student over his work. Students supply their own instruments and materials, the cost of which is about $5 per year. The school is constantly provided with samples of all the novelties in textile fabrics from Paris, such as broadcloth, silks, ribbons, alpacas, armures, and fancy woollen goods.

Massachusetts Normal Art School, Boston.

The legislature, by an act passed May 16, 1870, made instruction in industrial and mechanical drawing obligatory in the public day schools, and required cities and towns containing more than 10,000 inhabitants to make provision for free instruction to persons over 15 years of age. It was soon found impossible to realize satisfactorily the benefits intended by this act, for want of competent teachers. To furnish a supply of teachers, the legislature in 1873 provided for the establishment of a State normal art school, and this school was started in the fall of that year. Its purpose is to train teachers and supervisors of industrial art; but while the majority of its graduates do become teachers, yet so many of them make use of the special qualifications which the training of the school has given them to go into various industrial lines, that some note of the school seems proper in this place.

Candidates for admission must be over 16 years of age, must bring a certificate of moral character, and must present a high-school diploma or its equivalent. Entrance examinations must be passed upon the following subjects: Outline from group of models; outline ornaments from cast; light and shade from objects. Tuition is free to students residing within the State and intending to teach drawing in the public schools. Students from other States who declare their intention to remain in the school until they graduate and after graduation to teach in the public schools of Massachusetts are admitted free; otherwise they must pay a fee of $50 per term. A fee of $5 per term for incidentals is charged. Graduates may continue their studies for one year upon invitation of the principal. Diplomas are awarded to graduates of the several courses, and are of three kinds a mechanical diploma, a free-hand diploma, and a teacher's diploma. The school is under the management of the State Board of Education and a principal; it has 15 instructors.

There are six classes, outlined as follows:

Class A.-Elementary Drawing. Works required. - Geometric problems and perspective problems, instrumental; model drawing in outline; outline of group of common objects; light and shade drawing from a group of colored objects; details of human figure from cast; details of animal form from cast; details from the historic schools of ornament; botanical drawing in pencil, pen and ink, and with brush; water-color studies from the living plant and flowers; decorative rendering of the same; exercises in design. Examinations for advancement.— Plane geometrical problems; perspective problems; drawing from objects (time sketch); historic ornament and design; theory of model drawing.

Class B.- Drawing, Painting, Composition, Artistic Anatomy, and Advanced Perspective. Works required. - Drawing from the antique figure and living model; anatomical details; perspective of shadows, reflection, and aerial effects; study from still life in oil or water color; composition; decorative design. Examinations for advancement. Time sketch from the antique; time sketch in color from still life; original decorative composition; paper on the historic schools of painting; paper on advanced perspective.

Class C.- Constructive Arts and Design. Elementary course (first term). — Orthographic projection; projection of shadows; elements of machine drawing; elements of building construction; examination in each subject. Advanced course (second term) - Works required. — Descriptive geometry: Illustrations from lectures; intersections of solids; projections of shadows. Ship drafting and model. Architecture: Design for dwelling or public building; structural details of same; monograph of architecture and ornament; drawing of buildings from measurements; two designs in accordance with a proposition. Machine drawing: Screws and their application; wheels, spur and bevel gears, cams, etc.; machine drawn from copy; machine drawn from measurements; details of same prepared for shop; shopwork, in wood and iron; forging, making, and tempering tools, etc. Examinations for advancement. Papers on solid geometry and shadows; examination of shopwork; examination on lectures, notes, and problems; examination in architecture; examinations in building construction; design sketches based upon a proposition; paper on subject selected for monograph.

Class D.- Modeling, Casting, and Design in the Round. Works required.- Elementary course: Ornament from the cast; study from the drawing or photograph; study from the living plant; details from the antique figure; details from animal form. Advanced course: Head from life; original design; study from the living model; figure composition. Casting: Cast from nature of fruit or foliage; cast from a piece mold, sulphur mold, and gelatine mold. Examinations for graduation. Time sketch in clay from ornament; time sketch in clay from the antique; time sketch in clay from life (head); design in the round; paper on sculptured ornament.

Public School Class. Pedagogy; teaching exercises; observations in the public schools; consideration of courses of study; graded illustrative work; blackboard drawing; details of supervision. Examinations for graduation. — Pedagogy; essay on supervision; essay on illustrative work; essay on literature of art.

Special Class. Special class in applied design. - Only students who have performed the work required in classes A, B, and D, or A and C, will be eligible to enter this class.

Lectures. Class lectures are given each year on the history of art, on design, anatomy, and perspective. A special course of lectures will

be given during the first term by members of the faculty. All students. are required to attend them.

There are three regular courses of instruction, made up of the work in two or more of the classes above described, as follows: The first course requires four years. It embraces the work of classes A and B and the elementary course of C and D, followed by a year in the public school class. The second course requires four years. It embraces the work of classes A, B, and D, with normal instruction from the teachers of those classes. The third course requires three years. It embraces the work of class A, and the elementary and advanced work of class C, with normal instruction from the teachers of those classes. Students completing the work of class A may choose one or more of the courses offered by the school. The annual cost of maintaining the school is $24,000, paid by the State.

Public Evening Drawing Schools, Boston.

These schools were established under the provisions of a law passed in 1870, providing for the teaching of industrial and mechanical drawing in the public schools of cities and towns of 10,000 inhabitants or more, and are five in number. No person under 15 years of age is admitted. Students are admitted to the first year's course without examination.

The last week of the year's course or term is devoted to examinations in all the classes. Each first year student who has finished the work in his class and passed the required examinations is entitled to a first year diploma, each second year student to a second year diploma, and each third year student who has finished the work of his class and passed the required examinations is entitled to a third year diploma. The work done in the different classes in these schools is entirely industrial in character, and the students, all of whom attend voluntarily, are nearly all workmen in some branch of industry. All of the material used by them is furnished by the city without charge. The proportion of male to female students is about three to one. The total number of instructors is 27.

-

The courses of instruction follow: Course in Free-hand Drawing and Design.. First year. The first year course in this department is required. The subjects for instruction are pictorial drawing from geometric solids and from still-life objects, from examples of historic ornament as an introduction to decorative design and the principles and practice thereof in its elementary stages, and geometric drawing as an important factor in decoration. Second year. The second year course is elective. The subjects for instruction are the same as those in the first year, but they are presented in a more advanced form, and with the additional ones of drawing from casts of the human figure, in detail and in full, and the application of decoration to various purposes. Third year. The third year course is elective. The subjects chosen for in

struction are similar to those presented in the second year, with this addition, that students may elect for one or more of their diploma sheets drawing from life, costume models, in place of drawing from casts of the human figure.

The details of the course in free-hand drawing follow: The first work required in this course is called "practice work in time sketching," and is to be done entirely by free-hand methods: First, from single solids; second, from simple groups of models and objects; and third, from more elaborate groups of the same. In selecting models and objects for the above-named exercises and for all following work of this kind, the teacher chooses such as will be most useful in training the power of observation, in teaching the principles of practical perspective and faculty in sketching from natural and manufactured objects such as can be presented in the class room. Throughout the above-named "practice work" as much attention is given to the expression of solidity and color values through the use of shading as seems desirable to the instructor, but some expression of this kind is required of the students before they begin their certificate sheets. All time sketches are preserved by the instructors until the close of the term, and are returned to the students at the same time as their certificate sheets. Students who have completed their work and passed the examinations of one term are entitled to enter the next year classes without further examination; but all those who have not are required to do so before receiving such advancement. Each one is, however, credited with what he has accomplished, and is allowed to finish the rest at the beginning of the following term, and if this be done satisfactorily and within a reasonable time he is then advanced to the next class. Third year students who have not earned their diplomas are also allowed to complete the course at the beginning of the following term.

Course in Instrumental Drawing. First year. All students are required to follow the course of instruction given in the first half of the term. The subjects are plane geometry, orthographic projections, intersections of solids, development of surfaces and isometric projections. The second half of the term is elective. The students having the choice between machine and architectural drawing are required to follow the course of instruction they may select. Second year. The first half of the term is required. The subjects are advanced problems in plane geometry, intersections of solids, development of surfaces, and conic sections. The second half of the term is elective. The subjects of the two electives are machine drawing and architectural drawing. Third year. In this year the entire work is elective, and the subjects chosen are to be treated in a thoroughly practical way, i.e., as they would be in the office of a machine draftsman or in that of an architect.

The details of the course in instrumental drawing are: First year. First half of term (required): Two sheets of geometrical problems; twosheets of orthographic projections; one sheet of intersections and developments; one sheet of isometric drawing. Second half of term (elective) :

Elective A, machine drawing-a sheet of screws (conventional); five sheets of machinery details in elevation and section. Elective B, architectural drawing - three sheets of structural details; two sheets of plans of a building; one sheet of elevation of a building. Second year - First half of term (required): A sheet of advanced geometric problems; a sheet of orthographic projections; a sheet of advanced intersections and developments; a sheet of conic sections. Second half of term (elective): Elective A, machine drawing-a sheet of screws; a sheet of gears; a sheet of wheels and belts; a sheet of machine drawing. Elective B, architectural drawing—a sheet of structural details; a sheet of plan of two-story building; a sheet of elevation of two-story building; a sheet of framing plan of two-story building. Third year. Instrumental drawing (elective): Four finished sheets are required from each student in this year's course. Elective A, machine drawing; Elective B, architectural drawing. In both the above-named electives the problems to be worked out by the students should, so far as it is possible, be elected by them, and in arranging their final examinations, the instructors must be governed by the students' class work.

Course in Ship Drafting. In the first year the general methods used in the design and construction of various small craft are taught and illustrated. In the second year, the plan, elevation, and section of a vessel is usually the problem to be worked out, each student having a different problem, according to his desire or need. In the third year more difficult problems of construction are given, to be also worked out in plan, elevation, and section, the distribution of these problems being governed partly by the choice of the students and partly by the instructor's knowledge of their ability.

Modeling in Clay. First year. Required: The number of works required from each student in this year is six, and are: Ornament in low relief modeled from a flat copy; ornament in relief modeled from a cast (two works); groups of objects in low relief modeled from the round; detail from cast of human figure; original design in relief or intaglio. Second year. Elective: Students in this year will be required to complete not less than four works. They may, with the advice of the instructor, elect the subjects of these works, and their examinations (held on the last three nights of the term) will, as in the free-hand course, be hased upon their class work. Third year. - Elective: Students in this year will be required to complete not less than three works. Their examinations will be arranged in the same way and conducted in the same manner as those for the second-year students. A head and bust from life may be chosen as one of the electives.

Public Evening Drawing School, Lowell.

This school was first opened in 1872. The need which led to the establishment of this and other similar schools in the State was the great lack of trained workmen, men with technical as well as practical knowl