the emperor showered his largess upon the crowds below from this building' as well as from his palace. Along the southwest side, the line of the back wall of the great horrea Agrippiana formed the fixed limit for the site up to if not beyond the clivus Victoriae.

The front line of the "Palatium" towards the Forum, from which the venturesome builder pushed out his new palace as an advance post, or frontispiece, to the earlier Palatine, is no less difficult to determine. Of the original hill itself, upon which the earlier palace

stood, but few traces are now visible. So far as identified they consist, on the north,2 (1) of a crumbling bit of cappellaccio under the later ramp leading from the Nova Via to the clivus Victoriae, 12 meters from the later line of the Via and a few centimeters above it, at about 23.50 m. a.s.l.; and (2) of a piece of a soft, friable, yellowish-brown tufa or clay about 50 meters to the southeast of the cappellaccio and 10 meters further up the slope, at about 33.50 m. a.s.l., at the back of one of the lower rooms belonging to the lofty structure behind the hanging portico commonly, though incorrectly, known as the "bridge of Caligula." On the side facing the Capitol, though at some distance, it is probable, from the corner of the original hill, more extensive remains have been brought to

1 Suetonius, Caligula. 37; quin et nummos non mediocris summae e fastigio basilicae Juliae per aliquot dies sparsit in plebem.

2 The general line of direction of the region, as of the earlier structures, is northwest to southeast. For the sake of convenience, however, the slope of the Palatine towards the Sacra Via will be spoken of in general as north and that towards the horrea of Agrippa and the Tiber as south. The portion of the region towards the domus Augustana may be regarded, moreover, as east and that towards the Capitol as west.

light in recent years, at the level of the Forum, in the scarped but disintegrating cappellaccio-rock behind the horrea of Agrippa. Along the clivus Victoriae, for which an artificial terrace seems to have been cut along the slope, the original cliff is at this point buried behind the later structures, though, further to the south, the sharp line of its scarped surface has been brought to light by the fall of its enveloping wall of concrete. The palace of the period previous to that of Caligula, no less than the hill itself, has been almost wholly swallowed up in the later structures. On the side. towards the north, no remains of that period are at present traceable, except a few broken walls faced with reticulate of the Augustan type at some distance to the east and parallel to the line of the earlier Nova Via, though at a higher level. Along the west slope, however, a number of meters above the Augustan clivus Victoriae but on the line of the later structures of Caligula and Domitian, a few remains have fortunately been preserved of a row of earlier rooms, which, from their relation to the structures adjoining them and their construction, may be assigned to the preceding period and belong probably to the house of Tiberius or of Germanicus, which, according to Josephus,' immediately adjoined the new palace. While no certainty is at present possible, we may accept the line of the northern front of these rooms as, in all probability, marking roughly the northwestern front of the "Palatium" of the period preceding that of Caligula and also the limit of the original hill in that direction. The correctness of this assumption is shown more clearly by the fact that no remains have been found beyond this line of the row of shops bordering the clivus Victoriae of the Augustan period on the east-or indeed of the horrea Agrippiana below, of which they form a part.

In this irregular space, the "no man's land" between the Forum and the Palatine, bounded, as we have seen, on the north by the precinct of Juturna and the temple of Castor, at the lower level, and the clivus Victoriae above, on the west by the vicus Tuscus, and on the south by the horrea Agrippiana, with the domus Tiberiana at the upper level, which formed also, it is probable, its eastern boundary, lay the famous new house of Caligula and its successors, the no less splendid buildings of Domitian and Hadrian. This space, which forms an irregular trapezoid, measures roughly about

1 Josephus, Ant. of the Jews, ΧΙΧ, 15, παρῆσαν εἰς τὴν Γερμανικοῦ μὲν οἰκίαν τοῦ Γαίου πατρός, ὃν τότε ἀνῃρήκεσαν, ἀννημμένην δ ̓ ἐκείνῃ διὰ τὸ ἓν τὸ βασίλειον ὃν ἐποικο δομαῖς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν τῇ ἡγεμονίᾳ γεγονότων αὐξηθὲν ἀπὸ μέρους ὀνόματι τῶν οἰκοδομησαμέ νων ἢ καί τι μερῶν οἰκήσεως ἀρξάντων τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν παρασχέσθαι.

"They (the slayers of Caligula) came to the house of Germanicus, Gaius' father, which house adjoined the palace: for while the edifice was one it was built in its several parts by those particular persons who had been emperors and those parts bore the name of those that built them or the name of him who began to build any of its parts." (Translation of W. Whiston.)