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Antonio Carrillo had better not be in haste to enter Santa Barbara. Alvarado will soon make his grand entrance. If, however, the Don should deem it his duty to sack Santa Barbara, it will be mine to yield to the necessity of preventing such a catastrophe by firing on his ranks and destroying the lives of fellow countrymen. Dios la libertad."

On the morning of March 23rd the movement commenced. First ad dressing his soldiers, "The pent up fires of California bravery who can quench them? What one of us, whether plebeian born or descendants of Spanish Cavaliers, will flee before the servile minions of the ignoble Alvarado? What man with a heart quickened by Castilian blood will not pour out that blood in defense of California and the union of Mexico?"

Then the officers' swords flashed from their scabbards, the privates stood shoulder to shoulder and a response arose, "Vivas," that echoed among the hills. Then came the news, the army of Santa Barbara was approaching. The Don reconnoitered. The opposing forces numbered one hundred and four. His own army totaled one hundred and one only. He was out numbered; strategy only remained, and a masterly retreat in the night to the walls of Mission Buena Ventura.

Three days later Captain Jose Castro, arrayed in the gorgeous uniform of a Mexican officer (part of the loot. taken at the siege of Monterey), arrived and was warmly welcomed by the people of Santa Barbara; was feasted, wined and spent a delightful two days. On the third day the Grand Army of the North, with three pieces of artillery, his enthusiastic troops, started in hot pursuit of the fleeing enemy. Arriving in the night, they took position on the heights overlooking the Mission. Without delay he Without delay he summoned the defenders to surrender, a demand which received a brisk musketry fire.

The work of attempted annihilation continued till the night fall of the

fourth day. In the silent midnight hour, half of the Don Carrillo's troops made a desperate sally and with reckless enthusiasm found themselves inside the enemy's lines and prisoners. After a short consultation they transferred their allegiance from Carrillo to Castro. Half of Carillo's army gone, nothing remained but honorable surrender, and the white flag waved over the adobe walls. Now came calling of the roll and burial of the dead. Forty-eight hours of cannonading on one side and busy musketry shots on the other.

The official report read: "Of the Army of the North one man wounded. Of the Army of the South one man killed."

Graham and his rifles were not there. Had they been, the official report would have read differently. They had been retained at Monterey as protection for the Governor Alvarado, in case Castro's forces were defeated.

Alvarado now joined his army, and together proceeded to Los Angeles where Government headquarters were established for a time. He remained as Governor until 1842, and without serious political complications. His flag waved over the old Custom House and the bright blue waters at Monterey.

What of Graham?

With Alvarado's accession to power, backed by the powerful Mexican nation, and peace established, his dislike for foreigners increased, especially toward Graham and his men. He feared they might compel his original agreements. For Graham had repeatedly urged a fulfillment of the terms that had brought Alvarado into power. Graham however was often brushed aside with manana promises. Alvarado decided to get rid of Los Americanos by treachery. Each one, singly, was arrested, heavily ironed, confined, forty-nine in a stable, deprived of everything that might suggest decency, and half starved. They were refused a fair trial, only an examination at which only witnesses

TO CORDELIA.

against them were permitted to testify. Finally they were chained together, put on a vessel destined for San Blas, and with them a recommendation from Alvarado that they be punished for their part in the revolution of '36.

Several of these Americans and foreigners had families, but they were not allowed to offer them any comforts, or even to say goodbye. Later Governor Alvarado and his adherents robbed their cabins, confiscated their horses and cattle and furs and personal effects, leaving their families destitute.

I

Graham was heart broken. Feeble from his suffering he was afraid he might die before reaching San Blas. "But these villains will see me die like a man. If I do die, go to Tennessee and Kentucky and tell the boys of our suffering. Two hundred Tennessee riflemen could take the country. have been here seven years and was always a peaceable man, except when I was prevailed on to take part with the Californians against the tyranny of Mexico. Now I am lassoed like a bear, by these very men whose lives and property myself and friends saved."

Graham was released later, and returned to California to spend his last years. He lived long enough to see the flag of his country wave over every mountain peak, city, and ham

175

let when California joined the union.

I found this original flag of Graham and Alvarado in the possession of L. N. Skinner, a gentleman at San Diego, but he did not know its history. In searching the records I found it compared identically with the description of Alvarado's flag given by Farnum and Robinson. I also learned it was found among the effects of an aged Mexican gentleman who died many years ago at Old Town. This man, I was told, was a prominent actor in early day revolutionary affairs. At the bottom of an old chest in an outof-the-way corner of his adobe residence it had remained for many years. It is made of pieces of white bunting, both old and new, sewed with coarse thread and stitches; the star imperfect in shape, and its peculiar discovery confirms my belief that it is the original flag of the First State of the Pacific Coast.

Who devised it? Who made it? I am unable to state. One flag was made by the revolutionists and continued in service until 1842, when fearing foreign aggression, and loss of California, Alvarado abandoned his state and flag and became a Mexican Governor.

The flag is now owned by the Southwest Museum, an interesting reminder of events before the Gringo

came.

TO CORDELIA

Cordelia, thy voice so soft and low,
So often tempered with thy tender tears,
Still echoes sweetly through the buried years,
Though silenced now since long and long ago;
Thy warm, sweet smile, that ever welcomed so
Thy world-worn father in his bitterest grief,
Is yet the balm that brings the heart relief
And lessens yet the old world's meed of woe;
Thy tender heart, that knew the grief to feel,
Which heavy weighed upon another's heart,
Is still the solace which the wide world seeks-
Thy heart, which spent itself for other's weal,
Thy tender, loving, pitying woman's heart
Still through the years its word of comfort speaks.

FRANCIS MCKINNON MORTON.

Creating an Exposition

By Hamilton Wright

(Some of the splendors that are promised at the great World's Fair at San Francisco. The first of the great Exposition buildings was started this month; the gates will be open to the public two years hence.)

B

Y AUGUST next, fourteen of the great buildings of the Panama-Pacific Exposition

will be under construction; all of them will be finished by June, 1914. The early completion will permit of the adornment of the spacious grounds and courts with thousands of palms, plants and rare shrubs that are now being grown in nurseries.

Color and life, warmth and brilliancy, and at the same time artistic effects, are embodied in the final plans. For more than one year a commission of American architects, working in harmony with a celebrated board of colorists, sculptors and landscape gardeners, has planned for an Exposition that will stand apart in its originality and splendor. The Department of Works has kept in close touch with the men who are guiding the artistic destinies of the Exposition.

Flowers and mosaics will be employed to obtain brilliant contrasts. At the main entrance and throughout the grounds will be vast banks of flowers. Pools of lotus and water lilies, palms and cypress, orange trees in fruit and blossom, will contrast with the classic facades, colonnades and statuary. In the great inner courts, whose sides will be the walls of the Exposition palaces, cerulean. blue. burnt orange, vermilion and gold will predominate. An ivory yellow, rich and soft in tone, will be the prevailing tint of the Exposition as a whole.

The

Perhaps the tint may be best described as a tawny buff, several shades removed from white; at a distance, it will appear almost white, but there will be no glaring reflections. courts and facades, the spires and domes of the Exposition will be of a richer color than the prevailing tint. The domes will glitter with gold and will produce an indescribable effect in the far distance.

"Imagine," says Mr. Jules Guerin, director of color, "a gigantic Persian rug of soft, melting tones, with brilliant splashes here and there, spread down for a mile or more, and you may get some idea of what the Panama-Exposition will look like if viewed from a distance, say from the Sausalito Heights across the Golden Gate. For San Francisco is to be unique among expositions of the world in that it will be a 'City of Color.' This color plan, that of making the group of buildings a veritable blaze of glory, and at the same time avoiding the garish or barbaric, is the great new salient feature of the Exposition."

With the stupendous setting at Harbor View, with its surrounding amphitheatre of hills, with the Golden Gate on the West, the islands in the bay, the harbor, the ocean and the mountains of Marin County towering into the thousands of feet, only the broadest and boldest scheme of construction would do, and so the Exposition has been planned in huge block effects, all of great beauty. To fit their

[graphic]

Bird's-eye view of the site of the Panama Pacific Exposition to be held in San Francisco, 1915, showing its position on the bay shore along the entrance to the Golden Gate, which is seen in the distance. The building in the foreground is the California Counties Building, an example of the fine type of California Mission architecture.

plans to the far reaching and noble. natural surroundings has been the guiding thought of the architects.

The grounds at Harbor View, the site of the Exposition, occupy 625 acres, sloping down to the waters of the bay, reaching out through the through the Golden Gate.

There will be three great groups of palaces at Harbor View as one looks toward the Exposition from the harbor. The center group will comprise fourteen palaces, to be devoted to general exhibits; the left hand group will comprise the concessions center, occupying sixty-five acres, and the right hand group will include the buildings of the States and the pavilions of the foreign nations rising upon the slopes of the Presidio reservation.

The main group of exhibit palaces facing upon the harbor for 4,500 feet, will present an effect of almost a single palace; eight of the buildings will be joined in a rectangle to form almost a huge Oriental bazaar-a veritable walled city, with its domes, towers, minarets and great interior courts. Four of the eight buildings, as shown by the ground or block plan, will face out on San Francisco bay, and four of them will face the hills of the city of the Golden Gate.

Around the rectangle of the eight exhibit palaces will run an outside wall sixty-five feet in height, and broken only by a number of stupendous entrance ways, which will give access to the three great interior courts and their approaches. The group will be divided from north to south; in the center by the Court of the Stars, designed by Messrs. McKim, Mead and White; on the left the walled city will be divided from north to south by the Festival Court, and on the right by the Court of Four Seasons. Two south courts will be cut like great niches in the walled city. A huge court in Italian Renaissance will lie between the rectangle and the Palace of Fine Arts.

Most imposing and largest of all the courts will be the grand Court of Honor, the Court of the Sun and Stars,

750 feet in width from east to west, and 900 feet along its main axis. At the south end of the court will be the huge tower of the Administration Building, rising 400 feet in height and dominating the architecture of the Exposition. The upper part of the tower will take the form of terraces leading up to a group of figures surrounding a globe typifying the world; the tower will be lined with jewels which will glitter like diamonds when searchlights are turned upon them. At the base of the tower, which will occupy an acre in extent, will be a huge arcade 125 feet high, beneath which the visitor may enter into the Court of Honor from the south garden.

In the vaulted archway of the tower itself will be grouped a series of mural paintings designed by Mr. Jules. Guerin and expressing the keynote of the Exposition color scheme. But perhaps the most impressive feature of the Court of Honor will be found in a superb classic colonnade extending entirely around the court and surmounted upon the one side by figures to represent the spirit of the East, and on the other the spirit of the West. These figures, of which there will be 110, will be fourteen feet in height and each will stand out in radiance through a crown of dazzling jewels of light.

To the west, one will pass from the Court of Honor through a huge commemorative arch, greater in size than the Arc de Triomphe at Paris, to the Court of Four Seasons; to the east one will pass through a similar commemorative arch to the east court, or Court of Joyousness. The arch upon the east will be surmounted by a group of statuary, camels and elephants, typifying the civilization of the Orient; that upon the west will be surmounted by a group representing Western civilization.

In the center of the court will be a great sunken garden with benches to seat about 7,000 people, surrounding the garden. In the sunken garden will be groupings of classic statuary, dancing figures, fauns, satyrs and

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