CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA.

PREAMBLE.

Purpose of the Constitution.-We, the people of the State of California, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure and perpetuate its blessings, do establish this Constitution.

ARTICLE I.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

SECTION 1. Rights of Man.-All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. (Compare with this the Declaration of Independence.)

SECT. 2. Government for and by the People.-All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it. (Compare the Declaration of Independence.)

SECT. 3. California a Part of the Union.-The State of California is an inseparable part of the American Union, and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land. (See U. S. Const., Art. VI., Par. 2.)

SECT. 4. Freedom of Religion.-The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without

discrimination or preference, shall forever be guaranteed in this State; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. (See U. S. Const., Amend. I.)

SECT. 5. Habeas Corpus.-The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its suspension. (See U. S. Const., Art. I., Sect. 9, Par. 2.)

SECT. 6. Bail.—Witnesses.—All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor shall cruel or unusual punishment be inflicted. Witnesses shall not be unreasonably detained, nor confined in any room where criminals are actually imprisoned. (See U. S. Const., Amend. VIII.)

SECT. 7. Jury Trial.-The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate; but in civil actions three fourths of the jury may render a verdict. A trial by jury may be waived in all criminal cases not amounting to felony, by the consent of both parties, expressed in open court, and in civil actions by the consent of the parties, signified in such manner as may be prescribed by law. In civil actions and cases of misdemeanor the jury may consist of twelve, or of any number less than twelve upon which the parties may agree in open court. (See U. S. Const., Amend. VI. and VII.)

SECT. 8. Indictments; Informations; Grand Jury.— Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indict

ment shall be prosecuted by information, after examination and commitment by a magistrate, or by indictment, with or without such examination and commitment, as may be prescribed by law. A grand jury shall be drawn and summoned at least once a year in each county. (See U. S. Const., Amend V.)

SECT. 9. Freedom of Speech.-Libel Suits.-Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments. on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libels the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. Indictments found, or information laid, for publications in newspapers, shall be tried in the county where such newspapers have their publication office, or in the county where the party alleged to be libeled resided at the time of the alleged publication, unless the place of trial shall be changed for good cause. (See U. S. Const., Amend. I.)

SECT. 10. Freedom of Assembling and Petitioning.— The people shall have the right to freely assemble together to consult for the common good, to instruct their representatives, and to petition the Legislature for redress of grievances. (See U. S. Const., Amend. I.)

SECT. 11. Laws to be Uniform.-All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation.

SECT. 12. Military Subordinate to Civil Power.-The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing army shall be kept up by this State in time of peace, and no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered

in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law. (See U. S. Const., Amend. III.)

SECT. 13. Criminal Trials; Rights of the Accused.-In criminal prosecutions, in any court whatever, the party accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial; to have the process of the court to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and to appear and defend, in person and with counsel. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense; nor be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. The Legislature shall have power to provide for the taking, in the presence of the party accused and his counsel, of depositions of witnesses in criminal cases, other than cases of homicide, when there is reason to believe that the witness, from inability or other cause, will not attend at the trial. (See U. S. Const., Amend. V. and VI.)

SECT. 14. Rights of Private Property.-Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation having been first made to, or paid into court for, the owner, and no right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation other than municipal until full compensation therefor be first made in money or ascertained and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation, which compensation shall be ascertained by a jury, unless a jury be waived, as in other civil cases in a court of record, as shall be prescribed by law. (See U. S. Const., Amend. V.)

SECT. 15. Imprisonment for Debt and for Militia Fines Forbidden.-No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on mesne or final process, unless in cases

of fraud, nor in civil actions for torts, except in cases of willful injury to person or property; and no person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace.

SECT. 16. Bills of Attainder; Ex Post Facto Laws; Obligation of Contracts.-No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts, shall ever be passed. (See U. S. Const., Art. I., Sect. 10, Par. 1.)

SECT. 17. Rights of Foreigners.-Foreigners of the white race or of African descent, eligible to become citizens of the United States under the naturalization laws thereof, while bona fide residents of this State, shall have the same rights in respect to the acquisition, possession, enjoyment, transmission, and inheritance of property as native-born citizens.

SECT. 18. Slavery Prohibited. -Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this State. (See U. S. Const., Amend. XIII.)

SECT. 19. General Warrants.-The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons and things to be seized. (See U. S. Const., Amend. IV.)

SECT. 20. Treason.-Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. (See U. S. Const., Art. III., Sect. 3, Par. 1.)

SECT. 21. Special Privileges, Limitations on.—No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the Legis