XXIA. THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION ROLLIN D. SALISBURY, A.M., LL.D., Professor and Head of the Department of Geography. HARLAN H. BARROWS, S.B., PD.M., Professor of Geography. JOHN PAUL GOODE, PH.D., Associate Professor of Geography. WALTER SHELDON TOWER, PH.D., Associate Professor of Geography. MARY JEAN LANIER, S.B., Instructor. SPECIAL INSTRUCTOR ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE (Spring, 1914). FELLOWS, 1914-15 CHARLES CARLYLE COLBY, S.B. WILLIAM HERMAN HAAS, A.B. INTRODUCTORY Until recent years Geography was primarily a descriptive subject, taught for the most part only in elementary and normal schools. During the last generation it has become a rational science and an appropriate subject for college and university instruction. In accepting the science for such purposes, America has followed some of the nations of Europe, notably Germany, and the subject has now come to have an important place in several leading universities in the United States. Some study of the earth in its relations to life is a necessary basis for the successful study of biology, history, and political economy; it possesses in itself high cultural and disciplinary value; and it contributes to good citizenship by putting students into touch with existing geographic conditions and current geographic problems of national and international import. The work of this Department affords the means for such study, provides training for teachers in schools of secondary and higher grades, and trains students for research work in the science. The courses in this Department deal with subjects which are intermediate between Geology, on the one hand, and History, Sociology, Political Economy, and Biology, on the other. Courses in Physical Geography are given in the Department of Geology; courses in Zoögeography and Geographic Botany are given in the Departments of Zoology and Botany; courses dealing with the pedagogical aspects of the subject, especially in connection with instruction in the grades, are given in the School of Education. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREES THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Before this degree is conferred, candidates must have done the work covered by the courses listed in the next paragraph. Much of this work must be done before the student becomes a candidate for the degree. Furthermore, it is distinctly to be understood that the degree is not conferred merely on the basis of completed courses. A thesis embodying the results of research work also is required. This should represent, as a rule, the equivalent of at least two quarters' work. A. Geography the principal subject.-The required courses in the Department of Geography are 4 (or 7 or 8, Geology), 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, two of the group 21-24, 25, 26, two of the group 27-31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, and 38. Some of the work in connection with courses 33-38 may be in the line of the thesis. In the Department of Geology, courses 14, 15, 16. In the Departments of Biology, at least two of the following: Zoology 28, Botany 32 and 34. In the Department of History, a general knowledge of Modern History, and a thorough knowledge of the history of some period and region where geographic influences were important. In the Department of Political Economy, courses 1 and 2 or equivalents. Slight departures from the above outline may be permitted. B. The work required where Geography is the minor subject is covered by courses 10, 11, 12, 7 or 14, course 14 in Geology, and four from the group 8, 9, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. A limited amount of substitution may be allowed. THE MASTER'S DEGREE Prerequisites: The candidate for this degree should have had at least four majors in Geography and three or four in Geology (courses 1, 2, 4 or 5, and 7 or 8), before entering upon work for the Master's degree. The geographic phases of Botany and Zoology, and the elements of Political Economy are desirable antecedents to the work for the Master's degree. Requirements: The classroom work required for the Master's degree is covered by the following courses: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14; two of the group 16, 21-24, and course 14 in Geology. Part of this work (e.g., courses 7, 8, 9) should have been done before work for the Master's degree is begun, if the degree is to be secured in a year. A thesis also is required, for which two majors' credit may be allowed. No course completed with a grade below C will be counted in fulfilment of the requirements for this degree, and the average grade of the work accepted shall be not lower than B-. THE BACHELOR'S DEGREE PRINCIPAL SEQUENCES (Prerequisite for all the sequences, XXIA 1 or XXI 1.) XXIA 5, 7 or 14, 10, 11, 12, four from the group, 4 (or XXI 7 or 8), 6, 8, 9, 16, and XXI 14. Prerequisites virtually determine the order of courses. Courses numbered 10 and above must be taken in the Senior Colleges. II. Geography and Geology XXIA 5, 7 or 14, 10, 12; XXI 2, 5, three from the group XXIA 4 (or XXI 7 or 8), 6, 8, 9, XXI 14. The numerical order should be followed at least approxiXXI 2 and 5 should precede the last three courses mately in each department. in XXIA. III. Geography and Biology XXIA 5, 6, 7 or 14, 9, 10 or 11, 12; XXVII 3, and two from the group, XXI 7 or 8, XXIA 4, XXII 28, XXVII 32, 34. In XXIA the numerical order should be followed at least approximately. XXVII 3 may come early in the sequence. IV. Geography and Economics II 1 XXIA 5, 8 or 10, 11, 12, two of the group 7, 13; 14, and II 1, 2, and 7. In XXIA the numerical order should be followed as nearly as possible. and 2 should come early in the sequence. V. Geography and History XXIA 5, 7 or 14, 8, 10, two of the group 11, 12, 16, and IV E4, E5, E6. The numerical order in each department is recommended, and the courses in IV may well follow XXIA 10. VI. For Students Preparing to Teach Geography in Secondary Schools XXIA 5, 6, 7 or 14, 10, 12, one from the group, 8, 9, 11; three from the group XXIA 4 (or XXI 7 or 8), XXI 2, 5, 14. In each department the numerical order should be followed at least approximately, and XXI 2 and 5 should precede the later courses in XXIA. SECONDARY SEQUENCES The numerical order is advised in all cases. I. For students specializing in Geology: XXIA 6, 9, 12 and three other courses. II. For students specializing in history: XXIA 8, 10, 12, and three of the group, 5, 7, 11, 14, 16. III. For students specializing in Economics: XXIA 5, 7, 10 or 13, 11, 12, 14. IV. For students specializing in Botany or Zoology: XXIA 5, 6, 9, 12, and two other courses. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION I. JUNIOR COLLEGE COURSES 1. The Elements of Geography. An introductory study of the earth; its physical features and the relations of land, air, and water to life-especially to human affairs. No prerequisites. Mj. each Quarter, PROFESSOR Barrows, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER, Mr. Jones, AND MISS LANIER. NOTE. This course may not be taken (for credit) by students who have had more advanced courses in Geography. Students who have credit for Geology 1 will receive but half-credit for Geography 1, and vice versa. 2. Elementary Regional Geography.-An elementary study of life-responses to physical and climatic conditions in the major natural regions of the world; an introduction to regional geography. Prerequisite: Geography 1 or Geology 1. Mj. Winter, MISS LANIER. 3. Economic and Commercial Geography. The geography of production. The factors influencing the production of commodities of commerce, such as land forms, climate, and soils. The products of farm and range, mines and quarries, forests, etc. Commercial and industrial activities of man, as influenced by his environment. Prerequisite: Geography 1 or Geology 1. Mj. each Quarter, ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS GOODE AND TOWER, MR. JONES, AND MISS LANIER. 4. Elementary Field Course.-This course is conducted in some region where a small area shows a variety of influences of topography, soil, and natural resources on life conditions. It affords practice in applying in the field principles already studied in the classroom, opportunity to develop original illustrations of these principles, and an idea of the methods of regional geographic interpretation. Four weeks are spent in the field, and the course is completed by a written report on the work done. 3M. Summer. Prerequisite: Geography 1 or 3. [Not given in 1914-15.] 5. Geography of North America.-A study of the relation of the continent to the world as a whole; the physical features of the continent, its climates, and the character and distribution of its natural resources; the influences of geographic conditions in the development and life of the different countries. Prerequisite: Geography 1 or Geology 1, and 6 majors of college work. Desirable antecedents: Geography 2 and 3. Mj. Summer and Spring, MISS LANIER; Autumn, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER. II. SENIOR COLLEGE COURSES' 6. Meteorology.-A study of the atmosphere; causes of variations in insolation and temperature; cloud-forming processes and their relation to precipitation; general and local storms; uses of meteorological instruments and the application of meteorological data. Prerequisite: Geography 1, Physics 1, and 12 majors of college work. Mj. Winter, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER. 7. Economic Geography of Europe.-Outline same as for course 5, together with a study of the effects of geographic conditions on the distribution and economic development of racial stocks. Prerequisite: Geography 3 or 5, and 12 majors of college work. Mj. Spring, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOODE. 8. Political Geography.-A study of the geographic forces that have influenced the formation and development of a number of type nations. An examination of the geographic facts connected with current international questions. The course is so conducted as to acquaint the student with the main facts of the geography of each country studied. Prerequisite: two majors in Geography (Geology 1 will count as one of the two), and 12 majors of college work. Mj. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER. [Not given in 1914-15.] 9. Climatology.—A study of the elements and the control of climates; climatic data; the division of the world into climatic provinces; the classification of climates; the distribution of the leading climatic types; the importance of climatic influences on man, as for example their effects on the distribution of population, and on occupations, customs, and diseases; acclimatization; evidences and effects of changes of climate. Prerequisite: Geography 6, and 15 majors of college work. Mj. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER. [Not given in 1914-15.] 10. Influence of Geography on American History.-A study of the influence of geographic conditions on the course of American history. Their importance as compared with one another, and with non-geographic factors. Prerequisite: 18 majors of college work. Desirable antecedent: Geography 1 or Geology 1. Mj. Summer and Winter, MISS LANIER; Spring, PROFESSOR BARROWS. 11. Economic Geography of the United States.-A detailed study of the United States, following courses 3 and 5. The physiographic regions; climate; natural vegetation; agriculture; transportation; mineral industries; manufactures; the people and their occupations as influenced by geographic conditions. Prerequisite: Geography 3 and 5, and 18 majors of college work. Mj. Autumn, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOODE. 12. Conservation of Natural Resources.-The natural resources of the United States as factors in national development. The history of the exploitation of soils, forests, mineral resources, etc.; the current movement to conserve natural resources; the reclamation of arid and swamp lands; the stoppage of erosion; the development of scientific forestry; the elimination of waste in mining; the effective use of mineral fuels and metals; the improvement and extension of waterways; the use and control of water power; the problems of water supply. Prerequisite: 18 majors of college work. Mj. Summer, Winter, and Spring, PROFESSOR BARROWS. 13. Geography of Commerce.-Conditions inviting commerce; the organization of industry; the means of transportation and communication. Current international commerce; the rank of nations in import and export trade; the 1 Graduate credit will be given for many of the courses of this group. rank of commodities in international trade; commerce and politics; commercial tendencies. Prerequisite: Geography 3, and three other majors in Geography, and 18 majors of college work. Desirable antecedent: Geology 2. Mj. AssoCIATE PROFESSOR GOODE. [May not be given in 1914-15.] 14. Geography of South America.-The physical features, climates, and resources of the continent; their effects on the development and prospects of the several countries. Special attention is given to geographic influences on trade between the United States and South America. Prerequisite: Geography 3 and 5, and 18 majors of college work. Mj. Summer and Winter, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TOWER. 15. Geography of Asia.—Mj. alternate years, MR. JONES. [Not given in 1914-15.] 16. Principles of Anthropogeography.-Various aspects of the relation between Geography and History; grouping of the land masses and its effects; the importance of geographic location; the ocean highway and coast peoples; rivers and river-lowland habitat; islands and island peoples; mountain barriers and their passes; mountain agriculture; isolating effect of a mountain environment; life in deserts and steppes. Prerequisite: 5 majors of Geography, including courses 5 and 10, and 24 majors of college work. Mj. Spring, 1914, MISS SEMPLE. [Not given in 1914–15.] 17. Cartography and Graphics.-The principles of Cartography; the various map projections; the requisites of maps for various purposes. Blackboard map work from memory, in outline and in relief; the problem of the third dimension; the graphic presentation of statistical material. Primarily for teachers. Prerequisite: 5 majors of Geography, and 24 majors of college work. M. once in two or three years; Spring, 1915, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOODE. III. GRADUATE COURSES 21. Geographic Influences in the History of the New England and Middle Atlantic States. The geographic conditions which have influenced the economic, social, and political history of the area, its relations to other provinces, and the effect on national development. Prerequisite: Geography 10 and Geology 14. Mj. once in three years; Winter, 1915, PROFESSOR BARROWS. 22. Geographic Influences in the History of the Interior.-The general outline of the course and prerequisites same as for 21. Mj. alternate years; Summer, 1914, PROFESSOR BARROWS. 23. Geographic Influences in the History of the Western States.-The general outline of the course and prerequisites same as for 21. Mj. once in three years; Winter, 1916, PROFESSOR BARROWS. 24. Geographic Influences in the History of the Lower South.-The general outline of the course and the prerequisites same as for 21. Mj. once in three years; PROFESSOR BARROWS OR MISS LANIER. [Not given in 1914-15.] 25. Field Geography (Second course).—A course involving a study of the life and industries of selected areas, as influenced by physical conditions and natural resources. In 1914 this course will be given in September, the field being the Cumberland Plateau and the Southern Appalachians. Four weeks will be spent in the field, commencing August 31. A written report will complete the course. 3M. Registration only after consultation with instructor. PROFESSOR BARROWS. 26. History of Geography.-The rise of the science of Geography; the geographic concepts of primitive peoples; the ideas of the early Mediterranean peoples; Herodotus, Aristarchus, Pliny, Strabo; Marco Polo and other mediaeval geographers; Columbus and the age of exploration; the influence of Humboldt, Ritter, Kohl, Ratzel. Modern Geography and its status in various lands. M. once in two or three years; Spring, 1915, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOODE. 27. The Historical Geography of American Cities.—A study of the conditions that determined the location, growth, special industries, etc., of the leading |