productions of his pen: De Consensu Medicorum in Curandis Morbis, lib. iv.; De Consensu Medicorum in Cognoscendis Simplicibus Liber, Lutetiæ, 1554, 12mo; Venetiis, 1555, 8vo; ib. 1558, 16mo; Lugduni, 1572, 12mo. In these works the author has collected together the most valuable parts of the practical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabians, and has not failed to refute many of their most esteemed aphorisms.

BACCARINI, (Jacopo, about 1630— 1682,) a painter born at Reggio, was pupil of Orazio Talami, and an imitator of his style. Two of the most esteemed pictures of Baccarini are, a Repose in Egypt, and the Death of St. Alessio in the church of St. Filippo, at Reggio. His works are distinguished by much grace. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. iv. 45.)

BACCELLI, (Jerome,) was born at Florence in 1514 or 1515, and died there in 1581. He translated the Odyssey, and part of the Iliad, into Italian. The former was printed after his death, 8vo, Florence, 1582; the latter remains still unpublished. (Biog. Univ.)

BACCHEREST, a Dutch admiral, of considerable repute. He commanded a large squadron, attached to the fleet which sailed under the orders of the British admiral, Sir John Balchen, for the express purpose of relieving the situation of Sir Charles Hardy, who had been blocked up in the Tagus by a superior force, under the command of M. Rochambault. Baccherest, however, was more fortunate than the ill-fated Balchen. He escaped from the fury of the storm in which the former perished.

BACCHINI, (Benedetto,) a Benedictine monk, and a very learned scholar of the seventeenth century, was born on the 31st of August, 1651, at San Donnino, in the duchy of Parma. In 1667 he entered the order of St. Benedict, on which occasion he changed his baptismal name of Bernardino for that of Benedetto; and soon afterwards he lost his. father, who left a widow and three chil

• Vide Sir John Balchen.

dren ill provided for through family imprudences. The indefatigable application which Bacchini began now to bestow on the acquirement of the most abstruse and difficult sciences, so far impaired his health, as to compel him to retire for two years to the convent of Torchiara; and during this time he closely applied himself to ancient literature, and the attainment of music. On his recovery, by the desire of his superiors, he began preaching, which he continued for the space of seven years, in different parts of Italy; obtaining everywhere the esteem and friendship of the learned, and amongst them of cardinal Novis, the celebrated Magliabecchi, and other distinguished scholars. On his return to Parma, in 1683, he resumed his favourite studies, and, above all, that of the Greek and Hebrew languages, of both of which he became a perfect master; arranging and methodizing, at the same time, the library of his monastery. In 1685 he was appointed counsellor of the inquisition at Parma, and was often visited by the most distinguished Jesuits, such as Montfauçon, Sermain, &c., who never ceased to hold a correspondence with him. In the following year, he began to publish in Parma the Giornale dei Letterati, by the advice and with the assistance of Gaudenzio Roberti, a Carmelite monk, and very eminent scholar in polite literature, who provided him with the books which were worth noticing. The great reputation which Bacchini now enjoyed, could not but excite the envy of ill-disposed persons, who, by means of calumny and falsehood, succeeded, in June 1691, in obtaining from the duke of Parma, whose theologian he was, the order to leave that state within three days. He did so, and retired to the monastery of St. Benedict at Mantova, where father Bellinzani, abbot of that monastery, went to Parma to conduct him. There Bacchini wrote the three celebrated dialogues, De Constantia, De Dignitate tuenda, and De Amore erga Rempublicam, in which, under allegorical names, he relates the vicissitudes of his fortune, and mentions his enemies as well as his friends. In the month of November of the same year, Francis II., duke of Modena, appointed him his historian, in which character he collected many new monuments for the genealogy of the Este family, which he afterwards gave to Muratori, who sent them to Imhoffi; and about the same time he resumed the Giornale dei Lette

rati, availing himself of the assistance of several eminent scholars, for the different departments of literature and science. The death of Roberti, who furnished the books, once more interrupted the publication, which was again resumed in 1696, when he was made professor of sacred literature at the university of Bologna, where he remained but a short time. After a journey to Naples, during which he received the most flattering attentions, he returned to Modena, and was appointed the ducal librarian; an employment which he held for four years, and resigned it in favour of Muratori, in 1700. In the mean time, in order to advance his favourite study, he established an academy, directed not only to the improvement of poetry, but more especially of ecclesiastical erudition, for which purpose he wrote the work entitled, Manuductio ad Philologiam Ecclesiasticam. His academical pursuits, however, were interrupted in 1705, by a journey he was obliged to take to Rome, to appease the oppositions which the papal court had made to the publication he was about to make of the work of Agnello, archbishop of Ravenna, during the ninth century, who had written the history of the prelates his predecessors; but as his father had conspired against pope Paul II., and died in prison at Rome, the writings of the son were by no means favourable to the pontifical authority; and the attempt of Bacchini to republish them, with chronological dissertations and remarks, was considered as a diabolical attempt by the pontiff. He succeeded, however, in silencing opposition, but not without a great deal of trouble. The work was at last printed, in 1708; and three years after, having been made abbot of his monastery, he was obliged to give up his academy. During the ten following years, although often promoted to the highest offices of his order, in Modena, Bobbio, and Ragusa, he was obliged to lead a sort of wandering life, through the persecutions of duke Rinaldo, who was angry with him for having defended the rights of his monastery against the encroachments of the crown, and would not allow him to hold any office, or even to reside in his states. Under these circumstances, the university of Bologna invited him again to resume his professorship; but he had scarcely taken possession of it, in the beginning of July, 1721, when he fell sick, and died on the 1st of September following.