Hapsburg would never have been raised to the imperial dignity. (Sachs, J. C. Einleitung in die Geschichte des altfürstlichen Hauses Baden, Karlsruhe, 1764 -1773, Svo, Voll. 5. Schreiber A. Badische Gesch. ibid. 1817. Biog. Univ.) BADEN, (James I., margrave of,) son of Bernard I., who on account of his wisdom and justice had obtained the surname of Solomon. The private feuds and robberies of those rude times found in him a most severe, yet judicious antagonist; and peace reigned in his states. The parish church at Baden having been erected by pope Nicolas V. into a collegiate church, James provided for it in a most liberal manner. He assisted the emperor Frederic III. in his struggles against the Swiss, and was in 1446 one of the mediators for a peace. He died in 1453.

BADEN, (Philip I. margrave of,) took an active part in the affairs of the reformation in Germany, and assisted in 1521 at the diet of Worms, called together by Charles V., as well as in 1526, at that of Spyer. At the latter he bore the title of principal commissary, and having, as such, in the absence of the emperor, the lead in religious affairs, some authors have been led into the error of saying, that he governed instead of the emperor. He died in 1533. His two brothers founded two branches of the family, Bernhard II. (died 1537,) that of BadenBaden; Ernst I., (died 1553,) that of Baden-Durlach. The former introduced the Protestant religion into his states.

He was

BADEN-BADEN, (William I., margrave of,) born in 1593. He tried to restore the catholic religion in Baden, and thus obtained the good graces of Ferdinand III. of Austria. nominated commander of the army, which had to defend the Rhine against Gustavus Adolphus, after his victory on the field of Leipsig. But William stood no chance with a warrior of such astounding talent, and his lands were invaded and laid waste. He opened, in 1640, the diet of Ratisbonne, as plenipotentiary of Ferdinand III.; but his endeavour to reconciliate the Protestant and Catholic parties proved vain.

BADEN-BADEN, (Lewis William I. margrave of,) grandson of the preceding, born in Paris in 1655, was one of the greatest generals of his age. His mother, a princess of Carignan, wished to have him educated in Paris, but his father (Ferdinand Maximilian) had him conveyed to Baden, when only three months

old.

He received a superior education, which he improved by travelling through most parts of the continent. He served first in 1674, 1675, and 1676, under Montecuculi, and at the storming of the redoutes of Philippsburg, was made a colonel. In 1677 he succeeded to the sovereignty of Baden, and after the peace of Nimeguen, (1678,) for a time resided there. The memorable war of 1683 against the Turks, called him back to the army, and he threw himself with a large body of Germans into Vienna, then besieged. By a most courageous sally, he assisted the junction of Charles of Lorraine, with king Sobieski of Poland, near Nussdorf and Döbling; and whilst both wings of the Christian army proceeded onward, Lewis swept the trenches, which the Turks had made near the Schottenthor of Vienna. He equally distinguished himself at the battles of Barkan, Wissehrad and Ofen. He recognised at an early period the merit of Eugene of Savoy, and became most intimate with him. The following years saw him the conqueror of Sclavonia and Bosnia; victorious also on the fields of Nissa, Widin, &c. Still, his army of only 12,000 men could not effectually cope with the rebellious Hungarians and Transylvanians, who took the part of the Turks, and all previous conquests were again lost. This finally aroused the supreme war office of the court of Vienna from its drowsiness. Thus strengthened, the margrave of Baden was able to win the great battle of Salamkenen, (19th Aug. 1691,) which lasted six hours, and where the grand vizir fell. The year 1690 called him again into the field against the French, who made great progress in Suabia. There he fought, although suffering severely from the gout. Still, he generally kept himself on the defensive, to which he was driven by the superior forces of his enemies. After the death of Sobieski, he competed for the Polish throne, but without success. At the commencement of the war of the Spanish succession (1702), Lewis commanded the armies of the Elsass, and kept even Villars in check. In 1703 the latter besieged Kehl, but Lewis (although much weaker,) kept himself in the famous Stollhofer lines. In 1704, the armies of Eugene of Savoy and Marlborough were united with that of Lewis, and the two latter were appointed to command alternately. Marlborough and Eugene, both younger and more active, wanted to get rid of the cautious

and hoary old general. The accusations of Marlborough especially became so severe, that duke Lewis wished to resign his command in 1705; worn out, as he was, by wounds and illness. Yet he passed part of the following year in the defence of the Stollhofer lines. Some have ascribed Lewis's cautious and slow mode of operations to corrupt motives; but this seems to be without foundation. He died on the 4th January, 1707; a striking example of a sovereign neglecting his own country, to fight other people's battles. His lands consequently were left to his successor in a most deplorable state; and many subsequent years were required to heal up the wounds. Still, considering him as a warrior, he was a man of merit, having been present at twentysix campaigns, twenty-five sieges, and having commanded at thirteen battles. (O Cahill Geschichte der grössten Heerführer. Militär Conversations Lexicon. Hormayer's Neues Archiv für Geschichte, Staatenkunde, etc. Wien.)

BADEN-DURLACH, (the margraves and grand dukes of,) see DURLACH. BÅDEN, (Zähringen,) see ZAEH

RINGEN.

BADEN, (James,) professor of eloquence in the university of Copenhagen, and one of the founders of Danish literature, was born in 1735, and died in 1804. His principal works are, a Critical Journal, from 1768 to 1779, a very useful collection; the University Journal, from 1793 to 1799, which was not in much esteem; with several grammars, a Latin Dictionary, and translations of the classics. (Biog. Univ.)

1560.

BADESSA, (Paolo,) an Italian poet, born at Messina, who flourished about He published a translation of the Iliad. He is said also to have translated the Odyssey, and part of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. (Biog. Univ.)

BADEW, (Richard,) was descended from a knightly family fixed at Great Baddow in Essex. In about 1326 he built a hall at Cambridge, called University Hall, for the reception of students, and placed a principal in it. About sixteen years after, this hall was burnt, and Badew not being able to rebuild it, application was made to the lady Elizabeth, sister and coheiress of Gilbert, earl of Clare, who liberally undertook the work. The new building was called, after this lady, Clare Hall. (Biog. Brit.)

BADGER, (Stephen,) an American divine, suspected of unitarianism, was born at Charlestown, in 1725, of humble

parents, graduated at Harvard college in 1747, was, on the 27th of March, 1758, ordained as missionary to the Indians, at the instance of the Commissioners for Propagating the Gospel in New England, and died August 28, 1803. His writings were few, and not particularly interesting, with the exception of a letter published in the Massachusetts Historica Collections, which contains some amusing anecdotes of the Indians.

BADI-AL-ZEMAUN, (“ the rarity of the age,") a prince of the house of Tmour, from whom he was fifth in direct descent. On the death of his father, sultan Hussein Mirza, which occurred when he was on his march against the Uzbeks, A.D. 1505, A.H. 911, Badi-alZemaun succeeded to the throne of Khorasan, in conjunction with his brother Mozuffer Hussein, but this joint reign was of short duration. In 1507 Khorasan was overrun, and subdued by the Uzbek conqueror, Sheibani Khan (see BABER); and Badi-al-Zemaun, whose mother and family had fallen into the hands of the invader at the capture of Herat, fled for refuge to Shah Ismail in Persia, who assigned him Tabreez for a residence. At the capture of this city by the Ottomans (1514), he fell into the hands of the sultan, Selim I., who treated him with high respect in virtue of his descent, and assigned him a pension of a thousand aspers a day; he retired to Constantinople, and died there of the plague, A.D. 1517, A.H. 923. He left a son, Mohammed Zemaun Mirza, who appears not to have accompanied his father in his flight into Persia, as he is frequently mentioned by his relative, sultan Baber, (in his Autobiography,) as attending him, at a later period, in his Indian campaigns. Badi-al-Zemaun was the last prince of the house of Timour who exercised authority in Khorasan, as Baber was the last who reigned in Transoxiana; but the acquisition of India, by the sword of the latter, amply compensated his descendants for the loss of the ancient trimony of their race. (D'Herbelot. De Guignes. Memoirs of Baber. Von Hammer, Ottoman History.)

på

BADI EZZAMAN ABULFAZLAHMED BEN HOSSEIN AL HAMADANI, a distinguished Arabic poet, born, if we may judge from his name, in Hamadan, and who died at Herat in A.H. 398 (A.D. 1007). From his wit and eloquence in writing he received the name of Badi Ezzaman (or wonder of his time). His chief work is a Collection of

Mekamat (literally, "sessions") which relate the adventures of a supposed Abulfat'h al Iskenderi, as told by another imaginary personage, named Isa Ben Heshám. These tales are written in a highly artificial style, which, as well as the framework of the story, was afterwards imitated by Hariri, whose work is better known, and who, at the desire of the khalif Mostarshedbillah, took this work as his model. Some specimens of the work of Badi Ezzaman are given in De Sacy's Chrestomathie Arabe. This poet died, according to Ibn Khallecan, of poison; but others state that he was buried too hastily when supposed to be dead, and though dug up again, he died in reality of the fright.

BADIA Y LEBLICH, (Domingo, 1766-1818,) better known by the name of Ali Bey, one of the most extraordinary adventurers Europe has ever seen, was a native of Biscay. He had the advantage of a very liberal education; he studied Arabic assiduously; made great progress in the modern languages of Europe, in natural history, physics, astronomy, and geography. He then entered the army, but only to procure greater facilities for the strange design he had formed, viz. that of founding between Morocco and Algiers a colony of Europeans, which should not only be the channel of African civilization, but should diminish the power of the Mohammedans in that part of the world. A project so magnificent would require more than regal funds; and these funds could not be granted until the localities had been examined, until the disposition of the people had been sounded, until all the advantages and all the obstacles, physical or moral, had been duly weighed. This could only be done by a personal visit, or, indeed, residence in the country. With the consent of Charles IV. his sovereign, and, above all, of the minister Godoy, who sanctioned his project, he passed some time in Paris and London to collect information and to form connexions. In London he assumed the Mohammedan garb. In 1803 he returned to Spain, embarked, and landed at Tangier, where he proclaimed himself the son of a Syrian prince, Ali Bey el Abossi, who having all the luxuries of life at command, intended to fix his residence in Africa. The letters of recommendation which he delivered to the chief inhabitants, his manner, his constant attendance at mosque, where he devoutly joined in the prayers, left no doubt that he was what

he represented himself to be. By the cadi, the doctors of Mohammedan law, and the authorities of government, he was treated with the greatest respect. At this time the emperor of Morocco, Muley Soleyman, visited Tangier, and by that monarch he was exceedingly well received. Presents passed between them; Badia became a frequent guest at the imperial table. They visited Mequinez, Fez, Morocco, and other places. After spending some time in this manner, in January, 1805, he received the order to proceed on his mission. He represented to the emperor of Morocco that he wished to look around him,-to see Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, -to converse with learned men, to enlarge his knowledge of mankind, and afterwards to go on a pilgrimage to the holy city. In vain did Muley try to detain him; he departed with letters of recommendation for several local governors. But in the empires of Morocco and Algiers, where his colony was to be erected, he remained longer than pleased the suspicious court of Morocco. There was civil war on the frontiers; to protect the imperial favourite, soldiers arrived, and put him on board a vessel which conveyed him beyond the dominions of Morocco. How notice of his project had transpired (if, indeed, it had transpired), is, and must remain, wrapt in mystery. Landing at Tripoli, he was well received by the pasha; and from thence he proceeded to Alexandria, where M. de Chateaubriand had the honour of an interview with him. Nothing can better illustrate the consummate art with which he supported his character, than the conviction of the acute Frenchman that "Ali Bey was the most polished Turk in existence," and that "he was a worthy descendant of Saladin." By the Egyptian pasha, and by a brother of the Moorish emperor, who happened to be at Cairo, he was received with much consideration. To maintain the deception, he set out on his pilgrimage, visited Mecca, swept and perfumed the caaba after the sherif, and was proclaimed "servant of God's house." He then visited most of Arabia, was plundered by the Wahabis, but reached Cairo in safety, contrary to the expectations of every one. Next he passed through Syria, visited the holy places of Palestine, and passed through Asia Minor to Constantinople. There he remained some time, honoured equally by the Spanish ambassador and the Turks; and. return

ing through Hungary, Germany, and France, he proceeded to Bayonne, where he arrived in May, 1808, and where he found his royal master in the power of France. Charles recommended him to enter into the service of Napoleon; and he became prefect of several Spanish provinces subject to Joseph Bonaparte. On the fall of Bonaparte, he hastened to Paris, was well received by Louis XVIII. who was pleased with his African plan. He was created a grand officer in the French army, and funds were provided for a new voyage. This time he was to revisit Mecca as a Mussulman; there he was to hire servants who could vouch for his being of the true faith; and from thence he was to proceed into Africa, to carry into execution his long-cherished design. In 1818 he embarked, landed in Syria, assumed the habit of the faithful, and joined the caravan for Mecca; but Mecca he was never to see; late in August the same year a dysentery hurried him to the grave, and he was buried on the route to the holy city.

If the object which led Badia to undertake so many labours was purely chimerical, there can be no doubt that geography and natural history have benefited by them. The Voyages d'Ali Bey el Abossi en Afrique et en Asie, pendant les Années 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 3 vols, 8vo, Paris, 1814, are full of information on these points. To keep up the deception, he writes in the Mussulman manner. Great was the anger of the ulemas, pashas, sherifs, &c. to find that they had thus been duped. Altogether, Badia was one of the most singular men that ever lived. If his own account were to be credited, he was once on the point of revolutionizing Morocco; he found disaffection enough; and all the chiefs were ready to embrace the views of a Mussulman prince so enlightened as Ali. (Biog. Univ.)

BADIA, (Tommaso,) cardinal, was born at Modena about the year 1483, and received his education from the monks of St. Dominic, whose habit he took as soon as he became of age. His great talents and attention to business procured him, from pope Clement VII., the high office of Magister Sacri Palatii, and in this capacity he attacked the celebrated Commentary of cardinal Sadoleto, upon the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, and caused it to be condemned, as savouring of the new opinions propagated by Luther. After the death of Clement, pope Paul III. elected him one of the members who were

to form the famed congregation of Worms, convoked by Charles V. in 1540, preparatory to the council of Trent. On his return to Rome, in consideration of the zeal and prudence which he had shown, he was made a cardinal on the 2d of June, 1542. He died not long after, on the 6th of September, 1547. Some of his biographers mention several works of Badia which have not been published, and there is no doubt that he had a great share, perhaps the greatest, in the drawing up of the memorial or report of the congregation, which appeared under the title of Consilium delectorum Cardinalium et aliorum Prælatorum de emendanda Ecclesia S. D. N. D. Paolo III. ipso jubente, conscriptum et exhibitum. The object of this report was to exhort the pope to undertake a severe reform of all abuses and scandals, of which they mentioned many which had crept into and existed in, not only all catholic churches, but the papal court itself. This report, however, though ordered by the pope, and printed in Rome in 1536, was not allowed by him to be circulated publicly at the time, but it has since been often reprinted and published.

BADIA, (Carlo Agostino,) an Italian musical composer, who was employed at the beginning of the last century in the chapel of the emperor Leopold I. at Vienna, to whom he inscribed twelve Cantati à Voce sola e Cembalo. He also published Narciso Opera, first performed. in 1699, at Laxenburg; La Ninfa A polis, performed at Vienna. He wrote, likewise, several oratorios. His style is correct, and not deficient in vivacity. (Schilling, Univ. Lex. d. Tonkunst.)

BADIA, (Carlo Francesco,) a celebrated Italian preacher, born at Ancona in 1675, was brought up by a maternal uncle, who was a priest at the court of Parma. At first he followed the profes sion of the law, but, changing his mind, took orders, and preached throughout Italy, and even at Vienna, with the highest reputation, for the space of thirty-four years, so as to deserve the admiration and praise of Apostolo Zeno, who speaks of him in his letters. The bishop of Parma, for the sake of retaining him in that city, gave him a living and the abbey of St. Niccolo; but Vittorio Amedeo, king of Sardinia, succeeded in fixing him at Turin, (where he was called to preach the funeral sermon of queen Anne, in 1728,) by creating him president of the Royal Academy, having already the year before given him the rich abbey of Nova

BADIALI, (Alessandro,) a painter nd engraver, born at Bologna in 1626. He was a disciple of Flaminio Torri. He etched also some things, but, as Strutt says, in a very slight style. (Bryan. Strutt.)

BADILE, (Antonio,) a painter, born at Verona, in 1479, where he died in 1560. He was the master of Paul Veronese and Baptista Zelotti. Some of his pictures, especially those in the church of St. Nazarius at Verona, possess great merit.

BADILY,* a distinguished naval officer in the time of Oliver Cromwell. Like the majority of the few sea-bred officers employed at that period, little is known of his early career. At the close of the year 1652, when serving in the capacity of commodore over a squadron of three vessels of war, and a fireship, entrusted to convoy some homeward bound merchantmen from the Levant, he was attacked off the island of Elba, by the Dutch admiral, VanGalen, who commanded a powerfully superior force. The Dutch squadron consisted of eleven vessels of war. "The first day's fight began in the afternoon, and continued till night, with little advantage to either party." Under cover of the dark, the English merchant ships parted from their escort, and pushed for the harbour of Porto Longone, in the isle of Elba at this port the British

traders arrived in safety.

The next morning the battle was renewed with increased vigour. VanGalen began a close engagement with the English commodore, but being much cut in his hull and rigging, and thrice on fire, he was forced to desist; another of the enemy's largest ships renewing the attack, had her main-mast shot away, and was boarded by the Phoenix. A dreadful carnage ensued, but the bravery of the English was not sufficient to sup

Charnock makes no mention of this officer. Campbell and other authorities name him Bodley, (see memoir of APPLETON;) but Burchet, who officiated as secretary of the Admiralty, spells his name as above.

port their temerity; most of the seamen were either killed or wounded; and at length the Phoenix was carried by the enemy. In the mean time, two Dutch ships at the same moment, attacked and boarded Badily; but far from sinking under this unequal conflict, the British commodore repulsed his antagonists, beating off both ships with the loss of their captains, and as the Dutch historians admit, with a dreadful slaughter of their re-. spective crews. Badily contenting himself with the glory of this achievement, having had slain, and badly wounded, “a greater number of his men," followed the merchants' ships into Porto Longone, leaving the Hollanders the empty boast of a ruinous victory. Soon after, the most disabled of the Dutch ships repaired to the same harbour, to recover from the shattered condition to which they were reduced. Whilst in this neutral port, the animosity between the crews of the two squadrons was laid aside, and no insults were offered by either so long as they remained on shore.†

At the same time commodore Appleton, with another squadron of English ships, was lying in the roads of Leghorn, where some portion of Van-Galen's squadron had repaired after the action with Badily, and had brought in their prize, the Phoenix frigate, the command of which had been given to captain Van Tromp, whose ship had been disabled in that "desperate fight." Whilst in this situation "a design was formed" by one of the captured lieutenants of the Phoenix, to seize her in the harbour, and carry her off. This unjustifiable, but still wellconcerted and well-executed design, was carried into effect and accomplished with signal success, as will be seen by a reference to the memoir of Commodore APPLETON, page 63. In the same sketch appears the stratagem which the two British commodores, Badily and Appleton, had adopted in order to induce the Dutch to depart their neutral anchorage. In the action which ensued, Lediard speaks disparagingly of Badily. He talks of "his squadron keeping aloof;" but such conduct appears to be incomAbridged and corrected from Lediard's Naval History.

The Leopard........

Bonaventure

Samson

Guns.

Men.

Levant Merchant

Pilgrim .................. 30

Mary............... ..... 30