birds which were the type-specimens of the species described in its report on ornithology. (2) The Pioche collection of shells, fossils, minerals, and ores illustrative of Pacific Coast forms, though principally from South America. (3) The collection of D. O. Mills, containing a large series of California land shells, and of native ores and rocks. (4) The collection of James R. Keene-a costly group of minerals. (5) The various expeditions of the Zoological Department. (6) The ethnological and natural history collections made by the Alaska Commercial Company in Alaska. (7) The series of type vertebrate skeletons purchased for the Zoological Department by Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. (8) Several large collections of vertebrate fossils brought to the Museum by expeditions sent out by friends of the University. Recent additions have been numerous and valuable. Type specimens of new species are placed in the Museum, as are also specimens of various species, genera, etc., illustrating interesting cases of variation, geographical distribution, and other facts in the natural history of the California marine and terrestrial fauna.

MUSEUMS, LABORATORIES, ETC.

Anthropology. The archaeological and ethnological collections of the University are in charge of the Department of Anthropology, which has been established and supported as a research and museum department through the generosity of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. This department has been particularly active in Egypt, Greece and Italy, Peru, and California, and has made explorations in several other regions. Collections have been formed from all parts of the world, which have placed the Museum on a broad and cosmopolitan basis. Collections and gifts have also been received from the Honorable William Randolph Hearst, Mr. Cornelius E. Rumsey, the Crocker Fund for Archaeological Research in Mexico, the Alaska Commercial Company, Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr, Mr. Jesse Peter, Mrs. Blanche Trask, and many others.

Owing to the increase of the collections, a fire-proof storage building, erected for the department on the University grounds in Berkeley at the time of its organization, became so congested by 1903 that it was necessary to remove the principal portion of the collections to the westernmost of the University's buildings at the Affiliated Colleges in San Francisco. Although lack of installation facilities prevents the public opening of the Museum, the larger part of the collections have been arranged and are available to students and to those specially interested in anthropology or any of its branches. The two upper floors of this building are given over to such installation, and are open to the public, in limited parties under supervision, on Thursday afternoons, throughout the year, from one to

four o'clock, except when Thursday is a legal holiday. Arrangements are being made to open the entire building to the public daily, beginning some time during the year 1911-12. The storage building in Berkeley is now also used for exhibition. In the main room is displayed a collection of reproductions of ancient sculpture and architectural art, while in the gallery a special synoptical collection, illustrative of general anthropology, has been arranged for use in connection with anthropological instruction.

The Graeco-Roman collections, both in Berkeley and San Francisco, are described under Archaeological Collections. (See page 140.) The principal other collections of the department, as arranged or stored at the Affiliated Colleges, are the following:

The archaeology and ethnology of California is illustrated by extensive collections. These represent, to a greater or less degree, every section of the State. An endeavor is being made, through the Ethnological and Archaeological Survey of California, to build up the collection in such a manner that every part of the State will be as fully represented by specimens as possible. The present archaeological collections are most extensive from the mounds of the San Francisco Bay region, from caves in Shasta county where explorations concerning the antiquity of man have been conducted, from nearly all of the Santa Barbara islands, and from the coast region between Monterey and Santa Barbara. In ethnology the Indians of Northwestern California are particularly well represented on account of continued investigations carried on among them by the department. The arts and industries, as well as the dress and ceremonies, of these Indians are fully illustrated. A special feature is the basketry, which has been collected with particular reference to methods of technique and design. Besides the Yurok, Karok, and Hupa Indians, the Tolowa, Lassik, Wiyot, Sinkyone, Shasta, and other tribes are illustrated. From the great Central ethnological area of California there are collections from the Wailaki, Yuki, Pomo, and Wappo of Mendocino, Sonoma, and Lake counties, and the Modoc, Achomawi, Maidu, Yana, Wintun, Miwok, Washo, Yokuts, and Mono of the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Sacramento Valley. From Southern California the various Shoshonean and Yuman tribes inhabiting this region, especially the Mohave, Chemehuevi, Cahuilla, Luiseño, and Diegueño, are illustrated.

From North America other than California there are extensive collections from the Eskimo, Athabascans, and Tlinkit of Alaska; the Selishan tribes of Puget Sound; the ancient Cliff Dwellers, modern Pueblos, and other Indians of the Southwest; and from the Omaha and Ponka, Kiowa, Sioux, Blackfeet, and other tribes of the prairies and great plains. The archaeology of the eastern United States is illustrated by collections obtained in excavations made by the department near Kimmswick, Mis

souri, and Trenton, New Jersey. There are also collections of plaster reproduction of ancient objects from Mexico, and of ethnological specimens from the modern Indians of southern Mexico; from Guatemala, illustrating the life of the present Indians; and from Panama, from which there is an extensive series of prehistoric specimens from the Chiriqui region.

The South American section consists chiefly of collections obtained through expeditions maintained for a number of years in Peru. These collections were formed at Trujillo, Supe, Chancay, Ancon, Lima, Chincha, Ica, Nazca, Chala, and other coast points, and at Huamachuco and Cuzco in the interior, thus covering nearly the entire extent of Peru. Besides containing large series of pottery, important for the determination of the various cultures and periods of ancient Peruvian civilization, these collections are rich in works of metal, stone, and more perishable materials, as well as in somatological specimens.

The Pacific Island region is represented by collections from most of the more important Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian groups, among which are many valuable pieces. There are also special collections from British New Guinea, and from the Mohammedan, Christian, and Pagan populations of the Philippine Islands.

The Egyptian collections are among the most extensive in the museum. They are the result of systematic excavations by the Hearst Egyptian Expedition for a number of years, and represent various periods, from the pre-dynastic to the Coptic. They were obtained principally at Coptos, Der-el-Ballas, El-Ahaiwah, Ballas, Naga-ed-Der, and Gizeh. These collections, including a large somatological series, have furnished the evidence for a number of new conclusions regarding the history, customs, and race of the ancient Egyptians.

From Europe the museum contains a series of original and facsimile specimens illustrating palaeolithic and neolithic man. There is also a collection representing the life of the peasantry of Sweden a few generations ago. The Graeco-Roman collections have been described under "Art Collections."

Collections in physical anthropology include over two thousand skulls or skeletons from California, the Southwest, Peru, Egypt, and from many other localities. There is a collection of photographs of racial types; one of sixty plaster life-masks and busts of North American Indians; and a series of ninety portraits of North American Indians painted from life by J. H. Sharp.

The museum possesses also 1,600 phonographic cylinders recording religious and secular songs, instrumental music, prayers, charms, and

ceremonial formulas, myths, traditions, and historical and personal narratives, mainly in the languages of the California Indians; 5,300 photographic negatives of anthropological subjects; 1,200 lantern slides; and 10,000 mechanical tracings and graphic records of Indian speech and song.

A detailed description of the work, collections, and publications of the department of anthropology may be found in a pamphlet to be obtained on application to the department, or to the University Press.

Mathematical Models. The department of mathematics has a collection of about three hundred models of mathematical curves and surfaces in plaster, thread, wire, wood, and celluloid, including the Brill collection and the Schroeder models of descriptive geometry.

Botany. The botanical collections of the University contain the following:

I. A Phaenogamic Herbarium of over one hundred and sixty thousand sheets of mounted specimens and fully as much unmounted material which is gradually being incorporated.

The nucleus of this herbarium was formed by a set of the plants collected on the State Geological Survey, from 1860 to 1867, augmented by a set of duplicates of this collection recently received from the herbarium of Professor W. H. Brewer, of Yale University. To this have been added: (1) a number of important herbaria and many smaller collections donated by alumni and other friends of the University, (2) specimens collected by members of the Botanical Department, amounting to several thousand sheets each year, and (3) plants received as a result of exchanges carried on with other institutions. While the aim has been to bring together plants from all parts of the world, particular attention has been given to the Pacific Coast flora, which is especially well represented in this herbarium.

Furthermore, there has been acquired by gift during the last twenty years a large number of important collections, among them the herbaria of Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, of Mrs. R. W. Summers (presented by Regent Phoebe A. Hearst), of Professor W. C. Blasdale, of Professor E. R. Drew, of Professor V. K. Chesnut, of Mr. J. H. Barber, and many thousands of specimens from the resident collectors of California, Oregon, and Washington.

II. A Cryptogamic Herbarium, containing twenty-one thousand sheets, particularly illustrating the California species. The collection of Algae and the considerable collections of other groups of Cryptogams of Professor Setchell have been incorporated with the University collections and are now available to students in these lines.

III. A Botanical Museum, containing at present a valuable collection of native woods, fibres, barks, cones, acorns, and fruits, besides a large number of drugs and an economic collection. This material is available for class and research work, and is constantly being added to by donations from all parts of the world.

Zoology. The department of Zoology has an excellent collection of both invertebrates and vertebrates, which is being constantly augmented. The collections of marine invertebrates from the Pacific Coast, especially of the groups of marine protozoa, coelenterata, bryozoa, echinodermata, annelida, mollusca, crustacea, and tunicata, are large and are being rapidly increased. In entomology the Agricultural Department possesses a collection of over two thousand well determined species of beetles and a large collection of lepidoptera. The collections of amphibia, reptilia, birds, and mammalia are fairly representative of the West North American fauna in these groups. A special teaching collection of the local bird fauna has been recently secured. The collection of vertebrate skeletons has been greatly enriched by additions selected with the view to supplement the forms already possessed. The collection is fairly complete for the purposes of general instruction in comparative anatomy.

The California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, established and maintained by Miss Annie M. Alexander, gives the University by far the most complete collection of the West American land vertebrate fauna that has hitherto been brought together for purposes of research. The work is being pushed with vigor both in the field and in the museum.

Palaeontology. The collections of the Geological Survey, which have become the property of the University, contain either the types or representative specimens of nearly all the known Californian fossils. In addition to this, the palaeontology of the State is illustrated by a collection of splendidly preserved fossils, presented to the University by Hon. D. O. Mills.

A large collection represents fully the development of invertebrate life in North America.

As the result of the work of several palaeontological expeditions sent out by friends of the University, there has been brought together a large collection of vertebrate fossils representing fully the extinct fauna of this coast.

A number of valuable invertebrate and vertebrate fossils have been donated to the University during the last year.

The Museum of Geology and Mineralogy comprises an extensive suite of minerals and ores illustrating the chief phenomena of crystals and of economic deposits. There are, besides, many crystallographic models, and