form of degeneracy; and criminality as marking a reversion to an earlier type and as largely the product of nervous disease. He was the author of numerous works including 'The Criminal' (1887-95); The Man of Genius' (1890; Eng. trans., 1891); 'The Anarchists (1895); The Causes of and Contest against Crime' (1902); After Death What? (Eng. trans. 1909), and The Female offender (with Ferrero; Eng. trans., New York 1895). Consult the study by Kurella (1892); the biography by his daughter (Turin 1906); and Ferrero, T. L., 'Criminal Man according to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso (New York 1911).

LOMÉNIE DE BRIENNE, lo'ma'ne'de bre'ěn, Etienne Charles de, French ecclesiastic and politician: b. Paris, 9 Oct. 1727; d. 16 Feb. 1794. He entered the Church, in order to facilitate his personal advancement. He became a doctor of theology in 1751 and in the following year became grand vicar to the archbishop of Rouen. In 1760 he was consecrated bishop of Condom and three years later was translated to the archbishopric of Toulouse. He was intimate with Morellet, Turgot and Voltaire. He became prominent in the general assembly of the clergy and took a deep interest in social questions. In 1770 he was elected to the Academy and in 1787 became president of the Assembly of Notables. In the same year he succeeded Calonne as head of the Council of Finances. He was involved in several disputes with the Parliament, and finally was obliged to promise to summon the States-General in return for the abolition of Parliament. In 1788 he became archbishop of Sens and on 29 August of that year he was forced out of office. He was made cardinal 15 Dec. 1788 and spent the following two years in Italy. After the outbreak of the Revolution he returned to France and subscribed to the civil constitution of the clergy. For this he was repudiated by the Pope. The leaders of the Revolution viewed his activity with suspicion in the light of his past political acts and had him arrested at Sens on 9 Nov. 1793. He died in prison either by poison or of an attack of apoplexy. Cardinal Loménie of Brienne published (Oraison funèbre du Dauphin' (1766); 'Compte-rendu au roi (1788); Le Conciliateur, with Turgot (1754). Consult Perrin, J., 'Le Cardinal Loménie de Brienne épisodes de la Révolution' (Sens 1896).

LOMOND, Loch, lõk lō-mond, Scotland, the largest and one of the most beautiful of Scottish lakes in the counties of Stirling and Dumbarton. Its length is about 24 miles; the breadth at the lower or southern end five miles, at the upper end less than half a mile. For 14 miles from the head the breadth does not exceed one and one-half miles. The lake is almost entirely surrounded with ranges of hills; and its surface is studded with numerous islands. The principal hills are on the eastern side, where a branch of the Grampians culminates in Ben Lomond, 3,192 feet high, on the very border of the lake. Through the glens intersecting the surrounding hills the drainage of the district flows into the lake by the Falloch, Endrick, Fruin, Luss and other streams; and the river Leven at the southwestern extremity conveys the overflow to the Clyde.

The greatest depth is in the narrower part of the lake, where it reaches 623 feet. Railway steamboats ply on the loch.

LOMONOSOV, lo-mo-no'sof, Mikhail Vasilievich, Russian poet and man of science: b. Denisovka (now Lomonosov), near Archangel, 1711; d. 1765. His father was a fisherman in poor circumstances and the youth's schooling was confined to a few books which he almost committed to memory. At the age of 17 he decided to go to Moscow to obtain an education and in that city with the aid of friends secured admission to a school. There he lived in want but made rapid progress in his studies and in 1734 was sent to Saint Petersburg. In the capital he made great progress in physical science and was chosen one of the youths to be sent abroad to finish their education. At Marburg he studied metallurgy and subsequently spent two years at Freiberg. In 1739 he published his Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks, which attracted great attention. He also wrote dramas, epigrams, etc., in the style of the period. In Germany Lomonosov married a German girl and soon found himself unable to maintain his domestic establishment on the irregular remittances from his government. He left Germany secretly and in his native country soon rose to distinction. was at first professor of chemistry in the University of Saint Petersburg of which he was later made rector, and was appointed Secretary of State in 1764. His Russian grammar was long the standard work in its field and did much to stamp the form of the new Russian after its break with Church Slavonic. haps Lomonosov's greatest monument is the great University of Moscow, of which he was the founder and the early policy of which he planned. He was one of the most learned men in Europe. His Russian grammar is said "to have drawn out the plan, and his poetry to have built up the fabric of his native language." He is called "the father of Russian literature." Consult the edition of his works issued by the Imperial Academy of Sciences (4 vols., Saint Petersburg 1892-98); Pekarsky, "History of the Academy of Sciences' (Vol. II, ib. 1873); the lives by P. Borzakovsky (Odessa 1911) and B. N. Menshutkin (Saint Petersburg 1911).

He

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LOMZA, lōm'zha, Poland, town on the Narew, 100 miles northeast of Warsaw. It contains an ancient church, a theatre, gymnasium and government buildings. It formerly had a large trade with Prussia and Lithuania; was well fortified; had two citadels, but was several times taken by Germans, Tartars and Cossacks. It fell to Prussia in 1795, but in 1807 came under the rule of Russia. In the Great War of 1914 a battle was fought here between the Germans and Russians, in which the latter were defeated and forced to fall back. In 1918 it became part of the newly erected Polish state. Pop. 28,000, mostly Poles and Jews.

LONDON, Jack, American author: b. San Francisco, 12 Jan. 1876; d. Glen Ellen, Cal., 22 Nov. 1916. He was the son of John London, a frontiersman, scout and trapper, who had come to San Francisco in 1873. His early life was spent on California ranches up to the age

of nine years, when the family removed to Oakland, Cal. From his ninth year, with the exception of intermittent periods at school, his life was one of toil, which has been vividly presented to the readers of his work, for practically all of his novels and short stories have a background taken from his own life.

His experiences in youth as an oysterman and bayman, his long voyage on a sealing schooner along the coast north of the Russian side of the Behring Sea, his many short voyages, his year of following the life of a tramp bent on acquiring experience and investigating social and economic conditions, have all been brilliantly built into his many works of fiction. At 19 years London entered the University of California, but half way through his freshman year he had to quit for lack of money or means to support himself. He went to work in a laundry, writing in all his spare time. London gave up work in the laundry to go to the Klondike during the gold rush there in 1897. He was one of the few who made it in the winter of that year over Chilcoot Pass. After a year of unsuccessful gold seeking he fell a victim of the scurvy. Unable to get a homebound steamer, he and two camp mates embarked in an open boat for the Behring Sea. It was immediately upon his return to San Francisco that he began to turn out literature. More than once in his books London insisted that he gained his literary equipment through his hard life. His Alaskan experiences were reflected in his earlier works. He leaped into fame as one of the foremost young American authors with The Call of the Wild' (1903). In 1904 and 1905, after the series of Alaskan stories had given him great fame and founded the school of writers who for some years after placed their stories in an Arctic setting, London went to Korea as a war correspondent. After his return he settled down to produce fiction in amazing volume, interrupting this only for a number of picturesque cruises. In recent years he and Mrs. London had lived a large part of the time at Hawaii. London was the author of the following: The Son of the Wolf' (1900); The God of His Fathers' (1901); 'A Daughter of the Snows' (1902); The Children of the Frost' (1902); The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902); (The Faith of Men' (1904); 'The Sea Wolf) (1904); The Game' (1905); 'War of the Classes' (1905); Tales of the Fish Patrol (1905); Moon Face' (1907); 'White Fang' (1907); Love of Life' (1907); 'Before Adam (1907); Lost Face' (1909); 'Martin Eden' (1909); (The Iron Heel' (1908); The Road' (1908); Revolution' (1910); Burning Daylight (1910); Theft' (1907); When God Laughs' (1910); Adventure (1911); 'The Cruise of the Snark' (1911); (Smoke Bellew' (1912); Night-Born' (1912); 'The Abysmal Brute) (1913); The Valley of the Moon (1913); Mutiny of the Elsinore' (1914); The People of the Abyss' (1903), his adventures in the East End of London; The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) and John Barleycorn, or Alcoholic Memoirs' (1913); The Strength of the Strong) (1914); The Scarlet Plague' (1915); The Star Rover (1915); The Little Lady of the Big House' (1916); (Jerry' (1916); The Turtles of Tasman (1916).

LONDON, Meyer, American lawyer and Socialist: b. Russia, 29 Dec. 1871. His early years were spent in southern Russia but in his 20th year desiring to obtain a higher education, then impossible in Russia for a man of Jewish race, and being under the surveillance of the secret police because of his known sympathy with the radical elements in Russia, he emigrated to the United States. He earned a precarious livelihood in New York as printer and cigarmaker for several years. At length he was engaged by the Educational Alliance and there was afforded his long-sought opportunity of educational advancement. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1898. Establishing his practice in New York's great East Side Mr. London soon became prominent as counsel for labor unions, many of which he organized and helped to build up. In 1910 he helped in the settlement of the cloakmakers' strike in New York by means of the industrial protocol. Two years later he was equally successful in bringing about a settlement between the garment workers and their employers. Meanwhile, Mr. London was very active on the East Side as a community worker and had become a prominent member of the Socialist party. He attended several of the national conventions of that party and in 1914 was appointed delegate to the International Socialist Congress at Vienna, which, however, was not held because of the outbreak of war that year. In November 1914, Mr. London was elected member of the 64th Congress from the 12th New York District, being the first member of his party in the East and the second in the country to be so honored. He was re-elected to the 65th Congress in 1916. Considerable criticism was directed toward his attitude to the many measures introduced in the House after the entry of the United States into the Great War. He voted against the declaration of war and against the selective service act and many other measures for the active participation of the country in the war. In November 1918 Mr. London was for the third time the Socialist candidate for Congress from the 12th District, but his defeat was brought about by a coalition of the Democrats and Republicans, who placed a fusion candidate in the field against him, and by a united vote were enabled to overcome the strong Socialist vote in the district.

LONDON, Canada, city in the County of Middlesex, Ontario, at the junction of the north and south branches of the Thames River, midway between Niagara Falls and Windsor, about 23 miles north of Lake Erie, and on the Grand Trunk, the Canadian Pacific, the Michi-' gan Central and the Père Marquette railroads. London was selected by Governor Simcoe in 1794 as the location of the future capital of Upper Canada, but this selection was set aside in favor of York (Toronto). The first clearings were made by the Talbot settlers here in 1818. The principal manufactures are stoves, furniture, car works, lumber products, chewing gum, cigars, clothing, agricultural implements, carriages, electrical machinery and supplies, shoes, iron rolling mills, flour mills, chemicals, breweries and cement products.

The principal institutions are the Western University, the Academy of the Sacred Heart,

the Provincial Asylum for the Insane, Victoria and Saint Joseph's hospitals, two orphanages, Conservatory of Music and Harding Hall, a college for young ladies and a collegiate institute. London is the seat of Roman Catholic and Anglican bishoprics. Pop. 58,056.

LONDON, England, the largest city in the world, the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Empire, situated on both banks of the Thames River, about 40 miles from its mouth, the latitude and longitude of Saint Paul's Cathedral being respectively 51° 30′ 48′′ N. and 0° 5′ 48′′ W. Modern London consists of the city, of London as the nucleus, and the occupied surrounding parts of about 120 square miles taken from the counties of Middlesex, Surrey and Kent. In 1855 the Metropolis Management Act was passed, defining for sanitary purposes, outside the nucleate city of London with 675 acres, 85 parishes, the whole, including the city, covering an area of 75,379 acres, 31,422 acres being the county of Middlesex, 23,893 acres in Surrey and 20,064 acres in Kent. By the Local Government Act of 1888 this area was constituted the administrative county of London. In 1899, by the London Government Act of that year, the boundaries of the county were slightly altered, and the whole, with the exception of the city of London, was divided into 28 metropolitan boroughs, including the city of Westminster. The area of the administrative county is now 74,816 acres, including 31,652 acres formerly in Middlesex, 23,100 formerly in Surrey and 20,064 formerly in Kent. See LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

Table of the metropolitan boroughs, with their acreage and population in 1901 and 1911:

limits the urban aggregation extends, with numerous large and connected towns, to 15 miles around Charing Cross. These are embraced in the boundaries of the metropolitan and city police districts and constitute Greater London, bringing the total area to 443,424 acres with a population (1901) 6,581,402, (1911) 7,251,358; estimate of 1914, 7,419,704.

Climate.- London is one of the healthiest of the large cities of Europe. The death rate per 1,000 living in 1841-50 was 24.8; 1851-60, 23.7; 1861-70, 24.4; 1871-80, 22.5; 1881-90, 20.5; 1891-1900, 19.1. The death rate for 1914 was 15 per 1,000, and the birth rate 24.8 per 1,000. The mean annual temperature is about 50° and the general range of the thermometer is from 20° to 81°; the highest and lowest markings being, for the most part, in August and January respectively. The prevailing wind is the southwest, and there are few places in the kingdom where less rain falls. In the beginning of winter London is occasionally enveloped in fogs, which are especially dense in the lower parts, and greatly aggravated by the perpetual pall of smoke-laden air overhanging the metropolis. This pall is occasioned by the general domestic and industrial use of bituminous coal. Even when this smoke-cloud does not take the unpleasant form of fogs it keeps the sunshine away to quite a considerable extent, in winter robbing London of fully half the sunshine it ought to enjoy, and giving to the metropolis that general gloom and begrimed aspect of buildings which are so depressing to visitors.

At

General Aspect, River, Bridges, Main Thoroughfares, etc.- London stands on alluvial deposits consisting of beds of clay and gravel, below which is the hard clay stratum known to geologists by the name of the "London clay," in the middle of the great chalk basin extending from Berkshire to the east coast. On the north bank of the Thames, where the principal part of London stands, the site rises gradually at the rate of 36 feet per mile, while on the opposite bank the houses cover a nearly uniform and extensive flat, lying in some places several feet below the highest tides. Within the limits of London the Thames varies considerably in width. At Putney it is 550 feet, at Battersea 960, at Vauxhall 630, at Westminster 275 feet, at Waterloo 1,140 feet, while at Blackfriars it narrows down to 830 feet. London Bridge, it is 800 feet wide, and at Woolwich 1,470 feet wide. The bridge farthest down the river is Tower Bridge, just below the Tower of London · a bascule bridge, which allows the passage of large vessels. London Bridge connects the city at King William street with Southwark at the junction of Wellington street and Tooley street. About 500 vards further up the river stands Southwark Bridge, connecting the city and Southwark. About half a mile farther west Blackfriars Bridge, connecting the city at Bridge street with Southwark at Blackfriars road, was widened in 1908. Waterloo Bridge, nearly half a mile above the former, is a granite structure of 9 elliptical spans, and is 1,240 feet long between the abutments. It is perfectly level, and connects the Strand with the Waterloo road. Westminster Bridge crosses the river at the north end of the Houses of Parliament from Westminster to

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