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The in-rush of the days of gold brought men of every rank and class. But California proved a great leveler of whilom ranks, a magic crucible of the classes. New Englander and Kentuckian, lawyer and doctor and farmer, Whig and Democrat-all became Californian. In life's later day, whether in San Francisco or New

York or Baltimore, those who had numbered themselves among the Argonauts were wont to date their lifehistory from the days of '49; they kept ever green the memory of those alluring scenes of early California.

The Californian at his best, even in the feverishness of social disorder, did. not abandon himself either to avarice or to vice. Thousands were indeed unable to withstand the extreme social pressures, and so were swept headlong into the maelstrom. Not so the masterful pioneer prince.

If it is true, as Professor Royce avers (California, p. 222) that San Francisco has been socially and morally tried as has no other American. community, it is conspicuously significant that she has not failed to bring forth, in hours of crisis, wide-visioned leaders fitted to cope incisively and victoriously with the strongest adversary of the public weal. As a champion of civic right and social cleansing in the midst of evil days, the historic type, par excellence, is found in the person of William Tell Coleman. When the rapturous delirium of wild speculation became a consuming fire, and good men, absorbed in their private affairs, forgot the duties of citizenship, and the failure of justice was evidenced by scores of unexpiated murders and robberies, the "inevitable response to the general cry for retribution and protection" was the great Vigilance Committee of 1851, and

Coleman was the imperial man of the hour. He had won imperishable fame. His supreme courage, his consummate ability in generalship, his absolute personal honesty and poise of judgment, and withal his self-sacrificing devotion to public duty mark him as one of the truly great, whether we view these as qualities of the himself or as measured measured by their beneficent results. When "Old Vigilante" died in 1893 the venerable editor of the New York Sun, a life-long friend, paid this simple tribute: "Surely, if there are great men nowadays, Coleman was one, and they who knew him truly as he was may well be grateful to Heaven for the privilege."

Among the princely pioneers of the Golden State were great captains of industry and builders of splendid fortunes. Such was James Lick, native of Pennsylvania, who landed at San Francisco in 1847. In the early gold excitement he foresaw the value of property, and made extensive purchases in the sand hills. To-day his greatest benefaction is known of all enlightenment, and our knowledge of the stellar heavens has already been immeasurably enriched through the agency of the Lick Observatory, on the summit of Mt. Hamilton.

Darius Ogden Mills was another of California's most successful pioneers: his death at the age of four score years and five brought freshly to remembrance his remarkable financial career, which had been begun in a little onestory brick building on J street, Sacramento, where he exchanged currency and gold dust at the rate of $16 an ounce. His characteristic reticence, business integrity, sagacity in financial investment, and his splendid gifts and philanthropies admit him to an honorable place in California's hall of fame.

Leland Stanford is a name ineradicably stamped upon the history of California. Politics, thorough-bred horses, a railroad and a universitythese individually and severally will keep ever green the memory of this

CALIFORNIA PIONEER PRINCES.

prince among pioneers whose career has been epitomized in two words"personal success." Personal success and direct usefulness were indeed the primary ideals of his life. Albert Shaw said of him: "He lived at the top of his possibilities." (See Review of Reviews, 8:155.)

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As "War Governor" of the Empire State of the Pacific, and later United States Senator, his political career was distinguished. Associated with Collis P. Huntington, Charles Crocker and Mark Hopkins, he assumed the place of command in bringing to completion one of the most stupendous works of man; but the name of Stanford will be most gratefully remembered because of the monument that, with the continued cooperation of "his best friend and helper"-his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford he has erected as a perpetual memorial to his son and as a benefaction to the unending generations of student life. The vast fortune that made him the richest man in Congress was not his greatest triumph-this was the Leland Stanford, Junior, University, which conceived as an effective means for transmitting "personal success" and "direct usefulness."

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In the quest for pioneer princes, the Protestant preacher of rugged type merits consideration. He is one of the most heroic figures that walked across our early history. Yonder sits Samuel H. Willey, in the full glory of life's gorgeous sunset, awaiting the summons that has already called his contemporaries to everlasting day. President Benjamin Ide Wheeler called attention to a remarkable personality when at the Commencement of 1910 he conferred upon this venerable minister the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. "Samuel Hopkins Willey, founder, prophet, seer, beholder. It has been given you to see the hilltop of vision transmuted into the mountain of fulfillment, and a dimfocused future dissolve upon the scene into a firm, clear present. Your life is a bond between our beginning and our present, between your dream

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and its embodiment, between your prayer and its answer."

Willey belongs to a goodly group of Protestant missionaries to early American California. Conspicuous in Methodism was "Father" William Taylor, who for seven years was heard in gospel song and sturdy sermon on the streets of San Francisco, afterwards made Bishop of the African continent. Second to Taylor was Myron C. Briggs, a terror to the evildoer and an inspiration to righteousness, who by tongue and pen vied with Stanford and Thomas Starr King in effective work against California's threatened secession, and for the preservation of the Union. Dwight Hunt, the Congregationalist; Williams and Scott the Presbyterians; Wheeler the Baptist; Ver Mehr the Episcopalian, and others such as they, present a page in the history of the "flush times" in striking and wholesome contrast to a record of sordid motives and unworthy deeds. "Happily the long record of vice and immorality," as we read in the Annals of San Francisco, "has a bright and noble counterpart like the gold dust among the muddy atoms of our own river beds, that redeems our character from wholesome condemnation."

California truly is a land rich in the heritage of pioneer princes. In the calendar are devoted founders of missions and fearless preachers of righteousness, high-bred Castilians and affluent rancheros, leaders in social purging and builders of splendid fortunes, seers, poets, orators, statesmen, soldiers, great lovers of nature and faithful lovers of man. Time fails for further recital: yet we have not so much as pronounced the name of Fremont, the "Pathfinder," most conspicuous figure in the American conquest; of Grant and Sherman and Halleck, the soldiers (who in a measure belong to California), of Baker the orator, of Judah the engineer, of Brannan the progressive leader and early millionaire, of Colton, the first American alcalde, of Field, the eminent jurist, of Cornelius Cole, the Senator, of

Joaquin Miller, the poet of the Sierras, of John Muir, the brother of the Big Trees.

But whom shall we acclaim the worthiest of the princely pioneers to embody in his single life and character the qualities of true Western greatness -who is our Californian par excellence? His must be a composite greatness, with open-handed hospitality and the practice of personal integrity; his must be the strength of tolerance, resting upon an unwavering confidence in "the validity of liberty" and the rulings of an all-wise Providence in the affairs of men.

Such was the measure of John Bidwell, "father of Chico." Here was California's true nobleman; princely in very democracy, hospitable even to his own hurt, wholesome-hearted and resourceful, full of aspiration in youth, alert and vigorous at eighty, an unaffected Christian gentleman of simple grace and genuine courtliness.

Standing full six feet in height, he possessed a powerful frame and remarkable endurance. For well nigh three score years he was a prominent citizen of California. For one to sit and listen while this pioneer of '41 discoursed in his deliberate, inimitable way upon the early Californian regime as has been my rare good fortune was like listening to a veritable voice out of the romantic past: other days were made vocal, history itself became audible.

I find no other man in all our annals that embodied in his own character and life so many of the traits and qualities of the typical pioneer of California at his best as were happily blended in the personality of John Bidwell. Kino and Serra, Taylor and Willey represent the missionary zeal of the Spanish and American Christianity from the standpoint of the Church, Catholic and Protestant: these came to minister unto Californians, not so much to be Californians. Vallejo and Bandini were interesting types of the old regime, with some capacity for American ideas; but their kind was essentially Spanish. Mar

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shall lit a torch that illuminated unique age; but his personality faded into the shadows. Sutter was the generous friend of the Americans, but never quite one of them; and a dozen years before his death he took a sadly affectionate farewell of California to make his home among the peaceful Moravians in Pennsylvania. Coleman was a mighty captain in the days of swift social purging; yet he knew little of the pastoral life of his California. Lick and Mills were great captains of industry; but Lick was at times parsimonious and inhospitable, and Mills was reticent and distant. Stanford was doubtless greatest of the "Big Four" of the Pacific Railroad, a distinguished politician and kingly benefactor; nevertheless, his arrival in 1852 lost for him the chance of being numbered among the real Argonauts. Fremont is called the "Pathfinder;" but even he first entered California years after the coming of the first overland immigrant train and lacked much of being the fullorbed Californian.

Turn once more to John Bidwell, and behold in him a genuine Californian. He stands the test of early entrance, of self-education, of largeness of vision, resourcefulness of life, and adamantine principles coupled with broad tolerance and simple faith. "A Western man," as Dr. Amos G. Warner once said, "is an Eastern man who has had some additional experiences." (Quoted by D. S. Jordan in "California and Californians.") As Lincoln was the only single man big enough to embody the composite spirit of Americanism, so Bidwell best embodies the various qualities that mark the typical pioneer prince of California.

His wonderful versatility exacted of every passing year an invisible resource and a mellowing richness of heart, which combined with generous native endowment in the perfection of a character at once lofty, heroic, gentle, noble. The petals of the tiniest flower and the huge geological formations alike elicited his warm admiration. He stored his mind with a

THE YOUNG WIFE AND THE FAN.

wealth of the poetry of Nature and of the Psalms of David. For years he was the State's foremost agriculturist. His political career was long and full of interest, if not always successful from the standpoint of voting strength His benefactions were both numerous and worthy of the best spirit of the Californian's open-handed generosity. As a host he was the beau-ideal, always heartily joined by his charming wife in welcoming alike to Rancho Chico the world's most renowned and the Indian protege.

The great commonwealth of California, with its fabulous resources and boundless possibilities, is to-day the richer because of the expansive character and stimulating example of its pioneer princes. Few, indeed, are the Argonauts that now remain on this side of the "Great Divide," to answer the roll-call of the Forty-niners. Yet a little while, and the inconspicuous notices that now and again record the "death of a forty-niner" or the "passing of a California pioneer," will have wholly and forever disappeared from the surfeited columns of our newspapers.

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Is it not meet and befitting then that a group of historical students and instructors of youth should pause in renewed contemplation of the historical heritage that is ours, with the earnest thought of a fuller entrance thereinto in the future? The favored sons of California may well heed a wise remark of Arnold of Rugby: "The harvest gathered in the fields of the past is to be brought home for the use of the present."

Therefore do we pay humble and reverent tribute to that honorable body of frontiersmen, sturdy, strong-fibred, princely pioneers.

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Episcopalian, Catholic, Lutheran

What These Creeds Surrender to Enter the Church

Federation Proposed

By C. T. Russell, Pastor Brooklyn and London Tabernacles

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Some Things in Common.

The Federation nevertheless would still permit Lutherans and others to love and reverence the Word of God and yet be in fellowship. Almighty God, the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit, firmly believed in by Lutherans, would all be acknowledged with more or less of mental reservation by all the denominations associated in the Federation. Nothing along these lines would need to be abandoned. Even Luther's plea of consubstantiation in the Eucharist may be held without objection. Even the honor of being the first denomination of the Reformation might still be held. We conclude, then, that Lutherans would not be required to sacrifice anything.

Episcopalians and Catholics have some things in common. They each claim to represent the original apostolic Church. They each claim (through their bishops in the laying on of hands) apostolic authority. Their common claim is that all other denominations of Christians whatsoever, are false churches without Divine authority, and hence not to be recognized or tolerated. Accordingly no minister of another denomination would be permitted to preach either in a Catholic or an Episcopalian pulpit. And if by mischance such a circumstance should occur it would be considered necessary to purge the sacred spot by a kind of re-consecration. From the standpoint of these denominations all others are heretics; but, they say, not willingly so, but ignorantly so.

Here note the fact that a cleavage is in process among Episcopalians. A minority, termed high-churchmen, are gradually separating Romeward, while the majority are sharing the sentiments of other Protestants, to the effect that the matter of "apostolic succession" is probably less important than their forefathers supposed.

For the purposes of this discussion we may without offense ignore the high-church minority and say that the Scriptures which plainly foretell the perfecting of Church Federation indicate that it will include Episcopalians, but will not include Catholics. Nevertheless the intimation is that while

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