CHAPTER IX.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOWING WATER.

Weirs. Orifices. Open Channels. Formula for Discharge over

Weirs. Discharge through Triangular Notches. Fig. 7. Con-

struction of Triangular Weirs. Table 7. Discharge of Water

through a Right-angled Triangular Notch. Table 8. Coefficients

of Discharge through Rectangular Orifices-Miner's Inch:

Smartsville Inch. Other Inches. Determination of the Inch;

Experiments at Columbia Hill. Fig. 8. Experiments on the

Inch at Columbia Hill. Flow of Water in Open Channels.

Kutter's Coefficients for Roughness. Ditches in California. Ex-

amples of Value of Coefficient in Ditches,

CHAPTER X.

DITCHES AND FLUMES.

Surveying a Ditch

Shallow Ditches.

North Bloomfield.

Milton Company.

Ditches: Location and Construction Principles.

Line. Narrow and Deep vs. Broad and

Excavating the Ditch. Examples of Ditches.

Fig. 9. North Bloomfield Main Ditch.

Fig. 10. Milton Ditch. Eureka Lake. South Yuba Canal Com-

pany. Smartsville Ditches. Spring Valley and Cherokee. Hen-

dricks. La Grange Ditch. Fig. 11. La Grange Ditch. Fig. 12.

La Grange Wall Ditch. Fig. 13. La Grange Flume.-Flumes :

Flumes vs. Ditches. Grades Fig. 14. Flume Construction.

Planking. Sills and Posts. Curves. Waste-Gates. Precautions

against Cold. Experience in the Black Hills. Fig. 15. Wyom-

ing and Dakota Co.'s Flume and Ditch. Details of Construc-

tion. Lumber: Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Bracket Flume.

Figs. 16 and 17. Miocene Co.'s Bracket Flume. Details and

Costs of Milton Ditch and Flumes. Table 12. Cost of Milton

Ditch. Fig. 18. Milton Flume. Table 13. Dimensions and

Costs of Ditches (including Flumes),

CHAPTER XI.

PIPES AND NOZZLES.

Wrought-Iron Pipes: Inverted Siphons. Thickness of Iron. Table
14. Thickness and Weight of Iron for Pipe. Fig. 19. Texas
Creek Pipe. Table 15. Tensile Strain on Wrought-Iron Pipe.
Table 16. Area and Weight of Wrought-Iron Pipe. Riveting.
Table 17. Sizes of Rivets. Table 18. Details of Riveting a 22-
inch Pipe. Joints. Fig. 20. Lead Joint. Fig. 21. Method of
Tightening Leaky Joints. Fig. 22. Elbow for Short Curves.
Fig. 23. Method of Strapping Elbows and Pipes. Fig. 24. Air-

Valve for Pipe. Fig. 25. Blow-off for Pipes. Fig. 26. Self-

Acting Air-Valve. Preservation against Rust and Accidents.

Filling Pipes.-Statistics of Pipe-Lines: La Grange Hydraulic

Mining Company. Table 19. Cost of Iron Pipe at North

Bloomfield. Spring Valley Water Co. Table 20. Details of

Construction of Spring Valley Water Co 's Pipe. Virginia City

Water-Works. Fig. 27. Profile of Pipe-Line of Virginia City

Water Co. Spring Valley and Cherokee Hydraulic Mining Com-

pany. Fig. 28. Profile of Pipe-Line of Spring Valley and Che-

rokee Co.'s Pipe. Table 21. Details of Spring Valley and Chero-

kee Pipe. Flow of Water through Pipes. Table 22. Flow of Water

through Circular Pipes. Pressure Box: La Grange Pressure Box.

Figs. 29, 30, 31. North Bloomfield Pressure Box.-Supply or

Feed Pipes: Fig. 32. Distributing Gate.-Discharge Pipe or

Nozzle: Fig. 33. Goose Neck. Fig. 34. Globe Monitor. Fig.

35. Hydraulic Chief. Dictator. Fig. 36. Little Giant. Fig.

37. Little Giant Rifle. Fig. 38. Hydraulic Giant.

Monitor Hydraulic Machine. Deflector,

PAGE

Fig. 39.

158

CHAPTER XII.

VARIOUS MECHANICAL APPLIANCES.

Derricks, Hurdy-Gurdy Wheels: Experiments at North Bloomfield.

Table 23. Experiments with Hurdy-Gurdy Wheels at North

Bloomfield. Figs. 40 and 41. Hurdy-Gurdy Wheel and Derrick

Hoist. Figs. 42-43. Hurdy-Gurdy Wheel and Nozzles. Ex-

periments at Empire Mill. Tests at the Idaho Mine. Fig. 44.

Pelton Wheel. Tests at the University of California. Flat

Buckets. Curved Buckets. Figs. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52.

Buckets for Hurdy-Gurdy Wheels. Fig. 53. Pelton Wheel.

Figs. 54 and 55. Diagrams of Efficiency of Pelton Wheel. Fig.

56. Diagram of the Comparative Efficiency of Wheels. The

Pan. The Batea. Fig. 57. The Rocker. Fig. 58. The Tom.

Puddling Box. Amalgam Kettles,

185

CHAPTER XIII.

BLASTING GRAVEL BANKS.

Blast at Smartsville. Fig. 59. Diagram of Powder Chambers. Blue

Point Blast. Paragon Mine Blast. Fig. 60. Blast at Paragon

Mine. Dardanelles Mine Blast. Blasting Powder. Methods

of Blasting Table 24. Bank Blasting at the Manzanita Mine.

Firing by Electricity. Fig. 61. Arrangement of wire for firing

by Electricity. Tamping,

206

CHAPTER XIV.

TUNNELS AND SLUICES.

Tunnels: Shafts for Tunnels. Shaft Timbering. Second Shaft. First

Washing. Size of Tunnel. Location of Tunnels.-Sluices:

Grade. General Grade adopted. Size of Sluice. Details of

Construction. North Bloomfield Tunnel Sluice. Figs. 62, 63,

64. Tunnel Sluice Box at North Bloomfield. Bed-Rock Claim

Sluice Boxes. La Grange Sluice Boxes.-Rifles: Block Riffles.

Advantage of Block Riffles. Life of Blocks. Rock Riffles.

Blocks and Rocks. Longitudinal Riffles. Bed-Rock Riffles.—

Branch Sluices: Fig. 65. Turn-in Sluice, Patricksville. Turn

out Sluice. Fig. 66. Box of Turn-out Sluice.-Undercurrents :

Figs. 67, 68, 69. Undercurrent at North Bloomfield. Table

25. Lengths and Grades of Tunnels at Smartsville, Yuba County,

Cal. Table 26. Lengths, Grades, and Costs of Tunnels in Ne-

vada County. Table 27. Cost of Construction of the French

Corral Tunnel and Sluices. Table 28. Cost of Construction

of the Manzanita Mine Tunnel and Sluices,

CHAPTER XV.

TAILINGS AND DUMP.

Ef-

Tailings Composition of Tailings. Wear in Running Water.

fects of Hydraulic Débris. Table 29, Hall's, and Table 30,

Mendell's, Estimate of the Amount of Débris in certain Rivers in

California.-Dump: Working on different Bed-Rock Levels with

same Dump. Tailing into Streams. Experience at La Grange.

Exceptional Cases,

PAGE

215

236

CHAPTER XVI.

WASHING, OR HYDRAULICKING.

Charging the Sluices. Commencing Work. Caving Banks. High

Banks. Light. Electric Light. Continuous Work. Cleaning

up. Treating the Quicksilver and Amalgam.

70 and 71. The Retort,

CHAPTER XVII.

Retorting. Figs.

244

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD IN SLUICES.

Distribution in Tail Sluices. Fig. 72. Tail Sluices and Undercurrents.

Table 31. French Corral Undercurrents; Yield of the Under-

currents, etc., at the French Corral Mine. Table 32. Manzanita

Table 33. Distribution of Gold in the Manzanita

Table 34. Distribution of Gold in the French

Table 35. Distribution of Gold in the North

Mine Sluices.

Mine Sluices.

Corral Sluices.

Bloomfield Sluices,

252

Loss of Quicksilver.

CHAPTER XVIII.

LOSS OF GOLD AND QUICKSILVER.

La Grange. North Bloomfield. Table 36.

Loss of Quicksilver and Yield of Bullion at North Bloomfield.

Delaney and New Kelly Claims. Table 37. Run at the De-

laney and New Kelly claims. Loss of Gold,

CHAPTER XIX.

THE DUTY OF THE MINER'S INCH.

Table 38. Estimates of the Duty of the Inch, Mendell.

Table 39.

Estimates of the Duty of the Inch, Payson. Table 40. Esti-

mates of the Duty of the Inch, State Engineer. Table 41 A and

B. The Duty of the Inch at North Bloomfield and La Grange, .

CHAPTER XX.

PAGE

263

268

STATISTICS OF THE COSTS OF WORKING AND THE YIELD OF GRAVEL.

Table 43.

Table 42. Details of Working the French Hill Claim.

Details of Working the Light Claim, Patricksville. Table 44.

Details of Working the Chesnau Claim. Table 45. Details of

Working the Johnson Claim. Table 46. Details of Working the

Sicard Claim. Table 47. Résumé of Workings by the La Grange

Co. Table 48. Details of Working No. 8 Claim, North Bloom-

field. Table 49. Classification of Mines and Mining Expenses.

Table 50. Yield of Important Hydraulic Claims in California.

Table 51. Yield of Various Gravel Claims in California. Table

52. Yield of Gravel in Foreign Gold Fields,

APPENDIX A,

APPENDIX B,

INDEX,

275

281

289

293

Fig. 15. Profile of Wyoming and Dakota Company Flume,

facing 147

Figs. 29, 30, 31. North Bloomfield Pressure Box,

Fig. 34. Craig's Globe Monitor,

Fig. 27. Profile of Virginia and Gold Hill Water Co. Pipe-Line,

Fig. 28. Profile of the Spring Valley and Cherokee Co. Pipe-Line,

Fig. 32. Distributing Gate,

Fig. 33. Goose Neck,

173

175

facing 177

179

180

181

Fig. 35. The Hydraulic Chief,

Fig. 36. The Little Giant,

Fig. 37. The Little Giant Rifle,

181

182

182