graphy, or a Topographical Description of all the Countries, &c., mentioned in the Holy Scriptures (Dutch), 3 vols, 8vo, in 8 parts, with maps, Utrecht, 1758 1768; in German, with annotations by G. A. M., (Gottfried Arr. Maas,) 4 vols, 8vo, with maps, Cleve, 1766-1775. This work exhibits great diligence of investigation, and is written in an agreeable style; but the order is not the most lucid, and it has been objected to the author, that he is at one time too diffuse, and at another too brief in his explanations. The maps contain many corrections, and were drawn by the author; the translator has also added some amendments. His Ecclesiastical Geography (Kerkelyke Geographie), in 5 parts, with maps, is less accurate and full. It was published at Utrecht, in 1778. His Topography of Holland is an improvement of Büsching; and he translated Hübner's Geography into Dutch, with many additions. His theological writings are of little importance.

BACHIENE, (Johann Heinrich,) the brother of the preceding, born in 1708, was pastor at Utrecht, where he died in 1789, and was the author of many theological and moral works. His son, Philip Johann, was a teacher of theology at Utrecht, from 1776 till his death there in 1797.

BACHMANN, (Johann Heinrich,) privy counsellor and archivarius in Zweibrücken, was born at Feuchtwagen, in the jurisdiction of Anspach, in 1719, and held several successive employments at the court before obtaining the appointments already mentioned. His historical and antiquarian works, though chiefly confined to researches on the history of the duchy of Zweibrücken, have a great value for the German historian. Among these are twelve documents to elucidate the history of the captivity of Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse, with annotations, 8vo, Mannheim, 1767; Military Negotiations of Duke Wolfgang of Zweibrücken, 8vo, Mannheim, 1769. He wrote also the Code of Pfalz and Zweibrücken, with ten synchronological tables of the genealogy of the house of Pfalz, published with a supplement by his son, 8vo, Mannheim, 1792.

BACHMANN, (Pater Sixt,) a distinguished musical composer, especially esteemed for his knowledge of thorough bass, born in 1754. He learnt music at the age of seven, and when nine, could play 200 pieces on the piano, of which he had only noted the first bars in a little book,

playing the remainder by heart, with the greatest fluency. He was patronized by count Bebenhausen. Having entered the convent of Marchthal, the library afforded him adequate means of studying theoretical books on music, and he received also instructions from the Maestro di Musica Signor Koa, who stayed some time at the convent. This, with the works of Abbé Vogler, brought him to a high degree of perfection amongst the fugists of his times. In 1786, he became collaborator in the musical collection published by Hoffmeister, at Vienna. He, however, gave up this enterprise, which, as well as the secularization of the monastery in which he lived, hindered him from publishing more of the productions of his talent. His printed works consist mostly of sonates and fugues, for the organ and the piano.

BACHMANN, (Carl Ludwig,) musician, and musical instrument maker to the court of Prussia, born about 1716, in Berlin. In 1770, he established, in conjunction with Ernst Benda, a concert of amateurs, one of the first in that capital, and which became exceedingly popular. Afterwards, however, he turned his whole attention to the making of instruments, and his tenors were very highly valued. He first invented the tuning of the violoncello and double bass, by means of screws, which he made known in 1792, and which for the latter has been since generally adopted. (Schilling, Encyclop. der Tonkunst.)

BACHMANN, (le Baron Jacques Joseph Antoine Léger de,) was born in Switzerland, in 1733, and at an early age entered the service of France, where he distinguished himself on many occasions. He was major-general in the Swiss guards when the attack was made on the Tuileries, on the 10th of August, 1792, and behaved with great courage on that occasion. In the general rout, he was taken prisoner, was afterwards tried before what was called "the Tribunal of the 10th of August," and executed on the 3d of September. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BACHMANN - ANDERLETZ, (le Baron Nicolas François de,) the brother of the preceding, was born in 1740, and also entered into the service of France, and became a very distinguished officer. He was colonel of one of the regiments that was encamped on the Champ-deMars, under the command of the Marshal de Broglie, in 1789; and he fought by the side of his brother, in the defence

whose enmity he had incurred by a severe criticism of some of his legal works. On his return he went to Strasburg, where he supported himself for some time by teaching, but being reduced to great distress, he resolved on returning to Heidelberg, which he accordingly did; and having now become a catholic, he was restored to his professorship. The time of his death is uncertain--some writers placing it in the year 1635, and others in 1640. According to some writers, he abjured the catholic faith, and made a solemn profession of Lutherism before his death. Bachov's works, which are almost wholly of a theoretical nature, without much reference to the practical application of the law, are remarkable for the acuteness and knowledge of law, as a science, which they display. The greatest blemish to be found in them, is the constant and unjust depreciation of the writings of his adversaries D. Ant. Faber, Lyclama, and Wesenbeek. His principal works are, 1.Notæ et Animadv. ad Trentleri Disput. 3 vols, Heidelb. 1617-1619, 4to. 2. Notæ et Animadv. in Practica Wesenbecii, Colon. 1611. 3. Notæ et Animadv. in Ant. Fabri Rationalia, et Librum de Erroribus Pragmaticorum, Francof. 1630. 4. Tractatus de Pignoribus et Hypothecis, Francof. 1656, 4to. 5. Tractatus de Actionibus, ib. 1657, 4to. 6. Comment. in Primam Partem Pandect. Spir. 1630, 4to. 7. Comment. Theor. Pract. in libros iv. Inst. Franc. 1628, 4to. This is one of the most valuable of Bachov's works, and has been much used by Vinnius in his Commentary, without any acknowedgment. Johann

Friedrich Baron Bachov von Echt, was born at Gotha in 1643, and died there in 1726; he held many important offices at the court of Gotha, and distinguished himself by his services in the negotiations of that court with foreign powers. His son, of his own name, held many of his offices after him, and died in 1736. The son of this latter, Ludwig Heinrich Bachov von Echt, was born at Gotha in 1725, studied at Leipsic, and was afterwards Danish privy counsellor, and ambassador from the Danish court to Madrid, Dresden, and Regensburg; he was also knight of the order of Dannebrog. He was a liberal patron of science, and a poet of merit; but his essays in this branch of literature were printed privately only. Among them was An Attempt at spiritual Odes and Songs, 8vo, Altenburg, 1774, which are described as possessing all the

essentials of sacred poetry. (Ersch und Grüber.)

BACHSCHMIDT, (Anton,) master of the chapel of the prince of Eichstädt, virtuoso and composer, born at Mölk in 1709, where he held first the situation of keeper of the church steeple. This afforded him plenty of opportunity of practising the trombone, on which he became subsequently very eminent. He was afterwards engaged by the princebishop of Würzburg; and subsequently obtained a situation at the court of Eichstädt. Here he began to study mostly after Graun, the style of whom he chiefly followed. A mass by him pleased the princess consort so much, that he was sent to Italy for farther improvement. There, and after his return home, he wrote a great many masses, vespers, &c., as well as some little operas. concert on the hautboe and four violin quartettos, which he published, prove him to have been a very accomplished composer. He died in 1780. (Schilling, Lexicon der Tonkunst.)

A

BACHSTROM, (John Frederic,) a native of Silesia, was the son of a barber, and destined to that trade, which, however, according to his own account, he renounced in consequence of a dream, which directed him to the study of theology. At twenty years of age he departed for Halle, where he devoted himself to study, and made extraordinary progress. His confined circumstances compelled him to return to Silesia, where he was offered a situation as preacher in the principality of Else; but the consistory entertaining some doubts as to his orthodoxy, he was refused ordination, In 1717, he became a professor extraordinary at the Gymnasium of Thorn, where he delivered a heterodox sermon on St. Andrew's day, which excited so much disorder, as to occasion him to be driven out of the city. He departed for Wengrow, in the neighbourhood of Warsaw, and there united the offices of physician and pastor. There is much mystery connected with this period of his life; in 1720, and in 1728, he appears to have been almoner to a Saxon regiment at Warsaw; and in 1729, he was at Constantinople, where he established printing press, and undertook the translation of the Bible into the Turkish language. The alarm excited among the Mahometans by this attempt, raised their opposition to such an extent, that he was compelled to fly the city. The year of his death is unknown; he practised as

a

a physician in Poland, was deprived of his liberty, and terminated his days in prison. He published various medical and philosophical treatises.

BACICCIO. See GAULI.

BACIO, (Henri,) a French Jesuit, born at Nancy in 1609. He was' professor of rhetoric at Dijon, and published some Eloges. He died in 1681. (Biog, Univ. Suppl.)

BACK, (Abraham,) a celebrated physician, was born, in 1713, at Hudwichwald, the capital of the province of Helsingen, in Sweden. He studied at the university of Upsal, and distinguished himself in the belles lettres, in physics, in botany, in anatomy, and in medicine, in which he took a degree in 1739. He travelled for four years through the Low Countries, and in England, in Germany, and in France. He remained at Paris during two years, acquiring various information. He returned to Sweden, was appointed assessor of the Royal College of Medicine in 1745, professor of anatomy in 1747, physician to the court of Sweden in 1748, physician in ordinary to the king in 1749, president of the college in 1752, and member of a commission appointed to construct tables of births and mortality in 1765. He was member of many foreign academies; Gustavus III. honoured him with knighthood in 1773; and he was also of the order of the Polar Star. He furnished many memoirs to the Transactions of different academies, and sustained many academical discourses at the university of Upsal. Some of these have been printed, and he prefixed a discourse to a Swedish translation of Baron Dimsdale's work on Small-pox Inoculation, published at Stockholm in 1769, in which Back treats in a very able manner upon the origin and usefulness of the practice of inoculation. He died 1795. BACK, (James de,) a celebrated Dutch physician, born at Rotterdam in the early part of the seventeenth century. He is deserving of notice for his early adoption and vigorous defence of the doctrines of the immortal Harvey on the circulation of the blood. Mangetus mentions him as discussing several points, on the subject of stone and gravel, in a letter, De Calculo, published in the works of Beverovicius. He published, Dissertatio de Corde, in quâ agitur de Nullitate Spirituum, de Hæmatosi, de Viventium Calore, Rotterd. 1648, 12mo; ib. 1660; ib. 1671, with the writings of Harvey, Lugd. Bat. 1664; ib. 1666, 12mo; an English translation appeared in 1653 at

London, accompanying the works of Harvey. He denies the existence of a nervous fluid, and refers the operations of the nervous system to the agency of vibrations.

BACKER, (John de,) a worthy priest at the Hague, who, in 1525, in the twenty-seventh year of his age, was burnt by the Inquisition. He was accused of censuring indulgences, of neglecting to celebrate mass, and of marrying a wife. When examined, his defence was that the Scriptures were the only rule of faith, and that therein God allowed of chaste and honourable marriage. On his reminding the court that fornication in priests was daily overlooked or forgiven, the president, among other infamous exclamations, expressed a wish that "the poor man had lived with ten harlots, rather than married, and given the court all this trouble." His father exhorted him to persevere; declaring himself ready, like Abraham, to offer up his dearest child, who had never offended him;-a sufficient testimony to the excellence of the son. As he passed the prison, on his way to execution, the martyr bid his brethren in chains take courage from his example. They responded by a shout of joy and by singing the Te Deum. At the stake, he repeated the triumph of the apostle, "O death, where is thy sting?" and then praying, "Lord Jesus, forgive them, for they know not what they do; and have mercy on me," he died.

BACKER (Georges de,) a bookseller and printer at Brussels, about 1693. He compiled a Dictionary of French Proverbs, a valuable work, though now rare. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BACKEREEL, (William,) a Dutch painter, who lived a few years before Rubens. He painted landscape and marine scenery, and resided principally in Italy.

BACKEREEL, (Giles,) a contemporary of Rubens, to whose style his pictures have the greatest resemblance. Pilkington says that his works may be fairly compared with those of Rubens and Vandyck; St. Charles Boromeus, in the cathedra of Bruges, is a piece of great effect, and the design even more correct than that of Rubens, whilst the chaste and delicate tinting reminds us of Vandyck. In Antwerp and Brussels some good pictures of his are also to be found. (Pilkington. Bryan.)

BACKHOUSE, (William, born 1593, died 1662,) one of the most conspicuous in a number of Englishmen who bewil

dered themselves in the vain conceits of alchemy, after Bacon and others, in a nobler spirit, had taught the better mode of pursuing researches into the way of nature's operations. He was a younger son of Samuel Backhouse, a gentleman of good estate at Swallowfield, in Berkshire, whose eldest son, Sir John Backhouse, was a knight. He was a commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, but left the university without a degree; devoting himself to the study of the older alchemical writers, and to experimenting in the vain pursuit of what a little consideration might, it seems, have taught him to be unattainable. However, he attained to the knowledge of no small number of the secrets in this miscalled science, which he communicated to a man of better talents and higher at tainments than his own, but who, like him, was devoted to this vain pursuit. This was Elias Ashmole, (see AsHMOLE,) whom Backhouse, after the fashion of the fraternity to which he belonged, adopted as his son. Thus Ashmole, in the diary of his life: "1651, June 10, Mr. Backhouse told me I must now needs be his son, because he had communicated so many secrets to me;" and again, “1653, May 13, my father Backhouse lying sick in Fleet-street, over against St. Dunstan's church, and not knowing whether he should live or die, about eleven of the clock, told me, in syllables, the true matter of the philosopher's stone, which he bequeathed to me as a legacy." However, Backhouse recovered. His death is thus recorded by his grateful pupil: "1662, May 30, my father Backhouse died this evening, at Swallowfield." Backhouse translated and printed several alchemical treatises, viz. The Pleasant Fountain of Knowledge, 8vo, 1644; The Complaint of Nature; and the Golden Fleece.

BACKUS, (Azel,) an American, president of Hamilton college, near Utica, New York, was born about 1765, graduated at Yale college in 1787, and after having been converted from deistical opinions, was ordained minister at Bethlem, where he established a seminary, which obtained considerable reputation. He was appointed president of Hamilton college on its foundation, and obtained the degree of doctor in divinity. He died on the 28th December, 1816, having published some sermons.

BACKUS, (Charles,) an American divine, and doctor of divinity, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1749,

graduated at Yale college in 1769, and pursued his theological studies under the care of Dr. Hart, of Preston. He was ordained a minister at Somers, in which charge he remained until his death, which took place on the 30th of December, 1803. As a theological instructor, he was very much renowned, and had at one time under his direction nearly fifty young men. He published some sermons, and a volume on Regeneration, a subject in relation to which, it is said, during his residence in college, he entertained some serious doubts, happily afterwards dispelled. He is stated to have been, as a preacher, plain, but forcible.

BACKUS, (Isaac,) an American Baptist minister, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1724. He is said to have received religious impressions for the first time in the year 1741, and in 1746 commenced preaching. Two years afterwards, he was ordained first minister of a congregational church in Titicut precinct, in the town of Middleborough, Massachusetts. The year after his ordination, several of his congregation changed their views with respect to baptism, and were ultimately joined by their pastor, who submitted to be rebaptized by immersion. He is stated for some time afterwards, “to have held communion with those who were baptized in infancy, but he withdrew from this intercourse with Christians of other denominations." Of a Baptist church formed in January, 1756, he was in June installed pastor, in which post he continued till his death, which happened on the 20th November, 1806. His diffidence is stated by Dr. Allen, (Biog. Dict.) to have been so great, that in conversing on important subjects he usually shut his eyes! He was a staunch opponent to any connexion between church and state. His writings are numerous, and are said to prove the author to have been too much under the influence of party and sectarian prepossessions to merit the character of impartiality.

BACLER-DALBE, (Louis Albert Ghislain, baron de,) a French artist and geographer, born at Saint-Pol, in the Pas de Calais, in 1761. His father having obtained the office of directeur des postes at Amiens, young Bacler studied there under Delille and Sélis. His love for the arts led him, at the age of twenty, to visit Italy; but, when he reached the foot of the Alps, he was so much struck with the beauty and grandeur of the spectacle