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of 11,851 strikes, or 32.24 per cent of all strikes, were for this cause alone. This cause, in combination with other causes, produced 3,117 strikes, making 40.72 per cent of all strikes attributable in whole or in part to demands for increase of wages.

The next most fruitful cause of strikes was disagreement concerning recognition of union and union rules. This cause alone produced 18.84 per cent of all strikes, and both alone and combined with other causes produced 23.35 per cent of all strikes. Objection to reduction of wages alone and combined with other causes produced 11.90 per cent of all strikes. Demands for reduction of hours alone and combined with other causes produced 9.78 per cent of all strikes.

Of the total number of establishments involved in strikes, 57.91 per cent were involved in strikes caused either in whole or in part by demands for increase of wages.

The most important cause of lockouts was disputes concerning recognition of union and union rules and employers' organization, which cause, alone and combined with various causes, produced nearly one-half of all lockouts and included more than one-half of all establishments involved in lockouts.

The greatest number of strikes that occurred in any one industry was in the building trades, which embraced 26.02 per cent of all strikes and 38.53 per cent of all establishments involved in strikes. In the coal and coke industry were 9.08 per cent of all strikes and 9.39 per cent of all establishments involved in strikes. Many strikes were found in the following industries: Boots and shoes; clothing, men's; foundry and machine shop; and tobacco (cigars and cigarettes). The coal and coke industry included more strikers than any other industry, also more employees thrown out of work. The second industry in order in this respect was the building trades. In the building trades were 16.49 per cent of all lockouts, more than one-half of all the establishments involved, and about 30 per cent of all the employees locked out and of persons thrown out of work.

In 1903 there were 3,494 strikes, a greater number than in any other year. The number was 471 in 1881, the first year of the period, while in 1905 the number was 2,077. More strikers went out in the year 1902 than in any other year, and more employees were thrown out of work in 1894 than in any other year.

Lockouts were more frequent and included more employees in 1903 than in any other year of the period.

In the North Atlantic division were more than one-half of all strikes, establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work. In the North Central division were almost one-third of the totals in these items named.

The percentages of the total number of strikes in the principal industrial States were as follows: New York, 27.75 per cent; Penn

The coal and coke industry was second in importance so far as
number of strikes and establishments involved were concerned, but
first in number of strikers and employees thrown out of work. In
the coal and coke industry there were 3,336 strikes, 17,025 establish-
ments involved, 2,006,353 strikers, and 2,460,743 employees thrown
out of work. The average per strike was 5.1 establishments, 601
strikers, and 738 employees thrown out of work. So far as the aver-
age number of establishments involved was concerned, the strikes in
the coal and coke industry were considerably smaller than the strikes
in the building trades, but both the average number of strikers and
the average number of employees thrown out of work were more
than six times as great in the coal and coke strikes as in the building
trades strikes.

The average number of establishments involved per strike varied
from 1 to 33.9. Two industries averaged 1 establishment each, and
one industry (blacksmithing and horseshoeing) averaged 33.9 estab-
lishments per strike.

The average number of strikers per strike varied from 29 in the
manufacture of coffins and undertakers' goods to 684 in slaughtering
and meat packing.

The average number of employees thrown out of work per strike
varied from 37 in the manufacture of awnings, tents, and sails to 839
in slaughtering and meat packing.

The average number of strikers and of employees thrown out of work
indicate the size of a strike, but a strike of only a few men in certain
occupations or industries may as successfully tie up the establish-
ment or industry temporarily as a much larger number in other
occupations or industries.

The presentation by States and geographical divisions follows:

STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT

OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905.

[See Table V, pages 480 to 485, for notes relating to general strikes extending into two or more

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