electric conduits; sand bends, springs, etc.; sand bend offsets and angles; soil-pipe joints, upright and horizontal; setting up soil-pipe drainage systems; setting up plumbing fixtures; lead burning.

In the above classes six instructors are engaged in teaching. Three of these are teachers of mechanical and free-hand drawing, two are teachers of machine shop work, and one of plumbing. The annual cost of maintaining these classes is paid by the city.

Young Men's Christian Association School, Boston.

This school was established in 1896 to provide for the educational needs of those who have been deprived of a good foundational education. The school aims to educate the student in just as broad a sense as his ability will permit, and every course is framed and conducted on an educational basis, with strictly practical ends in view. Perfect freedom is allowed in the matter of studies selected, provided those are taken which are adapted to the abilities of the student. There are 12 departments, or 112 courses of instruction, but only the drafting and art departments come within the scope of this report as being clearly industrial in character.

The elementary drawing class offers a course in the principles underlying all mechanical and architectural drawing. This class is a feeder for the advanced classes into which students will be promoted at any time they are prepared. Geometrical problems, shadows, intersections, projections, and all the elementary principles will be fully presented in a clear and practical manner.

In mechanical drawing the course comprises instruction in machine drawing, sketching from the machine, the construction of scale drawings and tracings, and the preparation and use of blue-print paper. The object of this course is the production of finished detail and assembly drawings for shop use. A practical knowledge of projections and shading, as well as some proficiency in the use of drawing instruments, is most essential, these subjects being given in the elementary class.

The object of the course in mechanical design is to provide practical instruction upon a number of subjects relating to engineering work. A special class is provided for advanced mechanical drawing. To enter this class the student must be somewhat familiar with mechanical drawings; he must also be possessed of a good knowledge of arithmetic. The course consists of twenty-four lectures upon the subjects scheduled, many of the problems being demonstrated by apparatus, dummy engine gears, etc.: (1) Strength of materials; (2) standard bolts; (3) levers; (4) screws and toggle joints; (5) cams; (6) belts; (7) ropes; (8) pulleys and shafting; (9) and (10) gears; (11) and (12) riveted joints; (13) to (16) boilers; (17) and (18) steam engines; (19) and (20) steam-engine indicators; (21) and (22) iron and steel manufacture; (23) and (24) mill structure. Each student is required to keep a note book, and work out numerous problems in connection with the above topics.

The three-years course in architectural drawing aims to acquaint the student with the scientific principles underlying the study of construction, and with the elements of mathematics and mechanics necessary to the solution of architectural problems. The first year's work consists of the proper use of instruments, geometrical problems, intersections, shadows, and lettering. Free-hand drawing from the cast and model should be taken during the entire three years. One foreign language is also offered during the same time. The strictly professional work begins in the second year, with instruction in the classic moldings, five orders, timber, brick, and stone construction, pen and ink rendering, architectural history, and elements of design. The third year the student is thoroughly drilled in original design; instruction is also given in shade and shadow rendering in India ink, perspective, business law, heating and ventilation, and steel, stone, and brick construction. Applicants for admission to the second or third year classes, omitting the previous grades, must show that they possess the requisite knowledge.

The revival in the shipbuilding interest of the United States is calling into activity a class of draftsmen who for years have been in slight demand. Ship draftsmen have been so little called for during the past fifteen years that few have fitted themselves for this particular field, and now that they are in demand the supply is inadequate. With the wish to place this much desired instruction in the reach of draftsmen, students, and yachtsmen, the following courses have been framed: First year-Drafting: Lines sheer plan, half-breadth plan, body plan, midship section; projections - water lines, cross sections, diagonals, section lines. Construction (steel or wood): Keel, keelson, frames, floors, deck beams, planking or plating, decks, ceiling, riveting or fastening. Second year Calculations: Displacement, center of buoyancy, areas of cross sections, areas of water lines, areas of lateral plane, areas of midship section, displacement per inch, center of lateral plane. Yacht construction: Keel, keelson, frames, floors, beams, clamps, decks, planking, fastening. Lead keels: Calculation of weight; calculation of center of gravity. Sail plans : Calculation of area, calculation of center of lateral resistance, calculation of balance. The instruction in mechanical lettering covers two hours per week.

The course in free-hand drawing includes drawing from the object, forms, plaster casts, and life; instruction in the use of pencil, charcoal, and brush; perspective; elements of design, and technical application.

A course in practical design, as employed in the arts and crafts, includes such subjects as stained glass, furniture and drapery, wall papers, printed fabrics, book covers and inlaid work, the study of form as applied to pottery and its decoration, wrought and bent iron-work, wood and stone carving, and interior decoration. The term is divided into two sections. The first is devoted to the study of the various styles of historical ornament, animal and plant forms, and the principles of construc

tion in design. The second is devoted to the practical application of design, the technicalities of the various arts and crafts, the final rendering of design in charcoal, pencil, pen and ink, and water colors.

The course in sign writing offers complete instruction, including the preparation of new and cleaning of old boards; the mixing of paints and sizings for all purposes; bronze, gold, and silver lettering; gold and silver lettering on glass, worked up in numerous ways, being placed on the back of the glass; lettering on card and cloth; gold and black lettering on office doors; treating with gold, silver, and aluminum on any surface; lettering on banners (silk or cotton); sign advertising on walls and fences, in all its branches; fancy lettering of every description-monograms, scrolls, and striping.

A course is given in drafting gentlemen's garments, the system taught being well adapted to the needs of merchant tailors and garment workers.

The number of instructors in the institute in 1902 was 60, of whom 12 devoted all, or part of, their time to instruction in the department of drafting and art. Members of the evening institute are required to hold a $5 association membership ticket or a $10 gymnasium ticket, and in addition to pay, in either case, the small class fee for each subject.

The following annual class fees are exacted: Architecture-elementary, $3, advanced, $4; free-hand drawing, $3; industrial design, $3; lettering (mechanical), $2; mechanical drawing-elementary, $3, advanced, $4; mechanical design, $4; ship drafting, $5 and $8. The cost of maintaining this department is procured from tuition fees, from the endowment fund, and from subscriptions of members of the association.

School of Drawing and Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

The act incorporating the Museum of Fine Arts was passed in 1870, and in recognition of the great need of a school where those desiring could secure an art education, provision was made for its location in the museum. The school was established in 1876, and rooms were provided. for it by the trustees of the museum.

On entering the school, each pupil is placed immediately in the class for which fitted, and advancement thereafter is regulated by the judgment of the instructors. Pupils in all departments are allowed the free use of the galleries, collections, and library of the museum, and during the morning hours are given the preference over the pupils of any other school in the choice of places for drawing in the galleries.

Diplomas are given, upon application, to those students who have fulfilled the requirements of the committee. In the department of decorative design, these requirements include satisfactory work during the prescribed course and satisfactory examinations in perspective.

Upon joining the school for a period of one or more terms, pupils are required to pay an entrance fee of $10. In addition, the fees for tuition, which are the same in all departments, are as follows: First

term, twelve weeks, $45; second term, twelve weeks, $45; third term, nine weeks, $35. Pupils who have paid the fees for the first two terms of any one year are entitled to free instruction for the third term of that year. Advanced students who desire practice and criticism in drawing from the cast or model for a shorter period than a term are admitted by the month, upon the approval of the instructors, paying $25 for their first month and $20 per month thereafter.

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The school awards ten scholarships at the end of every year, each entitling the holder to free tuition for the year following. Four of these are limited to advanced students, and the rest may be applied for by any regular student of the school to whom such aid is necessary. A special scholarship enables a pupil who shall have been most proficient in painting" to study art in Europe for two years. This is open to both men and women, and is given to the pupil who is recommended by the managing committee of the school as most worthy to receive it. Another scholarship is for young women only, and gives to the holder free tuition for a year, with $100 in addition. It may be awarded to the same person in successive years at the discretion of the committee.

The school has three departments, one in drawing and painting, one in modeling, and one in decorative design, with supplementary instruction in anatomy and perspective. Informal lectures are also given to pupils of the school upon the arts represented in the collections of the museum. In this school there are a manager and eight instructors. The cost of maintaining the school is derived from fees of students and contributions of friends.

Eric Pape School of Art, Boston.

This is primarily an art school, but also has courses in industrial design. It was established by its proprietor in 1898. There are no examinations for admittance to any of the classes. Students begin at once to draw from the nude and draped model. Advanced students are instructed in grouping and composing on canvas. Students can obtain free entrance cards to the Museum of Fine Arts, and can work in the art rooms of the Boston Public Library. The management of the school is in the hands of its proprietor, who is also the director and head instructor. There are three principal instructors and one assistant.

The courses for some of the classes, with terms, are as follows: Decorative design, including the following list of studies: Designing for stained glass and decorative painting; metal work, carved wood, and mosaic; tapestry, embroideries, carpets, wall paper, and leather work; posters, book covers, initial letters, and decorative illumination of books; $15 per month. Students of stained glass and decorative painting, using models, $20, four lessons each week. Pyrogravure, burning on wood and leather, $15 per month.

Drawing, painting, and illustrating: Drawing and painting from the costume model in charcoal, oil, pastel, and water color, $15 per month;

portrait in charcoal, oil, pastel, and water color, $15 per month. The class in illustrating includes the following branches of study: Pen drawing (for book, magazine, and newspaper work); wash and gouache drawing; charcoal drawing; water color; pencil drawing; red chalk (sanguine); etching; chalk and crayon drawing; papier gillot (process paper); black and white water color. Tuition $15 per month. Composition (advanced) class), $6 per month, free to students who attend any two classes; $2 per month for students who attend one class. The study of costumes of all ages is included in this class.

Scholarships are given for drawing and painting from life, portraiture, water color, decorative design, illustrating, composition, etc., and are awarded on general yearly average and entitle the student to free instruction during the ensuing year. Money prizes and medals are also distributed. A bronze medal and a scholarship are awarded for the finest set of compositions at the end of the year, or a silver medal for best work done in advanced composition class with the assistance of models and accessories, if a sufficiently high standard is reached. The annual cost of maintaining the school is paid from the fees of the students.

Massachusetts School of Design, Boston.

This school is based on the reorganization of the Lowell School of Practical Design which was established in 1872 for the purpose of promoting industrial art in the United States. Then there were practically no designers of patterns for textile fabrics in the United States, and all designs were made and purchased abroad. There was no opportunity in this country of acquiring taste and skill in composition and design with reference to the industrial arts, and it was believed that a school of this kind would result not only in providing a good trade or profession for those whose tastes lay in the direction of art, but would prove to be of great advantage ultimately to the manufacturers by enabling them to get a variety of designs and to get them at a lower cost.

Under the influence of Mr. John A. Lowell this school was established by the Lowell Institute, for which he furnished the funds and of which he was the trustee. The corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology assumed the responsibility of conducting it, and has retained its management according to the purpose and general plan of the school, as proposed by the trustee of the Lowell Institute. The expenses are borne by the Lowell Institute, and tuition is $100 per annum.

The course of study is as follows: Students are taught the art of making patterns for prints, ginghams, delaines, silks, laces, wall papers, book covers, carpets, oilcloths, etc. The course is of three years' duration and embraces: Technical manipulations; copying and variation of designs; original designs and composition of patterns; the making of working drawings and finishing of designs. Lessons are also given in china painting and cast drawing. Instruction is given personally to each