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Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte, Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie, Jahresbericht über Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of Comparative Neurology, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Hygiene, Journal of Medical Research, London Lancet, Medical Record, Medical Review of Reviews, Morphologische Arbeiten, New York Medical Journal, Philadelphia Medical Journal. Revue de Chirurgie, Transactions of American Surgical Association, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie, Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie.

ORGANIZATION OF INSTRUCTION.

SESSION OF 1911-12.

Summary of Courses. Instruction is divided into three classes: didactic, demonstrative, and practical. Under the head of didactic instruction are comprised lectures, recitations, and conferences. Under the head of demonstrative instruction are included demonstrations and clinics. Under the head of practical instruction are grouped all varieties of work which the students do for themselves-laboratory session, bedside study, and sectional dispensary work.

Eighteen hours of didactic teaching constitute one unit, while thirtysix hours of demonstrations and clinics have the same value.

This is also the valuation for such practical courses as include the entire instruction in the subject. Fifty-four hours of practical work which is associated with a didactic course constitute one unit. The unit-valuation of practical work thus depends upon whether it is a part or the whole of the instruction, since the scope of work will obviously be different. For example, the laboratory work in physiology accompanies a didactic course upon physiology, and the ward classes in surgery accompany didactic and clinical courses in surgery. Of such practical

work fifty-four hours constitute a unit. On the other hand, the laboratory course in bacteriology comprises all the work in bacteriology, and possesses the corresponding scope, and of this work thirty-six hours constitute one unit.

Thirty-two to thirty-six units represent the work of the average year. Exceptional students can carry two to four units more, and are urged to elect them. So far as has been possible, the work has been concentrated.

Students may take advantage of the elective courses offered by the departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. In the extension and development of the courses in medicine it is planned to introduce

the elective system into the clinical as well as the preclinical years, and to allow the student throughout his course the right to elect a large percentage of his work. Instruction extends through thirty-six weeks.

CLASS STANDING AND EXAMINATION.

For the determination of class standing and for advancement and graduation the results and markings of all studies and examinations consist of "Passed with Honor, 99 "Passed," and "Not Passed." The value of the markings "Passed with Honor" is expressed in honor units. which correspond to the unit value of the particular course; the sum total of the honor units determines the class standing of honor students, and upon such class standing are based the recommendations for interneships.

Under the term "Examination" is understood the judgment of the instructor upon the work of a student. This judgment may be reached in three ways: by personal contact with the students and observation of their routine work, by oral examinations, and by written examinations. The grading of students upon the basis of a written examination alone is not practiced.

At the close of each academic year the following examinations are held:

First Year.-Microscopic anatomy, chemical physiology, elementary physiology.

Second Year.-Systematic human anatomy, neurology, general physiology, pharmacology, morphological pathology, chemical pathology, and bacteriology.

Third Year.-Materia medica, microscopical and chemical diagnosis, clinical pathology, obstetrics, general surgery.

Fourth Year.-Internal medicine, clinical medicine. therapeutics, general surgery, clinical surgery, gynecology, operative obstetrics, medical jurisprudence, hygiene, pediatries, diseases of the skin, diseases of the eye, diseases of the ear, nose and throat, genito-urinary surgery, orthopedic surgery.

Students who fail to pass the examinations in three or more subjects must repeat the year, the branches in which they were conditioned constituting their curriculum. Those students who fail in two courses must pass one of them before the opening of the academic year following that in which they were incurred, so that not more than one condition can be carried into the second, third, or fourth year; and this must be passed in order to render the student eligible for the examinations held at the end of that session. A condition in any subject completed in a given year must be removed within thirty days following the opening

of the succeeding academic session. Under all circumstances prerequisites must be respected. Inasmuch as there will be no opportunity during the clinical years to make up practical courses, no student will be permitted to carry into the third year a condition in a course which includes laboratory work. Fourth-year students who fail in one or two branches may reappear for examination after three months. In the event of their passing the examinations at that time they will be recommended to the Board of Regents for the degree; should they then fail in one branch even, they must repeat their fourth year, the branches in which they were conditioned constituting their curriculum. To the heads of the departments is reserved the right to determine whether a student who has failed in a course shall be entitled to appear for reëxamination at the beginning of the next academic year, or be required to repeat the course. The Faculty reserves the right to sever the connection of any student with the Medical Department at any time for what it deems either mental or moral unfitness for a career in medicine.

REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADUATION.

1. The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Medicine must have attained the age of twenty-one years. He must give satisfactory evidence of possessing a good moral character, which includes unexceptional conduct while in the department.

2. He must have studied medicine four full years, and must have attended four regular courses in separate calendar years, the last of which must have been in the University of California.

3. He must have done the required work and passed the stated examinations.

4. He must have paid in full the college fees.

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*ROBERT O. MOODY, M.D., Assistant Professor of Anatomy.
ANTONIO M. DAL PIAZ, M.D., Instructor in Anatomy.
RICHARD W. HARVEY, M.S., Instructor in Anatomy.
RUBY L. CUNNINGHAM, B.S., Assistant in Anatomy.
EDWARD MILLER, Technical Assistant.

The courses of instruction in anatomy are given in Berkeley. The classes in gross anatomy are divided into small groups in order to avoid the inevitable noise and disturbance which result from a large group of students working together. Material for dissection is prepared in the embalming room, which is equipped with the necessary hydraulic apparatus to inject both the embalming fluids and the color masses for the arteries and veins in any desired pressure. After this process is completed the bodies are preserved in a carbolic solution.

The teaching museum consists of specially prepared corrosions, injections, dissections, and models.

The laboratory for microscopic anatomy is outfitted with microtomes and is supplied with all the stains and reagents necessary for the ordinary and finer methods of microscopic preparation.

The routine work of the department falls into the natural divisions of gross and microscopic anatomy, and some effort is made to have the transition between the two as gradual as possible. Inasmuch as the process of formal education must end sooner or later, the department endeavors as far as possible to make the students entirely independent. This is further encouraged in the elective system, by which a certain amount of selection is allowed in the regular work of the department.

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY.

The various tissues and organs of the body are studied from the development point of view so that their gradual differentiation from the embryonic to the adult form is taken up. Since function and structure can not be separated in the consideration of the microscopic appearance of tissues and organs, their chief physiological aspects are briefly con* Absent on leave, first half-year, 1911-12. sidered. The study of each group consists of three main steps: (1) For the purpose of orientation, the consideration of their macroscopic appearances, relations, and physiology. (2) The transition from the macroscopic to the microscopic conditions is made with the dissecting microscope and teasing methods, free hand or frozen sections. (3) The more detailed study is made from specimens prepared by methods designed to emphasize their principal microscopic features. In this course the value of comparing the organs of a series of animals is recognized and the student is given numerous comparative specimens. Routine sections are, as a rule, prepared by the technical assistant and are only mounted by the student. In order to familiarize himself with the details of histological technique, each member of the class must present during the year acceptable preparations of different organs made by various methods. This includes the process of fixation, embedding in both paraffin and

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