pressed brick, and malt liquors. Settled about 1789 and incorporated as a village in 1815, Canandaigua is governed under the charter of 1849 by a president, biennially elected, and a board of trustees. The village owns its own water-works. Population, in 1890, 5868; in 1900, 6151; in 1905, 7332. CANANDAIGUA LAKE. A lake in Ontario County and forming part of the western border of Yates County, N. Y. (Map: New York, C 3). It lies nearly north and south, is 15 miles long by nearly 2 miles wide, 668 feet above the tide, and 421 feet above Lake Ontario, into which it discharges its waters through the Canandaigua outlet, the Clyde, Seneca, and Oswego rivers. It receives its tributary waters mainly at the south end, and has its outlet at the north end. It is surrounded by high banks and furnishes charm ing scenery, and its steamboats are extensively patronized by pleasure-seekers.

CANANORE, hãni nor. See KANANUB

CANA OF GALILEE (Gk. Κανᾶ τῆς Γαλιλαίας Kana tēs Galilaias). A town mentioned several times in the Gospel of John. Here Jesus performed His first miracle, the changing of water into wine (John ii. 1, 11). He visited it again later in His ministry (John iv. 46). It was the home of one of His early disciples, Nathanael (John xxi. 2). The site is not certainly known. By some it has been located at Khirbet Kana, about 8 miles north of Nazareth, near the plain of Asochis (Sahel el Buttauf). By others it has been identified with Kefr Kennah, about 4 miles northeast of Nazareth, on the road to Tiberias.

CANARD, kå-närd′ or kå-när' (Fr., a hoax, cheat, literally a duck). An absurd and sensational story. The origin of this application of the word canard (duck) is uncertain. Some derive it from the old phrase vendeur de canard à moitié, literally 'one who sells half a duck,' that is, pretends to sell a duck, but cheats during the transaction; while others attribute its origin to the following marvelous tale circulated by Cornelissen in order to try the gullibility of the public: Having at one time twenty ducks in his possession, he killed them one by one and gave their bodies to the diminishing number of survivors, who successively devoured them, until one out of the twenty was all that remained, and he had actually eaten his nineteen comrades. A corresponding expression in the United States is the term roorback, a fictitious narrative published for purposes of political advantage. It originated in 1844 from a story of some notoriety purporting to be an extract from the Travels of Baron Roorbach.

CANARESE, kăn’i-rez. See KANABESE. CANARI, kȧ-nä'rê. An ancient tribe about the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, conquered and incorporated by the Incas, about 1450. They were skillful metal-workers, their technique differing from that of the Quichua. Copper axes, curiously ornamented, are found in their tombs, sometimes as much as 500 pounds weight in a single deposit. Some of the most beautiful gold ornaments of the Andean region have also been found in their territory. Their linguistic connection is unknown.

CANARIE, kå'nå're'. A dance, now obsolete, supposed to have come from the Canary Islands. Two persons danced before each other with extravagant gestures. It was a favorite dance in

France in the time of Louis XIV., and it is mentioned by Shakespeare. The canarie is a species of gigue resembling the loure, only quicker in tempo.

An oil is

CANA'RIUM (Neo-Lat., from East Indian canari, from Kanara, or Canara, a district of south western India). A genus of trees of the order Burseracea, the species of which are natives of the southeastern parts of Asia, the Malayan archipelago, Australia, etc. The fruit is a drupe. The kernel of the fruit of Canarium commune is eaten both raw and roasted, and in Amboyna bread is made of it. expressed from it, which is used both for table purposes and for lamps. The tree is about 50 feet high and has a bark which yields a heavy oil that has the same properties as balsam copaiva and may be substituted for it. Canarium sylvestre also produces eatable kernels. timber of this species is hard, tough, and closegrained, and is used for furniture. Canarium commune is supposed to be one of the trees which yield the resin called elemi, and Canarium strictum is a large tree in Bombay and Madras, where it grows at elevations up to 4500 feet. The foliage is very brilliant and attractive. From the trunk a gum exudes, the black dammar of commerce. It solidifies upon the tree into black lumps, but is amber-colored by transmitted light. Canarium Australianum furnishes a timber valuable in finishing houses.

The

CANA'RY (named after the Canary Islands). A small finch (Carduelis Canaria), a native of the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Cape Verde, but introduced into Europe as a cage-bird in the latter part of the Fifteenth or early in the Sixteenth Century, and now found, as a captive, in all parts of the world where Europeans have gone. So popular has the canary become as a cage-bird, on account of its power of song and its gentle manners, that the breeding of canaries for the market is not only a popular avocation in some places, but even an important industry. In the wild state the plumage is dull greenish, streaked with darker shades, like a siskin (q.v.), and the yellow, orange, or red shades of the domesticated birds are entirely the result of man's artificial selection. The size of the canary, as well as its color, has been profoundly modified by domestication, and some varieties are half as large again as the wild bird, which is rather more than 5 inches in length. musical powers of the bird have also been considerably modified, and there is much variety in the different breeds in this particular, but it is doubtful whether in power and clearness the domestic birds are the equal of those which are wild. In their native haunts canaries frequent hair, grass, feathers, etc., in bushes or trees, and the vicinity of houses, build their nests of moss, raise two or more broods in the season. eggs are four or five in a set, and are pale blue, seeds, especially of certain grasses, but they also generally unspotted. The birds feed chiefly upon eat soft green leaves, buds, and occasionally

insects.

The

The

The breeding and training of canaries is a subject of much interest and no little importance. It has been carried on most extensively in northern England, Scotland, Belgium, and especially in the Harz Mountains in Germany. The various breeds of canaries take their names in part from the locality where bred, and in

part from some characteristic of the breed which is specially notable. There are a large number of varieties, of which the following are the most important. To begin with the British breeds, the Norwich canary is famous for the beauty of its plumage, but not for its great powers of song. It is an inferior singer compared to other breeds, especially some of the Harz Mountain birds. The Norwich canary is often crested, a pleasing addition to its appearance. The Manchester canaries are also notable, particularly the Manchester coppy, which is the giant of canaries, sometimes reaching a length of 8 inches. They are not, however, remarkable songsters. Among the more curious breeds are the Yorkshire Don and Scotch Fancy, which are very slender, with long neck, trunk, and tail, gracefully curved, so that in extreme examples the bird is almost a half-circle. Among the handsomest breeds are the gold and silver 'spangled' canaries, which, as their names imply, are not uniformly colored, but have a comparatively dull ground color, spangled with very bright or very pale feathers. These breeds are more valuable as ornaments than as musicians. The Belgian canaries are also bred especially for appearance, and some of them are almost monstrosities. The most notable of these is the variety known as 'humped-backs,' which have a small head, very short neck and broad shoulders, a combination that gives a very odd appearance. They are usually yellow, but the color is a secondary matter. The Harz Mountain canaries are the most famous of all, and are especially noted for their powers of song. The color is regarded as of much less importance, and consequently they vary much from bright green to clear yellow. The best of all singers are the Saint Andreasberg canaries, and the choicest of these command a large price. Individual birds, with exceptional ability as singers, are used as instructors for young birds, and are known as 'campaninis.' There are two other breeds of canaries not confined to any special locality, but which take their names from their color. The most interesting of these are the natural cinnamons, which are deep brownish-yellow or reddish, and are often very beautiful. The others are known as cayennes, and are reddish, a color produced by judicious feeding of red pepper to the growing birds. They are sometimes nearly scarlet, and often handsome birds, but breeders of cinnamons regard them as an abomination.

The price of a canary depends upon its approach to the ideal bird of its breed, but the females are usually the cheaper. From $1 to $75 is the range of value for the great majority of canaries, but exceptional individuals may bring as high as $150. The highest prices are paid for the Saint Andreasberg campaninis. Canaries are often crossed, by fanciers, with other finches, and the hybrids thus produced are sometimes valuable as cage-birds, either for appearance or peculiar qualities of song.

These hybrids are called 'mules,' and are usually the result of mating other cock birds with hen canaries, on account of the difficulty of persuading female linnets, goldfinches, etc., to sit on their eggs in captivity.

Canaries are the easiest of cage-birds to care for, as almost the only essentials are cleanliness, food, and water. The cage and especially the food and water vessels should be kept scrupu

lously clean. A bath should be provided at least once a week, and occasional freedom from the cage in a closed room is a real benefit to the bird. Care should be taken not to expose the bird to cold draughts, hence it is usually unwise to hang the cage near windows during wintry weather. The principal articles of food should be canary-grass seed, hemp-seed, and rape, but green leaves, such as chickweed, are necessary to maintain perfect health. Sugar is also greatly enjoyed by canaries, and is a proper food in small quantities; but acids, such as fresh apple, should be avoided. Lime is essential to the bird's welfare, and is best provided in the form of cuttle-fish bone. The nails are apt to grow so long, in canaries kept in small cages, that they should be cut occasionally to prevent them from becoming troublesome to the bird. For further information in reference to the care of canaries and their breeding, consult: Wallace, The Canary Book (London, 1893); Holden, Canaries and Cage-birds (New York, 1883), and Belts, The Pleasurable Art of Breeding Pet Canaries (London, 1897). See CAGE-BIRDS, and Plate of CANARIES.

CANARY-GRASS (Phalaris canariensis). An annual grass of which the seed is much used, under the name canary-seed, as food for cagebirds, and which is, on that account, cultivated to some extent in the south of Europe, and in certain districts of Germany and England. It is a native of the Canary Islands, the south of Europe, north of Africa, and Asia. It has been introduced and has become naturalized in England and various parts of the United States. It attains a height of 2 or 3 feet, and has a crowded, egg-shaped, spike-like panicle, from an inch to almost 2 inches long. A fine flour is prepared from canary-seed, which is employed as glue or sizing in fine cotton-weaving, and for the finishing of silken stuffs. The groats and flour of this small kind of grain are also used in the Canary Islands, in Barbary, and in Italy, as food, the flour being made into bread, which is very nutritious and pleasant. Other closely allied species of Phalaris produce a similar grain, but are inferior in productiveness and quality. Reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is very common on the banks of lakes and rivers, and in other wet places in Great Britain, throughout southern and central Europe, and in the United States. It differs very much in appearance from canary-grass, having a large, spreading panicle, generally of a reddish color, and the glumes are winged at the keel. It is a somewhat reed-like grass, 4 to 6 feet high, with creeping roots, which help to secure river-banks, and yields a great bulk of hay, but has been very generally despised as a coarse grass. However, it is said to be very nutritious, and is readily eaten by both horses and cattle when cut early. A variety with curiously white-striped leaves is well known in gardens as ribbon grass. Southern canarygrass (Phalaris Caroliniana), and its variety, angusta, range from South Carolina to Florida, and westward through Texas to California and Oregon. The variety is called Apache timothy, from the resemblance the head bears to that of timothy. It is valued for forage on account of its remaining green throughout most of the winter. For illustration, see Plate of CAMELLIAS.

CANARY ISLANDS, or CANA'RIES (Lat. Canaria, from canis, dog, perhaps because of the

1. GOLDFINCH MULE (Canary and goldfinch).

2. YORKSHIRE DON.

3. MANCHESTER COPPY.

4. SCOTCH FANCY CANARY.

5. NORWICH CRESTED CANARY. 6. WILD CANARY.

shape of the largest island). A group of islands in the Atlantic, off the northwestern coast of Africa, constituting a province of Spain (Map: Africa, C 2). They extend from about latitude 27° 40′ to 29° 25′ Ñ., and from longitude 13° 25′ to 18° 16′ W., forming a land area of 2808 square miles. The group consists of the seven large inhabited islands, Teneriffe (782 square miles), Gran Canaria (531 square miles), Palma (280 square miles), Gomera (144 square miles), Ferro or Hierro (107 square miles, the smallest of the large islands), Fuerteventura (665 square miles) and Lanzarote (326 square miles), and six islets. The entire group is of volcanic origin, and there are extinct volcanoes on all the islands. The volcanoes of Pico de Teyde on Teneriffe and the Mountain of Fire on Lanzarote are but slumbering. The former, the loftiest mountain of the Canaries, often called the Peak of Teneriffe, rises to a height of 12,190 feet.

The climate is generally mild and healthful. The average temperature for the year is about 65°, while the maximum and minimum are about 80° and 52° respectively. Precipitation is very scant and occurs mainly in winter; droughts are frequent. The hot east and southeast winds blowing from Africa dry up the vegetation. There are several zones of vegetation depending on the altitude, but in general the west slopes furnish a more abundant vegetation than those on the cast. The vegetation of the lowest zone, extending up to 1200 and 1300 feet, is more or less African, and includes the date palm, sugar-cane, the dragon's-blood tree, etc. In the second zone, between 1200 and 2800 feet, the flora resembles that of southern Europe, and comprises the vine, the olive, the orange, and several kinds of European grain. In the third zone the vegetation is confined mostly to trees, and includes the Pinus canariensis, evergreens, the Retama blanca, and a few other coniferæ. The native fauna offers little variety, and most of the animals have been imported either from Europe or Africa. The two easternmost islands, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, possess a richer vegetation and are better wooded than the others.

The chief agricultural products are fruits, onions, and potatoes, which are exported to the West Indies. The production of wine was formerly of considerable importance, but is at present in a state of decline. The land is held mostly in large estates and the peasants are generally very poor and emigrate in considerable numbers to Cuba and to the other West Indian islands. The Canaries were formerly of great commercial importance through the production of cochineal, but this industry has declined greatly. Tobacco, sugar, and silk are raised only in insignificant quantities. The manufacturing industries are of little account and are confined chiefly to the production of some silk and cotton fabrics and coarse linen. The commerce is largely with Great Britain and Spain. Inter-insular communication is maintained by means of sailing vessels, and communication with Europe is effected by mail steamers. For administrative purposes the group is divided into seven districts. There is a Spanish garrison and a native militia. The towns of Santa Cruz de Teneriffe (the capital) and Ciudad de las Palmas are fortified. The population of the group was 358,564 in 1900.

The Canaries are regarded as the Fortunate Insula of the ancients, and are supposed to have

been known to the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, judging from the description by Juba I., King of Mauretania. Before their annexation to Spain they were inhabited by the Guanchos, a Berber tribe, now completely amalgamated with the Spanish settlers. Their discovery by Europeans in modern times dates from the Fourteenth Century, when a vessel was accidentally driven on the islands. In 1344 they were granted by the Pope to Luis de la Cerda, who, however, did not take possession of them. They were subsequently granted by Henry III. of Castile to Robert of Bracamonte, and it was only in the beginning of the Fifteenth Century that an attempt was made to take possession of them. In 1402-05 Jean de Béthencourt, a French adventurer, to whom Robert of Bracamonte had transferred his title, conquered several of the islands, and by the end of the century the entire group was in the possession of Spain, Teneriffe, the largest, having been taken in 1496. Consult Brown, Madeira and the Canary Islands (London, 1894).

CANARY-SEED. See CANARY-GRASS.

CANARY WINE. A wine which is also known as Teneriffe, from one of the Canary Islands bearing that name, produced in these islands, and resembling Madeira. The name is applied properly only to the Bidogne wine, and must be distinguished from the Malvoisie of the Canaries, made from the Malvasia sweet grape. It increases in mildness with age, and becomes so much like Madeira that it is often sold for it.

CANASTOTA. A village in Madison County, N. Y., 32 miles west of Utica, on the New York Central and other railroads, and on the Erie Canal (Map: New York, E 2). It has a public library and a soldiers' monument. The principal manufactures are agricultural implements, canned goods, furniture, gasoline engines, dumping wagons, and mutuscopes. Canastota was settled about 1806 and was first incorporated in 1850. The government is administered by a president, elected annually, and board of trustees. water-works are the property of the village. Population, 1900, 3030; 1905, 3244.

The

CAN'BY, EDWARD RICHARD SPRIGG (1819-73). An American soldier. He was born in Kentucky, graduated at West Point in 1839, and served as second lieutenant in the Seminole War from 1839 to 1842, and as captain in the Mexican War in 1846-47, being brevetted major and lieutenantcolonel for gallant conduct at Contreras, Churubusco and Belen Gate. He then served as assistant adjutant-general of the Pacific Division from 1849 to 1851, and in the adjutant-general's office from 1851 to 1855; participated in the Utah expedition of 1857-60, and commanded the Navajo expedition of 1860-61. During the Civil War he commanded the Department of New Mexico from June, 1861, to September, 1862, successfully defending his territory from the attacks of the Confederate general Sibley; was raised to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers in March, 1862; was in command of the Draft Rendezvous at Pittsburg from November, 1862, to January, 1863; was then assigned to special duty at the War Department; commanded the city and harbor of New York at the time of the Draft Riots (q.v.) in 1863; became a major-general of volunteers in May, 1864, and subsequently com