manded the military division of West Mississippi from May, 1864, to June, 1865, directing, as such, the Mobile campaign of March-April, 1865, which resulted in the occupation of Mobile and Montgomery. In May, 1865, he received the surrender of the Confederate forces under Generals R. Taylor and E. K. Smith. At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for "gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Valverde, N. M.," and major-general for "gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fort Blakely and Mobile, Ala." In July, 1866, he was promoted to the regular rank of brigadier-general, subsequently commanded various military divisions and departments, and on April 11, 1873, while commanding the Division of the Pacific, was treacherously killed by the Modoc Indians while holding a conference with them near the 'Lava Beds' in Oregon.

CANBY, WILLIAM MARRIOTT (1831-). An American botanist, born in Philadelphia, and educated mainly in private schools. Although in business, he devoted much time to the study of botany, and described many new species of plants. He made large collections in the United States and Canada, and was one of the botanists of the Northern Pacific Transcontinental Survey. His activity in botanical research has included the collection, through purchase, exchange, and gift, of a fine herbarium of more than 30,000 species of plants, now the property of the College of Pharmacy in New York City, and a smaller collection made for the Society of Natural History of Delaware.

CANCALE, käN'kål'. The capital of a canton in the Department of Ille-et-Villaine, France, situated on a height overlooking the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, 10 miles east of Saint Malo. It is a favorite seaside resort and a busy fishing port. Oyster-culture is an important industry, 430 acres of beds devoted to their propagation being inclosed by the Rocher de Cancale, an islet which also protects a safe harbor. Population, in 1901, of town, 3678; of commune, 6549.

CAN'CAN (Fr., origin obscure; OF. caquehan, tumultuous assembly, noise, quarrel. Romance scholars derive it from the disputes of the mediæval schoolmen over the pronunciation of the Lat. quamquam, quanquam, although the word may be purely onomatopoetic). A wild dance, or rather a series of violent choreographic movements, originated by the demi-monde of Paris. There is some resemblance between it and the Bacchic or Dionysian dances of ancient Greece.

CANCAO, kän'kou', KANG-KAO, or HATIEN. A seaport of Cambodia, situated on the Gulf of Siam at the mouth of the river Cancao, on the frontier between Cambodia and Cochin China (Map: Siam, E 5). The harbor is shallow, and the trade, once considerable, is now in a state of decline.

CANCELING (Lat. cancelli, lattice-work). The extinguishment of the rights or obligations created by a written instrument by obliterating or destroying the instrument itself. Originally the efficacy of the act depended on a strict compliance with the prescribed form of drawing transverse lines over the face of the document; but at the present time any mark or writingas the word 'canceled' indorsed on the back thereof clearly showing the intention of the

parties is equally valid. In general, the de struction, obliteration, or marking of an instrument creating property rights, whether accidentally or with the intention of canceling it, will not have the legal effect of extinguishing the rights or obligations created by it. Thus, the destruction of a deed by which real property has been conveyed will not operate to divest the title of the grantee and revest it in the grantor. The title, having passed by the deed, can be restored to the former owner only by another deed. So the tearing or obliterating of a written lease by the parties thereto will not have the effect of terminating the subsisting relation of landlord and tenant, as this can only be effected by a surrender made in writing or otherwise, as prescribed by law. The only exception to this rule is when the cancellation of an instrument---as a deed or letters patent-is ordered by a court or other competent authority for fraud or mistake, or because the instrument-a mortgage, for example-has answered its purpose and is entitled to be discharged. The case of a will, which may be canceled by the maker at his pleasure, is not a real exception to the rule, as a will does not go into effect and create property rights until the death of the testator. See LETTERS PATENT; FRAUD; MISTAKE; WILL.

Instruments creating mere contract rights, whether under seal or not-as written agreements for services or for the sale of goods, notes, and bills of exchange, and the like-may, on the other hand, usually be canceled by the parties thereto. Even where such contracts are required by law to be in writing, they are capable of being revoked by parol; and the cancellation of the instrument operates as a revocation or rescission of the contract, if made with that intention. Bonds were, and, to a certain extent, still are, instruments of a peculiar nature, and are considered as comprehending within themselves all of the rights and obligations described in them. Even the accidental loss or destruction of such an instrument rendered it unenforceable at common law. While this is generally no longer true, it may always be extinguished by cancellation. See CONTRACT; BOND; DEED; and compare ALTERATION and. SPOLIATION.

CANCELLATION (Lat. cancellare, to make like lattice, to strike out lattice-wise (X), to cross out, cancel). The process of rejecting a common factor from both dividend and divisor, or a common term from both members, of an equation. In reducing fractions any factor common to both numerator and denominator is rejected by cancellation; e.g.

6 2.3 3

CANCELLERIA, kån-cha'la-rē'à, PALAZZO DELLA. A Renaissance palace in Rome, the masterpiece of Bramante. It was built in 1489 for Cardinal Riario, and is connected with the Church of San Lorenzo in Damaso, built on the site of the Basilica of Damasus I. The chief feature of the palace is the graceful court with a double row of red Egyptian granite pillars, removed by Damasus from Pompey's Theatre to his basilica and thence to the palace.

CANCER. See TUMOR.

CANCER (Lat., crab). The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, running from 90° to 120° on the ecliptic (q.v.). The constellation Cancer contains the interesting cluster called Præsepe, which has been carefully measured very recently at Göttingen with the heliometer, and photographically at Columbia University, New York. See PRECESSION; ZODIAC. CANCER, TROPIC OF. See TROPICS. CANCER-ROOT, or BEECH-DROPS (Epiphegus virginiana). A parasitic plant of the order Orobanchaceæ. It is a native of North America, growing almost exclusively on the roots of beech-trees. Like all the other plants of its order, it has a curious appearance, having scales instead of leaves. Its stem is branching, and produces distant alternate white flowers, streaked with purple. The whole plant is powerfully astringent, and the root is brownish,

spongy, very bitter, and nauseous in taste. This plant at one time had quite a reputation as a cure for cancer, and, in conjunction with white oxide of arsenic, is believed to have formed a medicine once famous in the United States under the name of 'Martin's Cancer Powder.' Another American plant, the Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora), is sometimes also called cancerroot, and is used in the same way; and an infusion of the common broom-rape (Orobanche major), a native of Great Britain and of the south of Europe, parasitic on the roots of broom, furze, and other leguminous plants, has been employed as a detergent application to foul sores. The attachment of the cancer-root to the roots of the beech-tree is said to be a case of the intervention of mycorrhiza or fungus filaments penetrating and investing both roots. Through these connections the parasite gains its sustenance. Being without functional leaves, it cannot make its own food. (See BROOMRAPE.) For illustration, see colored Plate of PARASITIC PLANTS.

CANCRIN, kån-kren', GEORG, Count (17741845). A Russian statesman. He was born at Hanau, Germany, and studied law and political economy at Giessen and Marburg. He then went to Russia, where his father was director of the salt-mines of Staraya Russa, was first employed by him and then in the Ministry of the Interior. He subsequently entered the army, and attracted attention by his writings on military subjects. In 1812 he was appointed commissary-general of all the forces, and in 1814 accompanied the Czar Alexander I. to Paris. He was Minister of Finance from 1823 until 1844. In some respects he gave a great stimulus to the national industries, and by his financial management brought order into the financial chaos, but the unlimited issue of paper money sanctioned by him paved the way for subsequent financial disaster. His chief works are: International Wealth, National

VOL. IV.-10.

Wealth, and Political Economy (1821); and The Economy of Human Societies (1845).

In

CAN/CRUM O'RIS (Neo-Lat., from Lat. can cer, cancer + oris, Lat. gen. sing. of os, mouth), NOMA, or GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS. A gangre nous process which usually begins on the gums or cheek in children, following an exhausting disease such as measles. It is very rare, and is caused by streptococci, the bacteria of pus, acting upon tissues of low vitality. It is also found attacking the ear and the female genitals. The gangrene spreads rapidly, invades the surrounding tissues, and causes death in 75 per cent. of cases. those in which it is not fatal, a line of demarcation appears, a slough separates, and granulation occurs. Among the symptoms of cancrum oris may be mentioned: profound prostration; a temperature of 102° to 105° F.; dullness, apathy, and diarrhoea. There is little pain. Patients suffering from the affection should in all cases be isolated. The mouth should be carefully disinfected with peroxide of hydrogen or with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and supporting and stimulating food and medicine should be given. Surgical treatment, if at all employed, consists in making a thorough excision of the diseased tissue and cauterizing, or else applying nitric acid.

It

Philippines, in the Province of Pampanga. CANDABA, kȧn-dü'bå. A town of Luzon, province, and west of the Pinag de Candaba, an lies 20 miles from Bacolor, the capital of the

inland marsh of considerable size. The town was founded in 1578. Population, in 1903, 11,783.

CANDACE, kǎn'då-sē. The name of two or more queens of Ethiopia (q.v.)-i.e. Nubia-in Roman times. According to Pliny, Candace was the usual name for Ethiopian queens, or, rather, for the mother of the King. Two Candaces are known to history. One, a one-eyed virago, attempted to invade Egypt in B.C. 22, but the Roman governor, Petronius, defeated her and penetrated to her capital, Napata (q.v.), which he destroyed. Another Candace, who seems to have been a contemporary of Nero, is mentioned in Acts viii. 27 et seq., where it is stated that her treasurer was converted by Philip. Her residence was at Meroë.

CANDAHAR, kän'då-här'. See KANDAHAR. CANDAULES, kan-da'lēz. See GYGES. CANDEISH, kän-dash'. See KHANDESH. CAN'DELA'BRUM (Lat., from candela, a candle). A word signifying properly a candlestick, but frequently employed to mean a support for a lamp. The candelabra proper were. of sufficient height to stand upon the floor, and though the forms vary greatly in details, the general shape is well defined. Those from Etruria have a base, usually formed of three feet of some animal, from which rises a slender shaft, often crowned by a statuette. Near the top four arms branch, terminating in spikes on which the candles were placed. A metal disk below the arms protected the hand, if it were needful to move the candelabrum. This pattern was easily modified to serve as a support for the small hand lamps, sometimes by placing flat plates on the top of the shaft and ends of the arms, sometimes by suspending the lamps by chains from the branches. Many bronze can

delabra have been found in Etruria, Herculaneum, and Pompeii, showing great skill in the elaboration of the details. Among the most splendid examples are the great marble candelabra which seem to have been placed in temples or palaces. These show a marble base, often richly decorated, from which rises a columnar shaft usually ending in a hollow, which may have served for oil or incense. Similar marble bases for the support of bronze candelabra are by no means infrequent. Examples of candelabra may be found in the plates of the Museo Gregoriano, or in the works of Overbeck, Pompeii in seinen Gebäuden, Alterthümern und Kunstwerken (4th ed., Leipzig, 1884); Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (New York, 1889).

CAN'DIA. See CRETE.

CANDIA, MEGALOKASTRON, or HERAKLEION.

Formerly the capital of Candia or Crete, on the north shore of the island, latitude 35° 20′ N. and longitude 25° 9′ E. It is surrounded by fortifications built by the Venetians, but which are now out of repair. The town has been much injured by earthquakes. Candia occupies the site of the ancient Heracleum, the seaport of Cnosus. The present city was founded by the Saracens in the Ninth Century, was fortified in the Twelfth Century by the Genoese, and greatly strengthened by the Venetians in the following three centuries. It was taken by the Turks in 1669, after a stubborn defense by the Venetians, who lost 30,000 men. Population, in 1900, 22,481.

CANDIDATE (Lat. candidatus, dressed in the white toga, toga candida). In ancient Rome, an aspirant to one of the higher magistracies, as consul, tribune, ædile, or prætor. He was so called because of the white garment in which he appeared in public during the period of his candidature. His dress was chosen partly as an ostentation of humility, and partly as the means of displaying wounds received in battle. The candidature commonly lasted two years; in the first year, the candidate was tested by the Senate, whose decision, if favorable, was ratified by the popular assemblies; and in the second his name was entered in the list of candidates. During this period occurred the ambitio, or canvassing of voters, which often gave occasion to enormous bribery, in spite of the severe enactments passed to prevent the corrup

tion of the electors. The elected candidate was styled designatus.

In the early Christian Church newly baptized converts were styled candidates, on account of the white garments worn during the eight days after baptism. In modern times a German probationer or theological student who has been approved before the highest ecclesiastical authorities is called a candidate; but a still broader signification is, in English-speaking lands, also attached to the word-an applicant for any office whatever, religious or secular, being termed a candidate.

CANDIDE, OU L'OPTIMISME, kän'dêd' oo lop'tê'me'z'm (Lat. candidus, shining). A pessimistic novel by Voltaire (1759), so named from its philosophic hero, Candide.

CAN'DIDUS, WILLIAM (1840-). An American singer, born in Philadelphia, Pa. During the Civil War he attained the rank of major

of Federal artillery. He studied for the opera under Konapazeck in Berlin and Rouchetti in Milan, and became, in 1880, a member of the opera of Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was also connected with the American Opera Company. CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to be white, glow). A cylinder of wax or fatty matter, with a wick, intended for giving light. Candles are made of tallow, the solid portion of palm and cocoanut oils, bleached wax, spermaceti, and paraffin, and other oily substances found in coal, shale, and gas tar. They are either dipped, molded, or rolled. 'Dips' are made by stretching a number of wicks upon a suitable frame, so that they may hang down at

a

distance from each other equal to about double the intended thickness of the candle; these are then dipped in a trough of melted tallow and hung upon a rack until cooled, then dipped again and again, until the required thickness is obtained. The dipper has a number of frames prepared before commencing the operation, and by the time he has dipped the last the first is cool enough to dip again. The tallow in the trough has to be kept only a little above its melting-point, for if it were much hotter it would melt away a portion of the tallow already on the wick, instead of adding to it. Molds, or mold candles, are made by pouring the tallow into a metal tube, along the axis of which the wick has been previously fixed. These tubes are well polished in the inside, and several are fitted in a frame, the upper part of which forms a trough, into which the molds all open. Thus, by pouring into the trough, all the molds are filled at once. Some process of molding is now used in the manufacture of candles of all materials except those of wax, and machines are employed.

Wax candles are not molded, on account of the great amount of contraction which wax undergoes on cooling, and the difficulty of removing it from the molds. The wicks are warmed and suspended over a basin of melted wax, which is poured over them until they acquire the proper thickness; they are then rolled, while hot, between two flat pieces of smooth, hard wood, kept moist to prevent adhesion. Pure stearic acid, or stearin, the chief fatty acid of tallow so largely used for candles, is a hard, crystalline substance, perfectly dry and free from any greasiness, with a somewhat pearly lustre. Its crystalline structure presents when cast in molds it contracts on cooling, and a difficulty in the manufacture of candles, for has been obviated by mixing the stearin with a leaves small spaces between the crystals. This little wax or paraffin and pouring into hot

molds.

Paraffin (q.v.), a white, crystalline body, obtained by distillation from cannel ccal, etc., affords a beautiful white and clear material for candles, and having thus, in a great degree, the properties of wax at a much smaller expense, it is much used for this purpose. Ozocerite (q.v.) is another oily mineral substance used for candles. For candles as standards of illumination,

see PHOTOMETRY.

To obviate the necessity of snuffing candles, several devices have been adopted. In all of them the object is effected by causing the wick to bend over and its end to fall outside of the

flame; and thus, by coming in contact with the oxygen of the air, to be completely burned-for such combustion cannot take place within the flames.

For the use and signification of candles in religious worship, see LIGHTS, USE OF, IN PUBLIC WORSHIP.

CANDLE, ELECTRIC. See ELECTRIC LIGHTING. CANDLEBERRY, BAYBERRY, WAX-MYRTLE, or TALLOW-TREE (Myrica cerifera). A small tree or shrub 4 to 18 feet high, but generally a low-spreading shrub, a native of the eastern coast region of the United States, but most

abundant and luxurious in the South. It be

longs to the order Myricacea, distinguished by naked flowers, a drupaceous fruit (stone-fruit). the scales becoming fleshy-and a single seed. The candleberry has evergreen, oblong, lanceolate leaves, with two small serratures on each side at the point, sprinkled with resinous dots. The bark and leaves when bruised emit a delightful fragrance. The small, dry drupes or nuts when ripe are covered with a greenishwhite wax, which is collected by boiling them and skimming it off, and is afterwards melted and refined. A bushel of berries will yield four or five pounds. It is used chiefly for candles, which burn slowly, with little smoke, and emit an agreeable, balsamic odor, but do not give a strong light. An excellent scented soap Myrica gale is the sweet gale of the moors and bogs of Scotland, well known for its delightful fragrance, a native of the northern parts of the world. Several species are found at the Cape of Good Hope, one of which, Myrica cordifolia, bears the name of wax-shrub, and candles are made from its berries. Myrica nagi, a Japanese species, is a tree from 40 to 50 feet high that will withstand some frost. It produces an edible fruit, and is cultivated to some extent in California. Myrica asplenifolia, or Comptonia asplenifolia, is common in the United States, where it is known as sweet-fern.

is made from it.

CANDLE-FISH, or EULACHON or OOLACHAN. (1) A fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus) of the smelt family (Argentinidæ), nearly allied to the caplin (q.v.), and found on the Pacific Coast of America from Oregon northward. (For illus tration, see WHITEFISH, etc.) It is 12 to 15 inches in length, has a somewhat pointed and conical head, and a large mouth. The color is greenish-olive on the back, passing into silvery; white on the sides and belly, sparsely spotted with dirty yellow. The flesh is very oily, but the oil has a fine flavor. It is an excellent panfish, its flesh being far superior to that of the trout. Its oil is sometimes extracted and used as a substitute for cod-liver oil. The Alaskan

Indians often use the dried fish as a lamp, by merely drawing through it a piece of rush pith or a strip from the inner bark of the cypresstree as a wick. Immense shoals of candle-fish approach the shores and mouths of streams in spring and summer, when they are taken in large quantities by the Indians in canoes, by means of a flattened pole 8 to 12 feet long, having teeth originally of sharpened bone, but now of iron, set thickly along the edge of its outer end. This is swept through the school of fish, pricking and catching many, which are then skillfully tossed

into the boat. The Indians formerly made ex tensive use of the oil rudely compressed from these fishes. Consult Swan, in Proceedings United States National Museum, Vol. III. (Washington, 1881).

(2) A local name in San Francisco for the Pacific coalfish (Anoploma fimbriata).

CANDLEMAS (Engl. candle + mass). In its ecclesiastical meaning, the feast of the purification of the Virgin Mary, observed on the second of February. This festival is very strictly kept by the Roman Catholic Church, there being a procession with many lighted candles, and those required for the service of the ensuing year being also on that occasion consecrated; hence the name Candlemas Day. In Scotland this day is one of the four term days ap pointed for periodical annual payments of money, interest, taxes, etc., and of entry to premises, the three other term days there being Whitsunday, Lammas, and Martinmas. See TERM.

An old document of the time of Henry VIII., preserved in the archives of the Society of Antiquaries, London, concerning the rites and ceremonies in the English Church, speaks thus of the custom of carrying candles: "On Candlemas daye it shall be declared that the bearyinge of candles is done in the memorie of Christe, the a light to lighten the Gentiles'], as it is redde spiritual lyghte whom Simeon dyd prophecye in the churche that daye." But an older and heathen origin is ascribed to the practice. The Romans were in the habit of burning candles on Mars; and Pope Sergius, seeing it would be use this day to the goddess Februa, the mother of less to prohibit a practice of so long standing, turned it to Christian account by enjoining a similar offering of candles to the Virgin. The candles were supposed to have the effect of frightening the devil and all evil spirits away houses in which they were placed. An order from the persons who carried them, or from the of council in 1584 prohibited the ceremony in England. There is a tradition in most parts of Europe to the effect that a fire Candlemas por tends a severe winter. In Scotland the prognos tication is expressed in the following distich: "If Candlemas is fair and clear,

There'll be twa winters in the year." Christ's Presentation, the Holiday of Saint Simeon, and, in the north of England, the Wives' Feast Day, were names given to Candle. Bohn's edition (London, 1849). mas Day. Consult Brand, Popular Antiquities,

A tree

CANDLE-NUT (Aleurites triloba). of the order Euphorbiacea, a native of the South Sea Islands, Madagascar, Molucca, Java, etc., which produces a nut with a very hard shell and a kernel good to eat when roasted, although in a raw state it possesses in a slight degree some of the active properties so common in the Euphorbiacea, and is apt to cause purging. It is about as large as a walnut. An excel. lent fixed oil is procured from it, used both for food and as a lamp-oil. It is a drying oil, and has been used by artists. It is known as country walnut-oil and kekune-oil. A valuable dye is obtained from the fruit. The inhabitants of the Society Islands, after slightly baking these nuts in an oven and removing the shell, string them on rushes to be used for

torches, which are made by inclosing four or five strings in a leaf of the screw-pine (Pandanus). The lampblack used in tattooing was obtained from the shell of the candle-nut. A gummy substance exudes from the candle-nut tree, which the South Sea Islanders chew. The candle-nut tree has been grown in Florida and California. Aleurites cordata, a species from the south of China, yields an excellent lac.

CAND'LISH, ROBERT SMITH (1806-73). A founder and leader of the Free Church of Scotland. He was born in Edinburgh, studied in Glasgow, was licensed in 1828, and from 1834 until his death was minister of Saint George's, Edinburgh. In the General Assembly of 1839 he strongly declared in favor of the Free Church party of the Established Church, and in 1843 took a leading part in the formation of the independent body. From the death of Chalmers (1847), his activity and eloquence made him the controlling spirit of the Free Church. He declined an appointment as professor of divinity at New College, but in 1862 accepted the principalship of that institution. He improved the Free Church school system, and aided in forming the Evangelical Alliance (1845). His publications include: Contributions Towards the Exposition of the Book of Genesis (1842); On the Atonement (1845); Examination of Mr. Maurice's Theological Essays (1854); Reason and Revelation (1859); The Two Great Commandments (1860); and a posthumous volume of Sermons (1874).

CANDOLLE, kän'dōl', DE. See DE CANDOLLE. CANDÓN, kȧn-dōn'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Ilocos Sur. It is situ ated 29 miles south of Vigan, near the coast, on which it has a port, and contains a telegraph station. The town dates from 1591. Population, in 1903, 18,828.

CAN'DOUR, MRS. A member of the School for Scandal in Sheridan's comedy of the latter title. Under the guise of a well-meaning frankness she is able to exceed even Backbite and Crabtree in acidity of speech.

CAN'DUC (N. African). A South African jackal. See JACKAL.

CANDY. See CONFECTIONERY.

CAN'DYS (Gk. kávdvç). A loose gown, worn by the Medes and Persians as well as the later Parthians over their other garments. It was a long flowing robe made of woolen cloth, which was either purple or of some other brilliant color, and had wide sleeves. In the sculptures at Persepolis, nearly all the personages are represented as so attired.

A

CANDYTUFT (Eng. Candy, archaic name for the island of Crete + tuft) (Iberis). genus of plants of the order Cruciferæ. The species are chiefly found in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and the name candytuft is supposed to be derived from that of the island of Candia, the name Iberis from Iberia (Spain). One species, Iberis amara, remarkable for its bitterness, is a doubtful native of England. Some species are slightly shrubby, some are herbaceous perennials, some annuals. Candytuft is among the most familiar ornaments of our flower-gardens, as the annual white and purple candytuft (Iberis umbellata), the sweet

scented candytuft (Iberis odorata), and two slightly shrubby species, Iberis sempervirens and Iberis semperflorens, the latter of which, in sufficiently warm situations, continues to blossom throughout the whole winter, and is prized for the abundance and the perfect whiteness of its flowers. There are about a dozen well-known species of Iberis, all of which are represented in gardens by numerous cultural varieties.

CANE, or KEN, kān. A river rising in Bundelkhand, India, near latitude 23° 54' N., and longitude 80° 13′ E., and after a north-northeast course of 230 miles entering the Jumna in latitude 25° 47′ N., and longitude 80° 35' E. (Map: India, C 4). It is generally too rapid and rugged for navigation, but during the rainy season is navigable from Banda, 30 miles above its confluence. It is remarkable for the matchless beauty of its pebbles.

CANEA, kå-nēå, or KHANIA. The chief commercial town of Crete, and capital of a province (Map: Greece, E 6). It is situated on the northern coast, and occupies the site of anciert Cydonia. The present city is of Venetian origin, and dates from A.D. 1252, when a colony was sent from Venice to occupy it. The object of its foundation was to keep down the Greeks, who had been in arms, and at open war with their Italian lords, almost without intermission from the day when the Venetians first set foot on their shores. Venetian coats of arms are still observed over the doorways of some of the principal houses. Canea is surrounded by a strong wall and deep ditch, both of which, however, are in a state of great dilapidation; it has a good but very shallow harbor. Canea exports to France and Italy oil, soap, wax, etc. The population in 1900 was 21,025.

CANEBRAKE.

naria macrosperma, a large kind of reed or A dense growth of Arundigrass, indigenous to the warmer parts of the United States. It grows in marshy situations, where it attains a height of 10 to 30 feet. It is of a genus allied to the bamboo (q.v.). The flowers are in panicles. The young growth of this cane is used as fodder, but the quality is rather poor. The stems supply fishing-rods, pipestems, splints for baskets, chair-bottoms, mats, Arundinaria tecta, a related species, by some considered a variety, is smaller and more hardy. It is found as far north as Maryland and southern Illinois.

etc.

CANE DELLA SCALA, käʼnâ děl’lå skä’lå. See SCALA.

nella, cinnamon) (Canella alba, or Canella WinCANEL/LA (Neo-Lat., from Med. Lat. caterana). A small tree common in the West Indies, and in the south of Florida, where it is often called wild cinnamon. The fruit is a small black berry. The whole tree is very aromatic, and its flowers are extremely fragrant. The bark of the young branches is the Canella bark of apothecaries, also known in commerce as whitewood bark, and sometimes called white cinnamon. It forms a considerable article of export from the Bahamas. It has an aromatic fragrance, regarded as intermediate between that of cinnamon and that of cloves, and bitterish, acrid, pungent taste. It is employed as a stomachic and stimulant tonic, and as an aromatic addition to tonics or to purgatives, in debilitated condi. tions of the digestive organs.