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HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO*

The first University of Chicago closed its work in 1886. Within a few months thereafter Mr. John D. Rockefeller took into consideration the founding of a new institution of learning in that city. In the fall of 1888 he conferred with Professor William R. Harper in regard to it, and finally entered into communication on the subject with Rev. F. T. Gates, Secretary of the American Baptist Education Society. In December, 1888, Mr. Gates brought the matter before the Board of the Society, which approved the effort to establish a well-equipped institution in Chicago, and instructed the Secretary to use every means in his power to originate and encourage such a movement. Being also encouraged by Mr. Rockefeller, Mr. Gates henceforth gave himself, with untiring devotion, to the work of founding the UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.

At the annual meeting of the Education Society, held in Boston in May, 1889, the Society formally resolved "to take immediate steps toward the founding of a well-equipped college in the City of Chicago." To make it possible to carry out this purpose, Mr. Rockefeller at once made subscription of $600,000 toward an endowment fund, conditioned on the pledging of $100,000 before June 1, 1890. This condition was fulfilled.

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The annual meeting of the Education Society in June, 1890, was held in Chicago, and the Board of the Society adopted articles of incorporation and a charter for the new institution. On September 10 of the same year the University was incorporated with the following Trustees: E. Nelson Blake, Edward Goodman, Hermann H. Kohlsaat, George C. Walker, William R. Harper, Andrew McLeish, Martin A. Ryerson, Henry A. Rust, Alonzo K. Parker, Joseph M. Bailey, Charles C. Bowen, Charles L. Hutchinson, Frederick A. Smith, George A. Pillsbury, Ferdinand W. Peck, Daniel L. Shorey, Francis E. Hinckley, John W. Midgley, Eli B. Felsenthal, Elmer L. Corthell, Charles W. Needham.

The incorporators named in the charter were John D. Rockefeller, E. Nelson Blake, Marshall Field, Fred T. Gates, Francis E. Hinckley, and Thomas W. Goodspeed. The name of the corporation in law is "THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO." In recognition of the peculiar relation of Mr. Rockefeller to the institution, the Board of Trustees has enacted that on the seal, letter heads, and all official publications of the University the title shall read: "The University of Chicago, founded by John D. Rockefeller."

At the first meeting of the Board after its incorporation in September, 1890, Professor William Rainey Harper, of Yale University, was elected President; and he entered on the duties of his office July 1, 1891. On July 11, 1891, the executors and trustees of the estate of William B. Ogden designated to the

University 70 per cent. of that portion of the estate devoted by will to benevolent purposes. It is expected that more than half a million dollars will be realized from this designation for "THE Ogden (GradUATE) SCHOOL OF SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO."

The University began the erection of its first buildings on November 26, 1891. The doors of the University were opened to students and the work of instruction began October 1, 1892. The only buildings then ready for occupancy were Cobb Lecture Hall and the Graduate and Divinity dormitories.

Mr. Rockefeller's original contribution was soon followed by another of $1,000,000, which provided for the establishment of an academy at Morgan Park and the union of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary with the University as its Divinity School. Other gifts followed, and on May 1, 1905, they had reached a total for all purposes of $15,000,000.

December 14, 1895, Miss Helen Culver, of Chicago, presented to the University property valued at $1,000,000, "the whole gift to be devoted to the increase and spread of knowledge within the field of the biological sciences."

In 1898 the College for Teachers, now University College, was established in the business center of the city.

At the Convocation held March 19, 1901, the President announced that the Chicago Institute, founded by Mrs. Emmons Blaine, was to become a School of the University, to be known as the University of Chicago School of Education; that the South Side Academy was to become one of the secondary schools of the University, and that this school and the Chicago Manual Training School would be connected with the University School of Education, the two combined preparatory schools to be named the University High School. With the beginning of the academic year 1901-2 the University instituted instruction in the first two years of a Medical Course. A Medical Faculty was appointed, and the Freshman and Sophomore classes of Rush Medical College were transferred to the University.

In the spring of 1902 the Board of Trustees determined on the organization of a Law School, the work of instruction to begin in October, 1902.

The annual enrolment of students in the College and Graduate classes has been as follows: 1892-93

1893-94

1894-95
1895-96
1896-97
1897-98.

698 1898-99.

920 1899-00..

..2,959

..3,183

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*For a detailed historical sketch of the University, see the President's Decennial Report, pp. 493-574. 3

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THE STATUTES OF THE UNIVERSITY
(ENACTED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES)

1. The University includes five Divisions: the Schools, Colleges, and Academies; the University Extension; the University Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums; the University Press; the University Affiliations.

2. The Schools, Colleges, and Academies include:

a) The Divinity School, the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, the Ogden (Graduate) School of Science, the School of Education, the Law School, already organized; the School of Medicine, partly organized; the School of Technology, the School of Fine Arts, and the School of Music, to be established.

b) The College of Arts, the College of Literature, the College of Science, the College of Commerce and Administration, and University College. Each of these colleges (with respect to its work) is divided into a Junior College and a Senior College. The former includes the first half of the curriculum, ordinarily known as the work of the Freshman and Sophomore classes, and the latter the second half, ordinarily known as the work of the Junior and Senior classes. c) The Academies of the University.

3. The University Extension Division includes the Lecture-Study Department, the Correspondence-Study Department, and the Library and Reading Department. It is the function of the University Extension Division to direct the work done by students who are unable to attend the daily exercises held at the University. This work is carried on through a separate` Faculty distinct from the University Faculty, and is directed by a University board.

a) The University, through its Lecture-Study Department, arranges for lectures given by officers of the University in connection with other institutions and societies. The University encourages the organization of associations, chartered or unchartered, which, in co-operation with the University, undertake local educational work. Each instructor regularly doing lecture-study work gives thirty-six weeks to instruction with an average of five lectures per week, singly or in series, together with usual class work, provided that, so far as practicable, each instructor shall devote at least twelve of the thirty-six weeks to residence instruction.

b) The extramural work of the University is done through the Extension Division. The work is organized in five sections, namely, General Literature, Sacred Literature, Historical and Social Sciences

Physical and Biological Sciences, and Education. For each section there is a committee consisting of representatives of those actually engaged in the work of the section and appointed members of the staff of the University. The chairmen of the committees are appointed by the Trustees and co-operate with the secretaries in carrying out the educational policy of the work. The business management is conducted in four departments, namely, Lecture-Study, Correspondence-Study, Library and Reading, and Publication. For each of these departments there is appointed a secretary who is especially responsible for the business side of the department. University visitors are appointed to develop the work of the Extension Division in special districts. The President of the University, the chairman of the section committees, and secretaries, and the visitors, together with eight representatives of the Faculty, constitute the General Board of Administration of the Extension Division.

4. The University Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums include the General Library and all Departmental Libraries, the General Museum and all special Museums, the Laboratories of the University, and the apparatus and materials used in the University.

5. The University Press includes the Manufacturing Department, the Publication Department, the Laboratory Supply Department, the Retail Department, and the Mailing and Shipping Department.

6. The University Affiliations include the work done in connection with institutions which, although not forming an organic part of the University, have entered into the relationship of affiliation or co-operation with the University.

7. The President of the University is the executive head of the University in all its departments, exercising such supervision and direction as will promote the efficiency of every department; he is responsible for the discipline of the University; he presides at the meetings of the Faculties, and is the official medium of communication between the Faculties and the Board of Trustees, and between the students of the University and the Board of Trustees; he recommends to the Board of Trustees appointments to the several. Faculties; he is responsible for carrying out all measures officially agreed upon by the Faculties in regard to matters committed to them by the Board, and such measures concerning the internal administration of the University as the Board of Trustees may enact.

He makes an annual report to the Board of Trustees of the work and condition of the University in all its departments.

8. The University Chaplain, in co-operation with the President, the University Preacher, and other officers, studies and proposes methods of promoting the spiritual life of the University, and the harmony and efficiency of its religious and benevolent organizations; he also serves as needed in religious exercises and ministers as a pastor.

9. The University Recorder serves as secretary of the various Faculties and Boards of Administration, of the University Council, and of the University Senate; has charge of the record of courses taken by each student and the rank attained in them, of diplomas, certificates of work and letters of dismissal; and superintends the preparation of the University Record, of the Annual Register, and of other official publications.

10. The University Registrar matriculates students, collect all fees, fines, charges, and rents, due the University from students, conducts an exchange for the convenience of students and instructors, assigns rooms to students, and conducts a bureau of information at which visitors may obtain information concerning the University.

11. Deans.-The Divinity School, the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, the Graduate School of Arts and Literature, the Ogden (Graduate) School of Science, the Law School, the School of Education, the Board of Medical Officers, the Board of the Senior Colleges, the College of Commerce and Administration, the Junior Colleges, University College, the Academies of the University, and the affiliated work, have at least one Dean, who is appointed by the Board of Trustees from among the members of the Faculty. There is also a Dean of Women. Each Dean supervises in general the administration of his School, College, or Academy, meeting personally the students and advising with them as to their courses of study. 12. Directors.-The University Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums, the School of Education, and the University Affiliations and the Co-operating Work are each under the general charge of a Director, who is appointed by the Board of Trustees from among the members of the University. The University Press and the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics are each also under the charge of a Director.

13. The Lecturers and Teachers of the University are classified as follows: the Professor, the Associate Professor, the Assistant Professor, the Instructor, the

Associate, the Assistant, the Reader, the Docent, and the Fellow. The tenure of office of Assistant Professors is four years; of Instructors, three years; of Associates, two years; of Assistants, Readers, Docents, and Fellows, one year. At the end of the said term the connection with the University of an Assistant Professor, Instructor, Associate, Assistant, Reader, Docent, or Fellows, ceases, unless he be reappointed. All officers of instruction and government are subject to removal for inadequate performance of duty or for misconduct.

14. The University Senate consists of the President, the Recorder, the Professors who are Heads of Departments, such acting Heads of Departments as shall be designated by the Board of Trustees, the University Librarian, the Director of the School of Education, and members of the Faculties elected by the Congregation. The Senate holds stated meetings monthly to consider general questions relating to the educational work and policy of the University. The actions of Faculties and University Boards upon such questions are subject to revision or reversal by the Senate.

15. The University Council consists of the President, the Recorder, the Registrar, the Chaplain, the Deans of all Schools, Colleges, and Academies, the Secretaries of the Departments of the University Extension Division, the Director of the University Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums, the Director of the University Press, the Director and the Dean of the University Affiliations, the Director of Cooperating Work, the Secretary to the President, the Director of Physical Culture, the Principals or Deans of affiliated institutions, and members of the Faculties elected by the Congregation. The Council holds stated meetings monthly to consider questions relating to the administration of the University. The actions of Faculties and University Boards upon such questions are subject to revision and reversal by the Council.

16. The Faculties are as follows: (a) The Faculties of the Academies, (b) the Faculty of the Junior Colleges, (c) the Faculty of Arts and Literature, (d) the Ogden Faculty of Science, (e) the Faculty of the Divinity School, (f) the Faculty of the School of Education, (g) the Faculty of the College of Commerce and Administration, (h) the Faculty of the Law School.

Every officer of the University who offers one or more courses in a given year above the Junior College grade is a member of one or more of the special Faculties.

The Faculty of Arts and Literature has charge of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature and of the Senior Colleges of Arts and Literature.

The Ogden Faculty of Science has charge of the Ogden (Graduate) School of Science and of the Senior College of Science.

The Faculty of the Junior Colleges consists of all instructors announced to give instruction at any time during a year in the Junior Colleges.

The affairs of the Senior Colleges are administered by a Board in which each of the professional schools has one or more representatives.

Instructors appointed for one year attend the meetings of the Faculty with which their work is connected, and take part in the deliberations, but do not vote.

The President, or in his absence the Senior Dean, presides at the meetings of each Faculty, and the University Recorder acts as secretary of all Faculties, 17. The University Boards.—For the administration of the work connected with the official publications of the University Press, with the management of the Libraries, the Laboratories, and Museums, the University Extension, the University relations with other institutions, the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, for the supervision of student organizations, student publications, and student exhibitions, religious work, medical affairs, and for the recommendation of teachers, there are University Boards which consist each of eight members, nominated from the University Faculties by the President and elected by the Board of Trustees. The administrative officers of each of these Divisions are ex officio members of their respective Boards, the President is the chairman of each Board, and the Recorder secretary. These Boards sustain the same relation to the University Senate and the University Council as do the various Faculties of the University.

The editors in chief of the several departmental journals are ex officio members of the Board of the University Press. The Director of the University Press is an ex officio member of the Board of Libraries and the Board of Laboratories and Museums. The several departmental examiners and departmental delegates are ex officio members of the Board of University Relations. The Board of University Relations meets in two sections, the first for the consideration of relations with university and college grade, and the second for the consideration of relations with institutions of secondary grade. Four representatives elected annually by the students, under regulations prescribed by the Faculties, act with the Board of Physical Culture and Athletics on questions affecting athletic

interests. Each Department of the Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science is entitled to one representa. tive on the Board for the Recommendation of Teachers. The chairman of the representative committees of each chapter in the Christian Union are ex officio members of the Board of the Christian Union.

Library advisers who represent libraries made up of three or four groups are ex officio members of the Board of Libraries.

18. The University Congregation consists of such persons of the following classes as have been duly registered: (a) Officers of Administration and Instruction of the rank of Instructor and above; (b) Doctors of Philosophy of the University of Chicago; (c) Bachelors of Divinity of the University of Chicago of three years' standing, Masters of Arts, Philosophy, and Science of the University of Chicago of five years' standing, Bachelors of Arts, Philosophy and Science of the University of Chicago of ten years' standing, under the following conditions, viz., not more than five from the Bachelors of Divinity, and not more than five from the Masters of Arts, Philosophy, and Science, and not more than ten from the Bachelors of Arts, Philosophy, and Science, shall be elected yearly for a term of ten years by their respective alumni associations, each association having power to fill vacancies as they occur; (d) officers of affiliated colleges, when elected by the Congregation; (e) such others as may be recommended by the Senate and elected by the Congregation to honorary membership-provided that not more than five honorary members may be elected yearly.

Registration is effected when the member has recorded his name on the official roll of the Congregation kept by the Recorder.

In

The President, the Recorder, and the Chaplain of the University are officers of the Congregation. addition to these, the Congregation elects a Vice-President, a Treasurer, and a Marshal. The Vice-President is elected quarterly; the Treasurer and the Marshal, annually. The Executive Committee consists of the officers of the Congregation, and the chairmen of the Standing Committees, and makes arrangements for the meeting of the Congregation.

The Congregation holds stated meetings quarterly in connection with the Convocation exercises to consider subjects referred to it, and to make recommendations to the governing bodies of the University. A special meeting of the Congregation may be held after a notice of two weeks upon the call of the President, or the Senate, or the Council, or a two-thirds vote of any Faculty. At all meetings of the Congregation the

full scholastic dress is worn, The Congregation Dinner takes place in connection with each quarterly meeting.

a) If the Congregation formally disapproves a regulation enacted by any Faculty of the University, it is the duty of such Faculty within four weeks to reconşider its action and report through the Senate or the Council to the Congregation at its next meeting.

b) The Congregation recommends to the Board of Trustees the Convocation Orator and conducts the celebration of Founder's Day.

c) At the June meeting the members of the Congregation, who are (1) Doctors of Philosophy and Masters of Arts, Philosophy, or Science of the University; (2) Bachelors of Divinity of the University; (3) Bachelors of Arts, Philosophy, or Science of the University, severally elect from the permanent officers of the University one member of the Senate and one member of the Council to serve for one year. Absent members deposit their votes with the Recorder.

19. The academic year.-The academic year is divided into four Quarters. The year begins with the first day of the Summer Quarter. The Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters begin on the first day of October, January, and April, respectively, and continue twelve weeks each. The Summer Quarter begins on the day next following the last day of the Spring Quarter. With this exception, a recess of one week occurs between the close of one Quarter and the beginning of the next. A month intervenes between the close of the Summer and the beginning of the Autumn Quarter. Each Quarter is divided into two Terms. Each resident instructor gives instruction thirty-six weeks of the year, ten hours a week or its equivalent. The instructor takes his vacation in any one of the four Quarters, according as it may be arranged, or he may take two vacations of six weeks each at different periods of the year. For every Quarter or Term in a year he may teach, in addition to the number of hours required, he receives, according as it may be arranged by the President, either an extra full pro-rata vacation or an extra two-thirds pro-rata salary, payable monthly during such vacation period. In case of resignation or death, vacation credit thus earned is paid on the basis of two-thirds pro-rata salary.

20. Convocation.-A Quarterly Convocation is held during the last week of each Quarter. At this Convocation an address is given by a person selected by the University Congregation; degrees are conferred upon students who have completed their courses of study; and a statement of the condition of the University is made by the President.

21. Classification of courses.-Courses of instruction in the University are classified as Majors and Minors. The Minor calls for four or five hours of classroom work, or its equivalent, each week for six weeks; the Major, for four to five hours of classroom work, or its equivalent, each week for twelve weeks. A Minor calling for eight to ten hours of classroom work, or its equivalent, each week, is called a Double Minor; a Major calling for eight to ten hours of classroom work, or its equivalent, each week, is called a Double Major. The regular work of a student during each Term of a Quarter is three Minors or their equivalent.

22. Non-resident work.-In substituting nonresident work for resident work, the following are the conditions:

a) The non-resident student is required to matriculate in the University, and, before receiving any degree, to spend one year of the time required for it in residence.

b) Non-resident work done under the direction of the University Extension Division of the University of Chicago, when duly completed and reported, will be accepted as meeting the requirement for the Bachelor's degree to the maximum amount of eighteen Majors, provided such credit be conditioned upon at least one year of satisfactory work in residence.

c) Non-resident work for an advanced degree will be accepted for not more than one-third of the total requirement for such degree. The candidate will be required to pass the first year of his graduate study in residence at the University, unless he is able to satisfy the Head of the Department in which his particular work is to be done that he can do the introductory work in a satisfactory manner when not in attend

ance.

d) The non-resident work for advanced degrees must be performed under the general direction of the Head of the Department.

e) The examination for credit on a non-residence course must be passed at the University of Chicago, or, if elsewhere, under supervision approved by the University.

ƒ) The final examination for advanced degrees must be passed at the University of Chicago.

23. Divisions and Student Councils.-The students of the Senior and Junior Colleges are classified in Divisions, according to the number of Major credits, on the University records; each College containing six Divisions. The Sixth Division includes those students with less than three Majors of credit; the Fifth, those with three Majors or more, but less than six; the

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