lished a factory in Canton in 1684, when the entire foreign trade of China was confined to that city. From 1684 to 1834 the Chinese trade with Great Britain was a monopoly of the East India Company, while the British trade with China was confined to a few 'hong' merchants, who acted as intermediaries in all matters affecting the Government and aliens. The aversion of the natives to foreigners, coupled with the interference of the Chinese Government with the importation of opium (amounting, in 1837, to 30,000 chests), brought about a declaration of war by Great Britain in 1839. In 1841 the Bogue forts, guarding the approach to Canton, were reduced by the British, and the occupation of the city itself was averted only by the payment of a ransom of $6,087,500. The conclusion of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 had a detrimental effect on the commerce of Canton. Fresh outbreaks on the part of the natives in 1856 were followed by the military occupation of the city by French and British troops from 1857 to 1861, since when Canton has been practically open to foreign trade and residence.

The

The

The commercial relations of the United States with Canton and China date from 1784. exportation of cotton from the United States to Canton began in the last decade of the Eighteenth Century, and the product has since become one of the chief exports from the United States to China. The chief exports from Canton are tea, silk, matting, firecrackers, oils, paper, and preserves. The chief imports are cotton and cotton goods, woolen and metal goods, opium, petroleum, etc. The direct foreign imports and exports of Canton in 1905 were $20,941,000 and $33.358,000 respectively. The total trade in 1904 amounted to approximately $63,360,000. harbor is shallow. Large vessels are obliged to discharge their cargoes at Whampoa, over 10 miles from Canton, from which place they are brought to the city by lighters and steam launches. The annual shipping of Canton amounts nearly to 4,000,000 tons, of which nearly three-fourths is in British bottoms. Canton has steam communication with Hong Kong, Macao, and Shanghai, and practically every commodity brought into Canton from Europe and America passes through Hong Kong. Estimates of the population vary greatly; the one most generally accepted by geographers places it at about 900,000 in 1904.

CAN'TON.

A city in Fulton County, Ill., 28 miles southwest of Peoria, on the Toledo, Peoria and Western, and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads (Map: Illinois, B 3). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural district, and has coal-mining interests, extensive agriculturalimplement works, and cigar-factories, as well as foundries, tile, brick, and marble works, etc. The city has a public library. Settled about 1832, Canton was incorporated first in 1849. Under a charter of 1892, the government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council. There are municipal water-works. Population, 1900, 6564; 1906 (local est.), 9500, which includes recent additions to the city limits.

CANTON. A town, including several villages, in Norfolk County, Mass., 14 miles (direct) southwest of Boston, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). It has a public library of about 11,000 volumes. The manufactures include iron and brass wares,

knit goods, felt goods, blacking, stove-polish, leather-dressing, sizing compounds, etc. Settled about 1690, Canton was set off from Stoughton and incorporated in 1797. The government is administered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 4538; in 1900, 4584; in 1905, 4702. Consult Huntoon, History of the Town of Canton (Cambridge, 1893).

CANTON. A city and county-seat of Madison County, Miss., 23 miles north of Jackson, on the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Mississippi, E 5). It is the centre of a fine fruit and vegetablegrowing section, and has cotton-gins and compresses, cottonseed-oil mills, ice-factory, and manufactures of brick, lumber, etc. Population, in 1890, 2131; in 1900, 3404.

The

CANTON. A town in Lewis County, Mo., 157 miles northwest of Saint Louis, on the Saint Louis, Hannibal, Quincy, and Burlington Railroad (Map: Missouri, E 1). Advantageously situated on the Mississippi River, it is an important lumber-shipping place, and has planing-mills, buttonfactories, canning-works, and flour-mills. town is the seat of Christian University (Christian), organized in 1853. Settled about 1831, Canton was incorporated twenty years later; the charter now governing the town dates from 1873, and provides for a mayor, elected annually, and a board of trustees. The town owns and operates its water-works and electric-light plant. Population, in 1890, 2241; in 1900, 2365.

CANTON. A village and county-seat of Saint Lawrence County, N. Y., 18 miles (direct) southeast of Ogdensburg, on the Grass River, and on the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (Map: New York, E 1). It is the seat of Saint Lawrence University (Universalist), established in 1856, and contains notable county buildings. The village has large sawmills, and is engaged in the building of small boats and launches, skiff's, and sailing yachts. Good waterpower is derived from the river. Canton was settled about 1803, and was incorporated in 1846; it was the home of Gov. Silas Wright, who is also buried here. The village owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 2580; in

1900, 2757; in 1905, 3083.

CANTON. A city and county-seat of Stark County, Ohio, 60 miles by rail south-southeast of Cleveland, on the Nimishillen Creek, and on the Wheeling and Lake Erie, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Ohio, H 4). Among the more prominent features of the city may be noted the United States Government building, city hall, county court-house, county workhouse, high school, Aultman Hospital, Nimisilla Park, and two monuments erected to the soldiers of the Spanish-American War. Canton was first settled about 1805, was incorporated as a village in 1822, and was chartered as a city in 1854. It was the home of President McKinley. Canton is in a fine wheat-growing district, and coal, limestone, and clay for pottery and brick are found in the vicinity. Its manufactures include watch cases and movements, iron bridges, and roofing, threshers, engines, mill machinery, plows, bookcases, steel, steel cars, cutlery, saddlery hardware, stoves, safes, woolens, presses, pottery, tiles, and various kinds of brick; and besides these articles, large amounts of grain and coal are exported. Under a general law of 1902, the executive power is vested in a mayor, presi

isms, it was first applied by the French to the English, and is a corruption of Connaught. Some scholars, however, believe it to be of Indian origin.

CAN'ULE'IUS, GAIUS. A Roman tribune of the people. In B.C. 445 he proposed the Lex Canuleia, a law establishing the right of intermarriage between the patricians and plebeians. He also proposed that one of the two consuls should be chosen annually from among the plebeians, but this proposal was not carried, and it was resolved instead that military tribunes with consular power should be elected from either the patricians or plebeians in place of the consuls. Consult Livy, iv. 3; and Cicero, De Republica,

ii. 37-63.

CANUN, kå-noon' (Arab. qünün, borrowed from Gk. kavúv, kanon, straight bar, rule, norm). A Turkish musical instrument, provided with gut strings-a variety of the dulcimer or zither. The sounds are produced by striking the strings by means of plectra-tortoise-shell thimbles ending in pointed pieces of cocoanut. This instrument is a great favorite in the seraglios.

CANUTE, ka-nut', or CNUT, knoot (c.9941035). King of the English, Danes, and Norwegians, and known as the Great. He was the son of Sweyn, King of the Danes, and on the death of his father, in 1014, was proclaimed King of England by the warriors of the Danish fleet who were then ravaging the country. The Witan, however, summoned the old King, Ethelred, from his exile in Normandy, where he had been driven by Sweyn, and Canute was forced to flee to Denmark. He returned in 1015 with a powerful fleet and within a year made himself master of all England, save London, being chosen King by a rump Witan after the death of Ethelred in 1016. The citizens of London proclaimed Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred, King, and a fierce contest ensued in which six battles were fought and London was twice besieged, the decisive engagement occurring at Assandun in 1016. Though Edmund was defeated, Canute, to avoid further resistance on his part, agreed to share the sovereignty with him, the south of England going to Edmund and the north to Canute, with the stipulation that on the death of either the full power was to revert to the survivor. Edmund Ironside died in 1017, not without the suspicion of foul play on the part of Canute, who lost no time in securing his position as sole ruler of England. He had always been noted for his excessive cruelty, and now, to remove all potential rivals out of his way, he entered upon a rapid but systematic course of murder and persecution. By 1018 he had thoroughly pacified the country and considered himself strong enough to dispense with the support of the fleet, which he sent home to Denmark, keeping only the crews of forty ships as a sort of bodyguard. The character of Canute's rule now underwent a remarkable change. Mildness was substituted for severity, and respect for the laws for violence. The ancient customs of the country were confirmed and elaborated, and the administration of justice was securely founded. Englishmen were admitted to the highest offices in the land, this being the time when the Saxon Earl Godwin (q.v.) laid the beginnings of his great power. Canute showed himself especially kindly to the clergy, whose rights he scrupulously respected

and whose favor he gained by numerous benefactions to churches and monasteries. With the mass of the people he was popular on account of his liberality and an air of bluff good-nature which he knew well how to assume. In 1026-27 he made a pilgrimage to Rome, describing the events of his journey in a letter to his people replete with moral exhortations and expressions of relig ious humility, which may be the result either of great naiveté or of fine histrionic skill. Canute had become King of Denmark after the death of his brother Harold in 1018, and in 1028 he became ruler, also, of Norway. Together with his conquests in the Wendic lands of Germany, he was, therefore, the master of a powerful northern empire, which, however, fell to pieces at his death. This occurred at Shaftesbury, November 12, 1035. As King of England, Canute had dis

played high talents for rule. By nature cruel and violent, he knew how to subordinate his passions to the interests of his government and his people; and, though practically a heathen at the time of his accession to the throne, he succeeded in winning the favor of a Church which has associated one of the most beautiful of mediaval legends, that of the King and the rising tide, with his name. Consult: Freeman, The Norman Conquest, Vol. I. (Oxford, 1870); and Green, The Conquest of England (London, 1883).

He

CANUTE IV., THE SAINT (?-1086). King of Denmark after 1080. He was distinguished as a warrior and a builder of churches. attempted to invade England in 1985, but was murdered by rebels, on July 10, 1086, and was canonized in 1100. He is the patron saint of Denmark.

CANVAS (OF. canevas, Med. Lat. cannerasium, from Lat. cannabis, hemp). A strong, coarse cloth made of cotton, flax, or hemp. Cauvas is used (1) on board ship for sails, awnings, hatch-hoods, boat-covers, tarpaulins, etc. Flax canvas is used for the sails of large vessels. It is woven in cloths 24 inches in width and 40 yards long, and is of several weights, denoted by numbers from 1 to 9. The heaviest, which is called number 1, is used for storm-sails, courses (foresail and mainsail of square-rigged vessels), and topsails, but numbers 2 and 3 are also used for all of these except the stormsails. The lighter weights are used for jibs, upper staysails, topgallantsails, royals, etc. Cotton canvas is used for boat-sails, hammocks, etc. The term canvas is used in a figurative sense for the sails of a ship, under canvas sig nifying under sail-i.e. under way, propelled by sails. See SAIL.

(2) The canvas used by artists is commonly of linen, varying in density and thickness according to the size of the painting to be made. This is stretched upon a wooden mortised frame, which is called a stretcher, in the four inside corners of which are slits for receiving triangular wooden wedges. These wedges are called keys, and after the canvas is stretched they may be driven in, in order to tighten the canvas itself. Certain sizes of canvas, being in greater request than others, are kept ready stretched on frames. Those used for portraits are known by the names of kit-cat, which measures 28 or 29 inches by 36: three-quarters, 25 by 30 inches; half length, 40 by 50; Bishop's half length, 44 or 45 by 56; Bishop's whole length, 58 by 94.

CANVASBACK.

An American fresh-water duck (Aythya vallisneria), regarded as superior to all others for food. It breeds from Dakota northward, but most numerously in the far north, making its nest on the ground, in a marsh, and laying six to ten greenish-buff eggs. (For illustration, see Plate of DUCKS, WILD.) The canvasbacks begin to come southward along inland waterways in November, and spread over all the Middle and Southern United States. They are attracted in greatest numbers to the extensive marshes and river flats about Lakes Huron and Erie and around Chesapeake Bay, but are also irregularly numerous wherever their favorite food grows in the Mississippi Valley and on the 'slews' of the plains. This food is the wild celery (Zostera vallisneria), which grows densely on fresh-water shoals in from 7 to 9 feet of water, like a tall grass, the root

of which is white and has some resemblance to small celery. "Wherever this plant grows in abundance, the canvasbacks may be expected," says Wilson; "while in waters unprovided with this nutritious plant they are altogether unknown. . They float about these shoals, diving and tearing up the grass by the roots, which is the only part they eat." It is not quite true to say that they will eat nothing else, for celery is not always available. They are extremely shy, quick and strong in flight, and remarkably expert in diving, so that all the skill and strategy at the disposal of the gunner is necessary to success in shooting them. They are so relentlessly pursued, however, that their numbers are far less in all their haunts than formerly; and very many of the alleged canvasbacks sent to market are really redheads (q.v.), a closely related and nearly as good duck, of similar habits, but less strongly addicted to the celery diet. The male canvasback has a head reddish, but much obscured with dusky tints, while that of the redhead is clear, bright chestnut, and the bill is blackish (not blue). The back and sides are whitish (less dark than that of the redhead), marked with sparse, wavy lines and dots, suggesting the surface of coarse canvas. The fore part of the body, rump, and tail-coverts are black; speculum, bluish-gray; length, about 20 inches. Consult Elliot, Wild Fowl of North America (New York, 1898). CANZONE, kan-tso'nå (It., from Lat. cantio, song). The name of one of the oldest and most prized forms of the Italian lyric. The word is borrowed from the Provençals, whose cansos or chansós, however, were not restricted to any precise form, but were simply verses intended to be sung. The Italian writers first attempted to regulate the wayward and arbitrary character of the Provençal cansôs, Dante, and subsequently Petrarch, being especially successful. The canzone petrarchesca or toscana was any considerable lyric poem, composed of stanzas exactly corresponding to one another in number of lines, measure, and position of rhymes, which customarily closed with a short stanza. Petrarch has no canzone of more than ten or fewer than five stanzas, though later canzoni contain twenty, forty, and even eighty. The number of lines in each stanza varies in Dante and Petrarch between nine and twenty. About the end of the Sixteenth Century the Italian writers began to deviate from the strict form of the

Petrarchian canzone. Torquato Tasso and Chiabrera are the most notable names in the new movement. The most of the canzoni of the latter-called by their author canzonette-are written in short lines and stanzas, the position of the rhymes being also completely arbitrary.

CAONABO, kä’ô-nå-bō′ ( ? -1496). A Carib Indian who was cacique of Maguana, Hispaniola (Haiti), in 1492. He was married to the famous Anacaona, and in 1493 captured the fortress of La Navidad, Haiti, and massacred the Spaniards left there by Columbus. At the head of 10,000 warriors he headed the general league against the whites in 1494, but was overcome by Columbus at the Vega Real (April 25, 1495), and shortly afterwards was captured by Ojeda. In 1496 he was put on a vessel bound for Spain, but died during the voyage.

CAOUTCHOUC, kooʻchook. See RUBBER.

CAPACITY (Fr. capacité, Lat. capacitas, from capax, capacious, from capere, to hold), LEGAL. The power and competency to incur an obligation or to enjoy a legal right. Sometimes the test of capacity is natural, and at other times artificial. In the case of citizens of full age, the natural test of rationality or intelligence is usually applied. If one has the ability to under

stand the nature and effect of the act in which he is engaged, he is legally capable of doing it. It is in this sense that the phrase testamentary capacity is commonly employed. With respect to the enjoyment of rights, however, the test is more often the artificial one of age, coverture, or marriage, alienage, and the like. Whether a particular person of full age and sound mind may hold an office or exercise its elective franchise, or acquire particular kinds of property, depends upon artificial rules established by law. See AGE; ALIEN; INFANT; MARRIED WOMEN; OFFICER; VOTER.

CAPACITY,

ELECTRIC. See ELECTRICITY, where, under Electrostatics, the subject of Capacity will be found discussed.

CAP À L'AIGLE, kåp å låʼgl'. See MURRAY BAY.

CAPA'NEUS. One of the seven heroes of the

expedition against Thebes. He defied Jupiter and was struck by lightning while in the act of scaling the walls.

CAP-À-PIE, kap'-à-pê (Fr., head to foot). In the military language of the Middle Ages, a term applied to a knight or soldier armed at all points, or from head to foot, with armor for defense and weapons for attack.

CAPA Y ESPADA, kä'på ê ĕs-pä'Dȧ (Sp., cloak and sword), COMEDIAS DE. A name given to the intrigue plays of Calderon and Lope de Vega, which deal with contemporary aristocratic life in Spain, and introduce the 'cloak' and 'sword' as stock articles of the dress of their principal characters.

CAP DE LA HAGUE, de lå håg (Fr., Cape of The Hague). A promontory of France, forming the northwestern extremity of the Peninsula of Cotentin, in the Department of Manche (Map: France, E 2). It juts into the English Channel, opposite the island of Alderney, about 16 miles northwest of Cherbourg. It protects, on the east. the roadstead of La Hogue, or Hougue, whence arises the frequent misnomer of Cape La

CAPE ANN. A cape on the northeast coast and marking the northern limit of Massachusetts Bay, Mass., 31 miles from Boston (Map: Massachusetts, F 2). The cape is marked by two fixed white lights on Thatcher Island, about 900 feet apart, in latitude 42° 38' N., and longitude 70° 34′ W., 1614 and 1652 feet above mean high water, and visible for 19 nautical miles; there is also a ten-inch steam fog-whistle. There are valuable stone-quarries at the cape. whole rocky peninsula, generally included under this name, projects about 10 miles into the Atlantic Ocean. The south and east shores have many

attractive summer resorts.

The

CAPE AR'AGO, or GREGORY. A cape on the west coast of Coos County, Ore., on the south side of the outer entrance to Coos Bay (Map: Oregon, A 3). A lighthouse with light 84 feet above sea-level is in latitude 43° 20' N. and longitude 124° 22′ W., on a small island 21% miles north and 1⁄2 mile east of the western extremity of the cape. The light is fixed white, with white flash every two minutes.

CAPE BAB-EL-MANDEB, bäb'el-mün'děb.

See BAB-EL-MANDEB.

CAPE BAR'ROW, or POINT BARROW (named after Sir John Barrow). The northernmost point of Alaska on the Arctic Coast: latitude 71° 23′ N., longitude 156° 40′ W. (Map: Alas.ka, D 1). It is a whaling station. In 188183 the United States Signal Service stationed at Point Barrow a party of scientists, to take part in the series of international circumpolar observations instituted during 1882-83.

A

CAPE BLANCO, blän'ko (Sp., white). name applied to several capes on the northern and western coasts of Africa. The most remarkable of them is the one on the western coast of Sahara, in latitude 20° 45′ N. and longitude 17° W., near the boundary between the Spanish and French possessions on the western coast of Africa, which shelters the Galgo or Levrier Bay. its name is derived from the white color of the sand. A second Cape Blanco is the northernmost point of Africa, in latitude 37° 20′ N. and longitude 9° 50' E. A third Cape Blanco is on the west coast of Morocco, in latitude 33° 10' N. and longitude 8° 30′ W. The same name is also applied to a number of headlands in other parts of the world.

CAPE BLANCO. The westernmost point of Oregon on the Pacific Coast, in latitude 42° 50′ N. and longitude 124° 27′ W., at the mouth of the Sixes River, and 30 miles north of the mouth of the Rogue River (Map: Oregon, A 7). There is a lighthouse with fixed white lights, 252 feet above sea-level, on the extreme western point of the cape.

CAPE BOEO, bô-a'ô, or LILIBEO (possibly clipped from Lilybaum). The westernmost point of Sicily, a mile from Marsala, which occupies the site of the ancient Lilybæum (Map: Italy, G 10). CAPE BRET'ON. A cape at the eastern extremity of Cape Breton Island, in about latitude 45° 50' N. and longitude 59° 46′ W. (Map: Nova Scotia, J 4). It is at the entrance to Louis

bourg Harbor, and has a lighthouse. It is the terminus of the submarine telegraph cable to Saint Pierre.

A rocky island

CAPE BRETON ISLAND. of irregular form in British North America, 100 miles long by 85 miles broad, between latitudes 45° and 47° N., and between longitudes 60° and 61° 30′ W. (Map: Nova Scotia, H 3). It derives its name from a cape at its eastern extremity. It is separated from the peninsula of Nova Scotia by Chebucto or Chedabucto Bay and the Gut of Canso, and is practically divided in two by the land-locked Bras d'Or Lakes and the It contains canal of Saint Peter's Isthmus. 3120 square miles. Its picturesque scenery and bracing summer climate attract an annually increasing number of tourists. The principal exports are pine, oak, birch, maple, fish, iron, and coal. Though the island produces maize and other grains, it depends for its breadstuff's chiefly on the United States. It is divided into the four districts of Cape Breton, Inverness, VicThe towns are Sydney, toria, and Richmond. Arichat, and Port Hood, the once famous Louisbourg, stripped of its fortifications, having bemere village. Cape Breton, originally a French possession, was taken by the English in 1745; but being subsequently restored to France, it was again captured in 1758 and ceded to England in 1763. After having been for a time a distinct colony, it now forms part of the Province of Nova Scotia. Population, in 1891, 86,850; in 1901, 97,200. With the exception of some 600 Micmac Indians and 15,000 French Acadians, the inhabitants are of Scotch Highland descent. See: R. Brown, History of the Island of Cape Breton (London, 1869), and Coal Fields of Cape Breton (London, 1871); Sir J. G. Bourinot, Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island of Cape Breton (Montreal, 1892).

come a

CAPE CANAV'ERAL. A cape near the middle of the Atlantic coast of Florida, in latitude 28° 28' N. and longitude 80° 33′ W., and about 20 miles southeast of Titusville (Map: Florida, II 3). The United States Government maintains on the cape a coast signal station and a lighthouse with light 137 feet above sea-level.

CAPE CATOCHE, kå-to'châ. The northeastern extremity of the Mexican State of Yucatan, situated in latitude 21° 35′ N. and longitude 87° 8′ W. (Map: Mexico, P 7). It was here that in 1517 the Spaniards first saw the Mexican coast.

CAPE CHARLES. The point of land at the northeast side of the entrance of Chesapeake Bay, Va., near latitude 37° 3′ N. and longitude 76 W. (Map: Virginia, H 4). On Smith Island is a first-order flashing white light, signaling "45" every minute, 180 feet above mean high water. This cape is the extreme southern projection of the "Eastern Shore" (q.v.).

CAPE CLEAR. A headland of Clear Island,

County Cork, the southernmost point of Ireland (Map: Ireland, B 5). It rises 400 feet above the sea, has a lighthouse with a bright revolving light 455 feet above the water-level, and is usually the first land seen from American steamers approaching England. The Fastnett Rock, with a light 148 feet above high water, is 31⁄2 miles to the southwest.

CAPE COAST CASTLE. A strongly fortified seaport and formerly the capital of the