courtesy they are usually called such. They are simply "sojourners in a strange land," which they have visited for personal reasons-usually pecuniary gain. Whether their industrial or social status should be rendered other than it now is by legislation is a question for the lawmakers and not for this Bureau to decide. We have given the fact— have painted the picture and it surely is one in which radical changes in the line of improvement are needed.

IMMIGRATION ACT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Congress on March 3, 1903, approved an Act codifying and amending existing legislation with respect to the immigration of aliens into the United States. Some important changes are made restricting immigration. The new Act raises the head tax on all passengers not citizens of the United States from one dollar ($1) to two dollars ($2), but exempts citizens of Canada, Cuba, and Mexico from the payment of such tax. It also extends the liability for payment of this tax; it previously applied to passengers arriving by steam or sailing vessels from a foreign port to any port within the United States. In addition to these passengers, the new law makes the head tax applicable to persons coming by any railway or other mode of transportation, from foreign contiguous territory to the United States. This tax is not to be levied upon aliens in transit through the United States, nor upon aliens who have once been admitted to the country and have paid the head tax. The money collected from the per capita tax is paid into the United States Treasury and constitutes a permanent appropriation called the "immigrant fund." This is used under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury to defray the expense of regulating the immigration of aliens into the United States.

As to the classes of aliens whose entry into the United States is prohibited, the law of 1903 adds certain persons, including epileptics and persons who have been insane within five years previous, and to persons who have had two or more attacks of insanity at any time; professional beggars; anarchists; etc. We quote the section of the law relating thereto in full:

That the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States: All idiots, insane persons, epileptics, and persons who have been insane within five years previous; persons who have had two or more attacks of insanity at any time previously; paupers; persons likely to become a public charge; professional beggars; persons afflicted with a loathsome or with a dangerous contagious disease; persons who have been convicted of a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude; polygamists, anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the

overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States or of all government or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public officials; prostitutes, and persons who procure or attempt to bring in prostitutes or women for the purpose of prostitution; those who have been, within one year from the date of the application for admission to the United States, deported as being under offers, solicitations, promises or agreements to perform labor or service of some kind therein; and also any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes; but this section shall not be held to prevent persons living in the United States from sending for a relative or friend who is not of the foregoing excluded classes: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall exclude persons convicted of an offence purely political, not involving moral turpitude: And provided further, That skilled labor may be imported, if labor of like kind unemployed cannot be found in this country: And provided further, That the provisions of this law applicable to contract labor shall not be held to exclude professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, ministers of any religious denomination, professors for colleges or seminaries, persons belonging to any recognized learned profession, or persons employed strictly as personal or domestic servants.

The new Act extends the period within which persons landed in violation of the law, or who shall become public charges, are to be deported to two years, and in some cases to three years; previous law restricted time of deportation to one year. Sections 20 and 21 relating to this subject are quoted:

SEC. 20. That any alien who shall come into the United States in violation of law, or who shall be found a public charge therein, from causes existing prior to landing, shall be deported as hereinafter provided to the country whence he came at any time within two years after arrival at the expense, including one-half of the cost of inland transportation to the port of deportation, of the person bringing such alien into the United States, or, if that cannot be done, then at the expense of the immigrant fund referred to in section one of this Act.

SEC. 21. That in case the Secretary of the Treasury shall be satisfied that an alien has been found in the United States in violation of this Act he shall cause such alien, within the period of three years after landing or entry therein, to be taken into custody and returned to the country whence he came, as provided in section twenty of this Act, or, if that can not be so done, at the expense of the immigrant fund provided for in section one of this Act; and neglect or refusal on the part of the masters, agents, owners, or consignees of vessels to comply with the order of the Secretary of the Treasury to take on board, guard safely, and return to the country whence he came any alien ordered to be deported under the provisions of this section shall be punished by the imposition of the penalties prescribed in section nineteen of this Act.

LABOR DAY.

Labor Day is so closely associated with organized labor that to show how the observance of the holiday has spread throughout the United States and how its importance has increased year by year is indeed to show the growth and power of trade unionism. It gives the opportunity to labor organizations in all sections of the country to demonstrate their

strength and the progress of their forces. The celebration of the day generally consists of a street parade in which the unionists participate with the insignia of their different trades, and public meetings. At these meetings, the efforts of the unions throughout the year are reviewed, changes that have been made in wages and hours discussed, and suggestions made to be acted upon during the next year to uplift the condition. of the laboring classes.

The idea of setting aside a day for the sole purpose of the working people originated with the Central Labor Union of New York in 1882. The annual parade which the body held in September of that year was looked upon with much favor, and agitation was at once started towards having a celebration one day each year, the same to be known as Labor Day. In 1883, the labor organizations of New York chose the first Monday in September for their holiday, and in the following year it was voted by the combined labor forces to have this day set apart for their annual demonstration.

The matter of legalizing Labor Day was subsequently brought to the attention of the legislature, New York being the first State in the Union to have a bill introduced on this subject. It did not become a law until May 6, 1887, being outranked in the passage of the measure by Oregon (Act approved February 21, 1887), Colorado (Act approved March 15, 1887), and New Jersey (Act approved April 8, 1887). Massachusetts was the fifth State to enact the law, May 11, 1887.

The observance of the day rapidly spread throughout the country and States followed in quick succession in legalizing the holiday, until up to the present time only a few States have not passed a law upon this subject. In 1894, by Act of Congress, approved June 28, the District of Columbia was granted the holiday.

The following statement shows the States setting apart the first Monday in September for the observance of Labor Day and also the year of acceptance of the Act, in chronological order.

In 1887, Oregon (the original law legalized the first Saturday in June but the Act of 1893 repealed the former law and made the first Monday in September the legal holiday), Colorado, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts; in 1889, Connecticut and Nebraska; in 1890, Iowa and Ohio; in 1891, Maine, Washington, Kansas, Indiana, Tennessee, New Hampshire, Illinois, Georgia, and South Carolina; in 1892, Virginia, Utah, and Alabama; in 1893, Texas, Delaware, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Florida, Michigan, California (original law set apart the first Monday in October but Act of February 23, 1897, specified the first Monday in September), and Rhode Island; in 1895, Montana and Missouri; in 1898, Vermont; in 1899, North Carolina (original law stated the first Thursday in September but was changed to first Monday in September by law passed January 23, 1901), and West Virginia; in 1902, Arkansas and Kentucky.

The legislature of Pennsylvania originally set apart (April 25, 1889) the first Monday in September but the observance of the day was changed by a law passed May 31, 1893, which made the first Saturday in September the legal holiday.

In Louisiana (the Parish of Orleans) the twenty-fifth of November is celebrated by Act approved July 7, 1892.

In the territory of New Mexico, as well as in the State of Maryland, Labor Day has not been legalized by specific action of the legislatures but it has been the custom for several years for the governors to issue a proclamation declaring the first Monday in September a legal holiday to be observed as Labor Day. In Wyoming, while a day has not been set apart by law, yet the first Monday in September is observed as labor's holiday. Labor Day is generally observed as a holiday in Arizona, although not made so by law.

It will be seen from the foregoing summary that the legalization of Labor Day has been almost general throughout the United States. There are but seven States that have not secured enactments on the subject; they are: Idaho, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The District of Columbia has passed the measure, and the territories of Arizona and New Mexico and the State of Maryland annually observe the holiday, although not by legislative action.

LABOR LEGISLATION IN 1903.

In this article we give a resumé of the bills introduced in the Legislature of 1903 pertaining directly or indirectly to labor. The text of the labor laws of the present year will be published in full in the Labor Chronology to be issued in the fall. During the session over 90 petitions and bills relating to labor were introduced in the Legislature, many of which pertained to the same subject and were almost identical in nature. We have classified the bills under subject-heads and have shown the disposition of such as claimed the attention of the legislative body.

It will be seen that a large number of the measures were given leave to withdraw or were referred to the next General Court. Fourteen bills were referred to the committee for investigation of labor matters, which reports its findings to the next General Court; nine of the bills became laws in addition to the five resolves relative to the textile schools. Two labor bills were vetoed by the Governor, one being that regulating the hours of labor for firemen in cities of more than 40,000 population; the other was the bill constituting eight hours a maximum day's work for public employés.

It may be stated here that the classification in the following summary is entirely arbitrary, also that the disposition of some of the bills is subject to slight revision owing to the fact that the final legislative bulletin is not yet completed.

Assignment of Wages. Three petitions introduced with bills covering assignments of wages and future earnings and loans on personal property. Leave to withdraw. Corporations. Committee on Revision of Corporation Laws (appointed 1902) reported to the House a bill relative to business corporations. This bill was amended and became a law in June.

Corporations and Employés. To define and regulate respective rights. Referred to committee on relations between employers and employés.

Discharge of Employés. Relative to discharging and prohibiting blacklisting. Rejected in House.

Employers and Employés. Ten House bills and four Senate bills introduced during session of 1903 referred to a committee for investigation. [This committee was appointed to revise the laws concerning the legal relations between employers and employés (resolve).] Became a law June 5.

Employers' Liability. Seven petitions introduced relative to actions against employers for injuries. Referred to committee on relations between employers and employés. Resolve recommending the passage by Congress of the Lodge Employers' Liability Bill. Ought not to pass.

Employés' Death Benefits. Relative to payments on account of deaths of employés of the city of Boston (committee reported second bill). Became a law June 22. Employment under Civil Service. Relative to tenure of employment under civil service. Leave to withdraw. To abolish application of civil service laws to laborers. Ought not to pass. Relative to employment in the civil service; new bill substituted. Rejected in Senate.

Employment on Election Day. Four petitions with bills to prohibit employment during certain hours on election day. Three were given leave to withdraw, and one ought not to pass.

Employment of Unemployed. To authorize additional work upon State highways in times of industrial distress. Leave to withdraw. Relative to the employment of the unemployed. Leave to withdraw. To provide for the establishment in cities and towns of emergency funds for the employment of labor in times of business depression. Next General Court.

Employment of Women and Minors. Twelve petitions with bills relating to the employment of women and minors in manufacturing or mechanical establishments; requiring the posting of time tables in mercantile establishments; and relative to the employment of minors during school vacations were introduced. Six were given leave to withdraw, four rejected in the Senate, and two referred to the next General Court.

Free Employment Bureaus. Two petitions with bills introduced to provide for the establishment of free employment offices in certain cities. These were referred to the next General Court and a petition to direct the Bureau of Statistics of Labor to report as to the expediency of establishing free employment offices. Became a law in May. Hawkers' and Peddlers' Licenses. Relative to granting licenses to certain soldiers and sailors. Became a law in June.

Hours of Labor (other than Women and Minors). To establish office hours in departments of the State government. Became a law in April. Relative to fire department of the city of Boston and to authorize Boston's city council to regulate hours of service for fire department employés. Leave to withdraw. Regulating hours of labor for firemen in cities of more than 40,000 inhabitants. Vetoed by Governor May 19. —Providing for additional commissioner to further the adoption by the States of a uniform eight-hour law. Next General Court. Relative to hours of labor of emSix petitions

ployés of county jails and houses of correction. Leave to withdraw.