CANEPH'ORI (Lat., from Gk. Kavпpóρoι, kanephoroi, basket-bearers, from Gk. Kávεov, kaneon, basket of cane+pepew, pherein, to bear). Girls of Athens annually selected from the highest families to walk in the Panathenaic and other festival processions, carrying on their heads baskets containing the implements and apparatus necessary for a sacrifice. Their graceful attitudes (which may be seen on the friezes of the Parthenon in the British Museum) suggested subjects for sculpture to some of the great artists of Greece. Similar statues are also used in architecture to support light entablatures, and are sometimes identified with caryatides.

CANE-SUGAR. See SUGARS.

CA'NES VENATICI (Lat., hunting-dogs). A constellation of the northern hemisphere, added by Hevelius, and known generally as the grey hounds of Hevelius. The dogs are distinguished by the names of Asterion and Chara. On the celestial globe they are represented as being held ir leash by Bootes, and apparently pursuing Ursa Major (q.v.) round the pole of the heavens.

CAÑETE, kȧ-nya'tâ, MANUEL (1822-91). A Spanish poet, dramatic writer, and critic, born in Seville. His works include his lyrics Poesías (1859), which possess the pathetic quality of the verses of the old Sevilian school, but are marred by their unnatural and declamatory tone; and a number of dramas, which have received high praise: Un rebato en Granada (1845); El duque de Alba (1845); and La esperanza de la patria (with Tamayo). He is celebrated chiefly, however, as a dramatic critic. In this capacity he published, among other works, editions of the Farsas y églogas of Lucas Fernandez (1867); of La tragedia llamada Josefina (1870); Teatro español del siglo XVI. (1885); and Escritores españoles é hispano-americanos (1884). CANEY, kä'nâ, EL. See EL CANEY. CAN'FIELD, JAMES HULME (1847-). American educator. He was born at Delaware, Ohio, graduated in 1868 at Williams College, and in 1872 was admitted to the bar of Michigan. He practiced law from 1872 to 1877, was a professor at the University of Kansas from 1877 to 1891, and in 1891 became chancellor of the University of Nebraska. From 1895 to 1899 he was president of the Ohio State University, and in the latter year was appointed librarian of Columbia University, New York. His publications in clude Taxation: A Plain Talk for Plain People (1883); A Short History of Kansas (1885); Local Government in Kansas (1887); and The College Student and His Problems (1902).

An

CANG, CANGUE, or KEA. An instrument of degrading punishment in use in China. It consists of a large wooden collar fitting close round the neck, the weight of which is usually from 50 to 60 pounds. Over the parts where the cang fastens are pasted slips of paper, on which the mandarin places his seal, so that the culprit may not be relieved until the full term of his sentence has expired, which sometimes extends to fifteen days. On the cang is also inscribed, in large letters, the offense and the duration of the punishment. The criminal, having been paraded through the streets by the police, is then left exposed in some thoroughfare of the city. As he is incapable of using his hands, he has to be fed during the time he is suffering the penalty.

CANGA ARGUELLES, käṇ'gå är-gā'lyås, José (1770-1843). A Spanish statesman. He was an active opponent of Napoleon and an energetic member of the Cortes of 1812, but on the return of the Bourbons was exiled. Under the restoration of the Constitution of 1812 in 1820, he was made Minister of Finance, and in this position effected many reforms. He resigned in 1821. After the overthrow of the Constitution in 1823 he went to England, but returned to Spain in 1829, and was appointed keeper of the archives at Simancas. He was the author of Elementos de la ciencia de hacienda (1825); Diccionario de hacienda (1827); and Observaciones sobre la guerra de la Península (5 vols., 183336).

CÁNGAS DE ONIS, kän'gås dâ ô-nes'. A town of Spain, in the Province of Oviedo, 35 miles east of the city of Oviedo. It is known chiefly for its connection with the famous Pelayo (q.v.), and the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. There are interesting churches in this vicinity, one containing the tomb of Alfonso I. Inscriptions and remains of bridges indicate that Cangas de Onis was of some importance under the Romans, but its identity has not been fixed. Population, in 1900 (commune), 8559.

CÁNGAS DE TINEO, känʼgås då tê-não. A town of northern Spain, in the Province of Oviedo, on the Rio Narcea, 37 miles southwest of Oviedo (Map: Spain, B 1). It is surrounded by high hills and possesses an interesting bridge. Though the adjacent region is rough and mountainous, it is well watered, and agriculture and stock-raising are carried on. There are manufactures of liquors, flour, and linen and woolen goods. Population, in 1900 (commune), 23,658. CANGE, käNzh, Du. See DU CANGE.

CANGIAGI, kån-jä’jê, or CAMBIASO, kåmbyä'sô, LUIGI. See CAMBIASO, LUCA.

CAN GRANDE DELLA SCALA, kån grän’dá děl'lå skä'là. See SCALA.

CANICATTI, kä'né-kåt'tê. A city in Sicily, 28 miles north of Licata, in a rocky valley 1500 feet above the sea (Map: Italy, H 10). It has a technical school, and the country produces. grain, wine, and fruit, and contains sulphurmines. Population (commune), in 1881, 20,000; in 1901, 24,564.

CANICHANA, kä'nê-chä'nå. A tribe residing upon the Mamoré River, Bolivia, between 13 and 14° south. They were formerly savage and brutal cannibals living in fortified villages, from which they made constant raids upon their more peaceable neighbors. Notwithstanding their savage character they willingly accepted the Jesuit missionaries, and are now gathered into mission villages. Their language has no known affinities.

CANIC'ULA (Lat. canicularis, from caniculus, little dog), CANICULAR DAYS, or DOG-DAYS, CANICULAR YEAR. Canicula was an old name of the constellation Canis Minor (q.v.); it was also used to denote Sirius, or the dog-star, the largest and brightest of all the stars, which is situated in the mouth of Canis Major (q.v.). From the heliacal rising (q.v.) of this star (Sirius) the ancients reckoned their dog-days, or dies caniculares, which were 40 in number20 before and 20 after the rising of the star. The rising of the dog-star was supposed to be

the occasion of the extreme heat and the diseases incidental to these days. It was by mere accident that the rising of the star coincided with the hottest season of the year, in the times and countries of the old astronomers. The time of its rising depends on the latitude of the place, and is later and later every year in all latitudes, owing to precession. In time, the star may rise in the dead of winter. The canicular year was that known among the Egyptians and Ethiopians. It was computed from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next, and consisted ordinarily of 365 days, and every fourth year of 366. This year is sometimes called the heliacal year. The reason for computing the year from the rising of Sirius seems to have been that, at the time, the heliacal rising coincided with the greatest swelling of the Nile.

CAN'IDE (Neo-Lat., from Lat. canis, dog). A family of carnivores, the dog tribe, now usually classified between the hyenas and the bears. Their whole organization fits them to be less exclusively carnivorous than the feline tribe. They have generally three incisors or cutting teeth, with one large canine tooth, and four premolars on each side of the jaw, two true molars on each side in the upper jaw, and three in the lower. The true molars are adapted for crushing either bones or vegetable food. The last premolars in the upper jaw are remarkably large, and particularly adapted for cutting flesh. The legs are comparatively long, the claws are non-retractile, and with one exception (Lycaon), the toes are five in front and four behind. The thumb is small and considerably above the other digits. The muzzle is long, the ears generally erect and pointed, and the tail more or less bushy. A peculiarity of the dogs is their habit of association in packs and of pursuing their prey mainly by scent. In this sense they are extremely keen, they have good eyesight and hearing, and most of them are diurnal. They frequent open uplands, by preference, some climbing trees, and, though mostly good swimmers, they avoid aquatic pursuits. Most of them occupy dens or burrows, often dug by themselves, and sometimes placed in groups. See DOG; FENNEC; Fox; Fox-DOG; JACKAL; HUNTING DOG; WOLF, etc. CANID'IA. The name under which Horace reproaches a former mistress, Gratidia, who proved unfaithful to him. He immortalized her in an ode beginning "Oh, stay, Canidia, spare thy rites of sorcery," in which she is described as a magic-making hag.

CANID'IUS. A lieutenant-general of Antony's army, in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. He surrenders his legions and his services to Cæsar on hearing of the result of the sea-fight at Actium, since "six kings (had) already shown him the way of yielding."

CANINA, kȧ-ne'nå, LUIGI (1795-1856). An Italian architect and archæologist, born in Casale. He was professor of architecture in Turin and superintended the excavation of the Tusculum in 1839, and of the Appian Way in 1848. He wrote many works on ancient architecture and on Etruscan and Roman archæology, among which

are L'architettura antica descritta e dimostrata coi monumenti (1839-46); Antica Etruria marittima (1846-51); and Storia e topografia de Roma antica (1839-48), and published a number of plans and maps of his discoveries.

CANINES, kāʼnīnz, or CANINE TEETH. See TEETH.

CANINI, kå-ně’nê, MARCO ANTONIO (1822-91). An Italian publicist and poet, born in Venice. He was for a time employed in the printing-office of the Gondoliere, upon the Biblioteca Classica, edited by Carrer. Resuming his legal studies in Padua, he became involved in political troubles and fled to Tuscany in 1847, and his subsequent share in the disturbances of 1849 in Venice and Rome forced him to seek safety in Greece and the East. Mente, fantasia e cuore, a volume of poems, appeared in Athens in 1852. For a while he wrote articles for the Rumanian papers, till an attack upon Napoleon III. caused his expulsion from Bucharest. Returning to Italy, he was appointed by Rattazzi secret political agent in the East, and at the same time entered into an understanding with Kossuth to form a league of the countries in the Danubian region. In 1866 he joined the army of Garibaldi and afterwards went to France, but in 1873 returned to Italy. In 1876 he agitated in behalf of the Servians, and accompanied the Russian Army in the RussoTurkish War of 1877-78 as a newspaper correspondent. His works embrace a wide variety of topics, including a novel in verse entitled Giorgio il monaco e Leila (1872); Sonetti (1873); Ödi Saffiche (1879); La questione dell' Epiro (1879); La verità sulla questione degli Israeliti in Rumania (1879); Amore e dolore (1880); and Il libro dell' amore (1886-87), a collection of love poems translated from all the principal languages of Europe. The most interesting portion of his adventurous life is told in an autobiographic volume, Vingt ans d'exil.

CANISIUS, kå-nish'i-us, PETRUS (a Latin translation of his Dutch name, De Hond) (152197). A Jesuit theologian who took a prominent part in the Council of Trent. He was born in Nimeguen, May 8, 1521, and was educated in Cologne and Louvain. He was the first German to join the Jesuit Order (1543); became professor of theology in Ingolstadt, 1549; was preacher to Ferdinand I. in Vienna, and became the first provincial of the Jesuits in Germany (1556). He established colleges of the order in Prague, Freiburg (Switzerland), Augsburg, and Dillingen, and powerfully contributed to the check of the spread of Protestantism which the CounterReformation effected. To this end he drew up, in 1554, in Latin, a catechism which should take the same place as Luther's; it has been very widely used, has passed through more than 400 editions, and has been translated into French, German, and English. He died in Freiburg, Switzerland, December 21, 1597, and was beatified in 1864. For his life, consult: Reiss (Freiburg, 1865); P. Drews (Halle, 1892); J. B. Mehler (Berlin, 1897); L. Michel (Lille, 1898); and A. Kross, Canisius in Oesterreich (Vienna, 1898); also, his Epistulæ et Acta, ed. O. Braunsberger (8 vols., Freiburg, 1896, et seq.).

CA'NIS MA'JOR (Lat., the Greater Dog). A constellation of the Southern Hemisphere, below the feet of Orion. It contains Sirius, the brightest of all the stars, and its place may be found by means of this star, which is on the continuation of the line through the belt of Orion.

CA'NIS MI'NOR (Lat., the Lesser Dog). A constellation of the Southern Hemisphere. It

is near Canis Major and just below Gemini. Procyon, of the first magnitude, is its principal star, and lies in a direct line between Sirius and Pollux, so that the position of the constellation may be found by means of this star.

CANISTER (Lat. canistrum, reed basket, Gk. κávioτpov, kanistron, wicker basket, from kávva, kanna, reed). A form of projectile. For smoothbore guns and for the earlier rifles, canister consisted of a cylindrical tin or sheet-iron case filled with small cast-iron balls half an inch to one inch in diameter. The ends were usually wooden disks over which the tin or iron was crimped and tacked down; the interstices between the balls were either filled with sawdust or like material, or the balls were sunk in holes in soft wooden disks, which were piled one upon the other. There is now a tendency toward supplying canister for the close-range operations of gunboats in rivers, and contracted waters, as well as for field pieces. See ARTILLERY; FIELD ARTILLERY; GUNS, NAVAL; PROJECTILES; SHIRAP NEL; ORDNANCE, etc.

CANITZ, käʼnits, FRIEDRICH RUDOLF LUDWIG, Baron von (1654-99). A Prussian poet and statesman. He was born in Berlin, and belonged to an ancient Brandenburg family. In 1697 he was made councilor of State; in 1698, a baron; and, after serving in various diplomatic missions, was Minister Plenipotentiary to The Hague during the formation of the Grand Alliance (q.v., and see SUCCESSION WARS). His poems, consisting of odes, satires, and elegies, in imitation of Boileau, were published after his death by J. Lange, under the title of Nebenstunden unterschiedener Gedichte (1700, without the author's name; with Canitz's name, 1719). His most popular poem is his elegy written on the death of his wife, Dorothea or Doris von Arnim, who died in 1695. Consult: König, Des Freiherrn von Canitz Gedichte, with a biographical sketch (Leipzig, 1727); selections from his works in the Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17. Jahrhunderts, Vol. XIV. (Leipzig, 1838); Varnhagen von Ense, Biographische Denkmale, Vol. IV. (Berlin, 1824-45); and Lutz, Canitz und sein Verhältnis zu dem französischen Klassicismus (Munich, 1887).

CANKER (Lat. cancer, cancer). A disease affecting the hoof of a horse. An obstinate inflammation of the frog and sole of the foot of the horse may follow an attack of thrush. This malady occurs in two different forms in the acute stage, when the malady is chiefly local; and in the chronic stage, when the constitution suffers, and all local remedies fail to restore a healthy function of the structures of the foot.

Symptoms. It usually commences by discharge from the heels or the cleft of the frog of the horse's foot. The horn becomes soft and disintegrated, the vascular structures beneath become inflamed, and the pain which the animal endures is severe, making it very lame. Though there is no constitutional fever, the horse becomes emaciated and unfit for work. During wet weather, and on damp soil, the symptoms increase in severity. The sore structures bleed on the least touch, and considerable fungous granulations, commonly called proud flesh, form rapidly. Dirt, cold, and wet favor the produc tion of the disease, and there is always a ten

dency to relapse when once an animal has been affected.

Treatment.-Pare away detached portions of horn, and, in mild cases, sprinkle powdered acetate of copper over the sore; apply over this pledgets of tow, fixed over the foot by strips of iron or wood passed between shoe and foot. In severe cases, tar and nitric acid, creosote and turpentine, chloride of zinc paste, and other active caustics have to be used for a time, with the regular employment of pressure on the diseased surface. The animal requires to be treated constitutionally by periodical purgatives and alteratives. Good food, fresh air, and exercise often aid much in the treatment of the disease.

CANKER. A disease of plants, especially fatal to fruit-trees, as well as a number of forest trees, as the larch. It is caused by the fungus Nectria ditissima, and usually begins in the young shoots and branches, and, gradually proceeding toward the trunk, kills the tree in the course of a few years. The attack of the fungus begins most readily in shoots that have been imperfectly ripened and injured by frost, or which have received some accidental wound.

Those

varieties of fruit-trees which have been long propagated by grafting and budding are most liable to it. It is sometimes cured by heading down the tree, and causing it to throw out new branches. A form of canker has recently been found to be the centre from which the bitter rot of apples spreads through the tree and in which the fungus spends the winter. Cutting out the cankers and early spraying with Bordeaux mixture is advised. See Apple Diseases, under APPLE.

CANKER-SORE. A small, yellow, round or linear sore, very tender, and forming a depression on the under side of the tongue or on the inner surface of the lips or cheeks. It is temporary and only local, and may be removed by the application of solid or dissolved silver nitrate, or of pure carbolic acid. It is developed chiefly among children, and is generally caused by digestive derangements.

CANKERWORM.

of either of two moths of the geometrid family A gregarious caterpillar Monocteniidæ. One is on the wing in the autumn and the other in the spring. The moths of the spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata) come forth from the chrysalis in the spring, but a few of them appear in the fall or on warm days of winter. The moths of the autumn cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) emerge during October. Some few may delay coming out until warm days in winter. The moths of both sexes of the autumn cankerworm differ from those of the spring form in the absence of abdominal spines. The autumn form pupates in the ground in well-spun cocoons, while the cells of the spring forms are lined with only a few threads of silk. The body of the caterpillar of the autumn form is marked by six light longitudinal bands, and those of the spring form by eight. The eggs of the autumn form are laid in regular rows or masses, and are truncated in form, while those of the spring brood are ovoid and are laid in irregular bunches. Both forms agree in that the caterpillars feed on the leaves of fruit and shade trees, and descend to the ground to pupate. The female moths of both forms are wingless. The caterpillars are so voracious that