a manner as they have hitherto enjoyed them, and as by right to them belongs.

XV. Whereas therefore it is the primary inftitution of this treaty, that fuch a freedom of navigation and commerce, as is defcribed in the foregoing articles, may be and remain on both fides, to both of the confederates, their fubjects and inhabitants, in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, the North Sea, the British Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Channel, and the other feas in Europe, both parties fhall endeavour heartily, with their joint advice, help, and affiftance, that the aforefaid mutual freedom of navigation and commerce may be established and promoted, in all the feas and ftraits aforefaid, and defended, if occafion fhall require, against all disturbers, who fhall attempt to interrupt, prohibit, hinder, constrain, or force it for their own pleasure, and for the fake of injuring the confederates. And both of the faid confederates fhall contribute friendly and readily to promote the advantages and remove the difadvantages of each other; faving the treaties heretofore entered into, and still subfifting, between both nations, and other kingdoms, republics, and states. And hereafter neither of the confederates fhall by any means enter into any treaty, or make any contract with other foreign nations and states whatsoever, to the leaft prejudice of this prefent treaty, without the previous knowledge and confent of the other confederate; or if any thing fhall hereafter be ftipulated with others, it fhall be accounted of no effect, and fhall yield in all refpects to this mutual convention. As to the mutual aid or affiftance to be given one another for the defence of this treaty, and the freedom of commerce and navigation, when it shall be neceffary, and reafon requires, a more particular agreement fhall be made, according to the circumftances of time, &c.

XVI. As to the other advantages to be enjoyed, and laws to be conformed to by the men of war,

which arrive at the harbours or ftations of either of the confederates, the trade to be carried on in America, alfo as to the catching of herrings, and other fish whatfoever, the appointing of ftaples and emporiums of commerce, and the regulating of other matters and conditions, which may be required for the greatér illuftration of the foregoing articles, the fame fhall be settled, as hereafter fhall be mutually agreed, by a special treaty or covenant.

XVII. But thofe things to which we have confented in the former articles fhall immediately from this inftant be in full force, and duly obferved by both parties, and by all who are united on both fides by allegiance, faith, and obedience. And to the intent that hereafter they may be rendered the more ftable and firm, as well by her moft gracious Royal Majefty, as by the Lord Protector of the republic of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and their dominions, in the name of his Highnefs, and the faid republic, they fhall be fubfcribed, figned, and ratified within the term of four months, with the very hands and feals of her Majesty and his Highness.

In confirmation of all that is above written, and in witnefs that they fhall be facredly obferved, and ratified within the day aforefaid, on the part of her Royal Majefty, our most gracious Lady, we have fubfcribed thefe prefents with our hands, and fealed them with our feals. Done at Upfal the 11th of April, 1654.

The Treaty between Charles Guftavus King of Sweden, and Oliver Cromwel Protector of England; whereby the Treaty of Alliance made between those two States the 11th of April 1654, is confirmed and explained. Done at London, Anno 1656.

I Christiern Bonde, Free Baron of Layhela, Lord of Ymfisholm, Bordfoo, and Springeftadt, &c. Senator of the kingdom of Sweden, and of the moft Se

rene

rene and Potent Prince and Lord, the Lord Charles Guftavus, by the grace of God King of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Efthonia, Carelia, Bremen, Verden, Stetin, Pomerania, Caffuben, and Vandalia, Prince of Rugen, Lord of Ingria and Wifmar, alfo Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Duke of Bavaria, Juliers, Cleves, and Mons, and Ambaffador Extraordinary from that Prince to the most Serene and moft High Oliver Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereof, and to the republic of England; do hereby make known and testify to all and every one whom it concerns, or whom it may in any measure concern, That whereas in the treaty made at Upfal, the 11th of April 1654, between the moft Serene and Potent Princefs Chriftina, by the grace of God Queen of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, Great Princefs of Finland, Duchefs of Efthonia, Carelia, Bremen, Verden, Stetin, Pomerania, Caffuben, and Vandalia, Princefs of Rugen, Lady of Ingria and Wifinar, and the kingdom of Sweden, and the faid Lord Protector of the republic of England, &c. certain affairs, relating as well to the establishment of mutual friendship, as to the advantages of commerce and navigation, were deferred to a more convenient time. And whereas it hath feemed good to his faid moft Serene Royal Majefty of Sweden, to fend me over to England, vefted with fufficient powers to tranfact the fame, and the other affairs which follow; therefore, after a conference with the Lords Commiffioners of the faid moft Serene Lord Protector, viz. the most noble Lord Nathaniel Fiennes, one of the Keepers of the Great Seal, and of his Highness's Privy Counsellors, Sir Bulftrode Whitlock, Knight, one of the Commiffioners of his Highnefs's Treasury,, and Conftable of Windfor Caftle, and Walter Strickland, Efq; both Members alfo of his Highness's faid Privy Council, furnished with fufficient powers and commands for this purpofe; and after we had mutually imparted our opinions, and maturely confidered

confidered the following points, we agreed as is clearly and perfpicuously expreffed in the words of the underwritten articles.

I. It fhall be lawful for either of the confederates to raise any foldiers and feamen by beat of drum within the kingdoms, countries, and cities of either; and alfo to hire men of war and fhips of burden, obferving only the following conditions.

1. Whichfoever of the confederates defires to have a muster, he shall notify his intention to his ally, and fpecify the places in which he thinks fuch levies may most conveniently be made; and if the condition of the other ally will not permit that the levy fhould be made in that place, then the other, being fo required, shall appoint another place more convenient for his purpose, and as little as poffible to the detriment of both parties.

2. As to the number of foldiers to be raised, or of ships to be hired, regard fhall be had to the affairs and circumstances of that confederate in whofe kingdoms and dominions the mufters are to be made; left if a greater number of forces be required than is fitting, the other fhould find the want of them, or be disappointed of them for his own occafions.

3. When foldiers are raised in that country, they fhall not take arms, nor fo much as on board the ships, till they come within twenty leagues of the place where they are to be fet afhore.

4. The colonels or captains fhall raise no foldiers who are already entered into the pay of another kirg or ftate, nor fhall they entice any from their cclours.

5. The foldiers, failors, and fhips, raifed or hired, as above, in the kingdoms and countries of either of the confederates, fhall not be raised against the friends or allies of the other, to the violation of the treaties concluded and now fubfifting between one another and their allies.

II. Whereas

II. Whereas in the XIth article of the treaty lately made at Upfal in 1654, betwixt England and Sweden, it was agreed and specified what goods and merchandize fhould hereafter be declared contraband and prohibited; it is now by virtue of the faid article eftablished, that only those hereafter mentioned fhall be reckoned prohibited, and confequently not to be difpofed of to the enemies of either, viz. bombs with their fufees and other appurtenances, fire-balls, gunpowder, matches, cannon-ball, spears, fwords, lances, pikes, halberts, guns, mortars, petards, granadoes, mufket-refts, bandaliers, faltpetre, muskets, musketballs, helmets, head-pieces, breaft-plates, coats of mail, cuiraffes, and the like kind of arms; foldiers, horfes, with all their furniture, piftols, holfters, belts, and all other warlike inftruments; and alfo fhips of war. Money fhall also be reckoned among the goods with which the enemies are not to be fupplied, and which it fhall not be lawful to carry to the enemies of either, any more than the things above mentioned, on the penalty of being made prize without hopes of redemption, if they are feized by either of the confederates. Nor fhall either of the confederates permit that the enemies or rebels of the other be affifted by any of their fubjects, or that their fhips be fold, lent, or in any manner made ufe of by the enemies or rebels of the other, to his difadvantage or detriment.

III. But it fhall be lawful for either of the confederates, and his people or fubjects, to trade with the enemies of the other, and to carry them any goods whatfoever, which are not excepted as above, without any impediment: Provided they are not carried to thofe ports or places which are befieged by the other; in which cafe they fhall have leave either to fell their goods to the besiegers, or to repair with them to any other port which is not befieged.

IV. Whereas in the XIth article of the treaty concluded at Upfal the 11th of April, 1654, between Sweden