give expression to the ever-changing, fleeting moods in which he composed the capriccio.

CAPRICORʼNUS (Lat., goat-horned, from caper, goat + cornu, horn). The Goat, a southern constellation, and the tenth sign of the zodiac (q.v.), denoted by the sign v, representing the crooked horns of a goat. It is usually represented on the globe as having the fore part of a goat, but the hinder part of a fish. It is one of the least striking of the zodiacal constellations. It was, however, celebrated among the ancients, who regarded it as the harbinger of good fortune, and as marking the southern tropic or winter solstice, wherefore they called it the 'Southern Gate of the Sun.' It contains no large stars, the two largest, which are situated in the horns, being only of the third magni

tude. See TROPICS.

CAP'RIFICATION (Lat. caprificatio, from caprificare, to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, from caper, goat + ficus, fig). A method which has long been employed in the Orient for securing and hastening the maturation of figs, and which consists in suspending fruit-bearing branches of the wild fig or caprifig above or beside those of the cultivated tree. A small hymenopterous gnat (Blastophaga grossorum) crawls from the caprifig into the Smyrna fig of commerce, and, being covered with the pollen of the wild fig, fertilizes therewith the cultivated fig. If pollen is not introduced, the figs fail to develop, and finally fall to the ground. When pollenized, the seeds develop and the fruits grow to their proper size and mature. The fig-insects were introduced into California in 1899, with the result that sixty-five tons of Smyrna figs of excellent flavor, were harvested in 1903. See FIG.

CAP'RIFOLIA CEÆ (Neo-Lat., Med Lat. Caprifolium, from Lat. caper, goat + folium, leaf). An order of dicotyledonous plants, consisting of shrubs and herbs which have opposite leaves without stipules, and flowers disposed in corymbs, in heads, or in whorls. The calyx is four to five cleft; the corolla, tubular or wheelshaped, sometimes irregular. The stamens are inserted on the corolla at its base, and alternate with its lobes. The ovary is free, one to five celled. The fruit is generally a berry, sometimes dry, but not splitting open when ripe. The order is very nearly related to Rubiacea, differing chiefly in the want of stipules. More than two hundred species are known, chiefly natives of the temperate and colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere. To this order belong the honeysuckle, elder, viburnum, and snowberry (qq.v.), the chief genera being Lonicera, Sambucus, Viburnum, Symphoricarpus, Linnæa, Diervilla, etc.

CAP'RIMUL'GIDE (Neo-Lat., from Lat. caper, goat + mulgere, to milk). A family of birds, including the whippoorwills, nightjars, etc. The family is usually called 'goatsuckers,' but the name 'nightjar' is better. See NIGHTJAR. CAPRI'VI, GEORG LEO, Count von (1831-99). The second Chancellor of the German Empire. He was born February 24, 1831, at Charlottenburg, studied in Berlin, and in 1849 volunteered in the Kaiser Franz Grenadiers. During the campaign in Bohemia in 1866 he was made a major and a member of the general staff of the First Army

VOL. IV.-13.

Corps. He distinguished himself during the Fran co-Prussian War, and as chief of staff of the Tenth Army Corps served with distinction at Metz and Orléans and in the Loire campaigns. His advance in rank and in responsible commands was rapid. In 1882 he was appointed commander of the Thirtieth Infantry Division at Metz; in March, 1883, he was selected by Bismarck to succeed Admiral Stosch as Chief of the Admiralty, greatly to the dissatisfaction of the officers of the He justified the judgment of the great Chancellor, however, by his mastery of the details of the department and his successful reorganization of the navy upon its present basis. He gave much attention to the perfection of torpedoes and torpedo-boats, and arranged a plan for the more rapid mobilization of the war

navy.

vessels. In 1888 he resigned, and was made commander of the Tenth Army Corps, stationed in Hanover. He received the Order of the Black Eagle, and in March, 1890, succeeded Bismarck as Chancellor of the Empire and president of the Prussian Ministry. He was made a count in 1891. Succeeding, as he did, the most powerful statesman in Europe at the beginning of the reign of restless William II., Count Caprivi's position as Chancellor was one of many trials and great difficulty. Nevertheless, he showed himself an able and faithful administrator. He carried the bill for an increase in the army through the Imperial Reichstag; initiated a policy of reciprocity, through treaties with Austria-Hungary, Italy, Belgium, and Russia, in spite of the narrow opposition of the Prussian landowners; and maintained a moderate policy with reference to the growing Socialist Party. In July, 1890, he arranged with Lord Salisbury, representing England, the so-called Anglo-German partition of East Africa. (See GERMANY.) He resigned the presidency of the Council in 1892, and the Chancellorship in 1894. Caprivi was, like Bismarck, a man of great physical strength and possessed considerable mental power, with a great capacity for work. He died on his estate, Skyren, in Brandenburg, February 6, 1899.

CAPRO IC, CAPRYL'IC, and CAP'RIC ACIDS. Acids represented respectively by the formulæ CH1202, C,H1O2, and C.H2O2, and members of the acetic or fatty acid series. They are found in butter and in other fats. They derive their names from capra, a goat, in consequence of their more or less resembling in smell the odor of that animal. They may be obtained, along with butyric acid, another member of the fatty-acid series, by boiling (saponifying) butter with caustic potash.

CA'PRON, ALLYN (1846-98). An American soldier, born in Tampa, Fla. He graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1867, and rose to be captain of artillery in 1888. During the Sioux campaign of 1890 he served with distinction, and in 1898 during the SpanishAmerican War participated in the invasion of Cuba. On July 1 he opened the battle of El Caney by firing, as commander of Battery E, First Artillery, upon the stone fortifications which lined the ridge. He died of typhoid fever contracted during the campaign.

CAPS and HATS (Swed. Mössorna och Hattarne). Names of political parties in Sweden in the early part of the Eighteenth Century. The Caps were in favor of stripping the monarch

of all semblance of authority; the Hats wished the King to retain some measure of power. In foreign affairs the Caps were friendly to Russia, while the Hats favored a French alliance. The Hats were the aristocrats, the Caps constituted the popular party.

CAP/SICUM () (Neo-Lat., from Lat. capsa, box, from capere, to hold). A genus of plants of the natural order Solanaceæ, having a wheelshaped corolla, projecting and converging stamens, and a dry berry. The species are all of a shrubby, bushy appearance, and have more or less woody stems, although they are annual or biennial plants. About ninety species have been named. They are natives of tropical America, have simple leaves and rather inconspicuous flowers, and some of them are in very general cultivation in tropical and sub-tropical countries for their fruit, which is extremely pungent and stimulant, and is employed in sauces, mixed pickles, medicine, etc., often under its Mexican name of chiles. The fruits of different species differ in form, being round, oval, conical, heartshaped, etc.; they vary from half an inch to 4 inches in length, and are sometimes of a bright red, sometimes of a yellow color. In all, the dry berry has an inflated appearance, and contains numerous whitish, flattened seeds, which are even more pungent than the leathery epidermis or the spongy pulp. Cayenne pepper consists of the ground seeds and pods. Capsicum annuum, sometimes called common capsicum or chilli-pepper, is perhaps, the most common species in cultivation. Capsicum frutescens, sometimes called goat-pepper, and Capsicum baccatum, sometimes called bird-pepper, have great pungency, and the former is generally described as the true Cayenne pepper. Capsicum cerasiforme, with a small, cherry-like fruit, and therefore called cherrypepper, and Capsicum grossum, with a large, oblong, or ovate fruit, known as bell-pepper, are frequently cultivated. The fruit is used either ripe or unripe, except for making Cayenne pepper, for which dried ripe fruit is employed. See

PEPPER.

CAPSTAN (Fr. cabestan, Sp. cabestrante, probably from Lat. capistrare, to tie with a halter, from capistrum, halter, from capere, to hold). A machine used on shipboard for handling the anchor and other heavy weights. It was formerly made of wood, with iron fittings, but is now generally of iron. It consists of the barrel, drum-head, wildcat, pawlhead, and spindle. The axis of the capstan is vertical, and is formed of an iron or steel spindle. The barrel is not cylindrical, but is smaller at the centre, toward which the upper and lower ends curve. This curve causes a rope which is wound round the barrel to slip toward the centre as it is pulled in by the capstan in turning. To increase the friction around the barrel, ridges, called whelps, extend up and down its surface. Around the circumference of the drum-head are square holes extending in toward the centre to a depth of several inches, forming sockets for inserting the capstan-bars, which stand out when in place like the spokes of a wheel. The bars have scores or grooves in the outer ends, through which is passed a small rope called the swifter, that serves to keep the bars in place. A capstan-bar of ordinary size is sufficiently long to permit three or four men

to push against it in heaving. The wildcat is a deep groove between the lip on the lower end of the barrel and the pawl-head, and is designed to grip the chain which rests in it for about half the circumference. To prevent the chain from slipping, there are, on the upper and lower sides of the groove, ridges or whelps extending radially, and growing thicker and higher as they approach the axis. These whelps catch between the links of the chain that stand vertically, and so prevent the latter from slipping. On the circumference of the pawl-head are pivoted the pawls, which are short bars of iron working in a pawl-rack in the capstan-bed, which is bolted to the deck. To walk back the capstan, or reverse the motion, it is necessary to lift these

The

pawls and throw them over, so that they will act only in the opposite direction. Wooden capstans, of very similar form to those now used, but without the wildcat, were devised by Sir Thomas Moreland in 1661. In the days of rope anchor-cables they were hauled in by means of a messenger, as the cable itself was too large to be worked around the capstan-barrel. messenger was a smaller rope, which was gripped to the cable by rope nippers. It led to the barrel of the capstan and back again to near the hawse-pipe. The nippers were taken off one by one as they approached the capstan, and others put on farther forward. After the introduction of chain cables, messengers continued to be used until the invention of the wildcat enabled the chain to be brought directly to the capstan. In steamers, capstans are now generally worked by steam power; but they are rapidly being displaced by steam windlasses, which resemble two capstans placed base to base, with the axes hori

zontal. See ANCHOR.

CAPSULE (Fr., from Lat. capsula, little box, capsa, box, from capere, to hold). A dry, dehiscent fruit, made up of more than one carpel. Sometimes it contains but a single chamber; in other cases there are as many chambers as there

are carpels. The methods of dehiscence are numerous, but quite uniform within a plant group. Capsules are often called 'pods,' a more inclusive term. The term is also sometimes applied in a general way to spore-cases. See FRUIT.

CAPSULE. A term in medicine for a thin membranous covering, casing, or envelope, like a pouch or bag, containing some part or organ. The capsule of the kidney is a smooth, fibrous membrane closely investing the kidney and forming its outer coat. The capsule of the lens of the eye is a transparent, elastic, brittle, and structureless membrane. The word is also extensively used for a small gelatinous case or envelope in which medicines are inclosed before administration, to prevent the patient's tasting an unpleasant drug, or for convenience of carrying, as well as to secure a more soluble coating than that of many pills.

CAPTAIN (OF. capitain, Med. Lat. capitaneus, from Lat. caput, head, chief). A title found in almost every language to denote a chief of a small number of men. In the United States Army, a captain ranks next above a first lieutenant and below a major, and commands a company, troop, or battery. A captain present for duty with his command is responsible for its discipline and efficiency. He is accountable for the public property that constitutes its equipment; for the proper performance of duties connected with the subsistence, pay, and clothing of its members; and for the correct keeping and rendition of all company accounts, reports, and returns. The captain recommends the non-commissioned officers of the company, who are appointed by the colonel, and from the sergeants he selects the first sergeant. In camp or barracks the captain maintains a careful supervision over the cooking and messing of his men, and is responsible for the camp and garrison equipage, and the arms and the clothing of his company. See ARMY ORGANIZATION; and RANK AND COMMAND.

A captain in the navy is the commanding officer of a man-of-war, and in most navies this title is given to officers next in rank to rearadmirals. Its origin as a naval title is disputed, but it seems to have come into use about the time that war-vessels took on their present character by combining the navigating with the fighting force; previous to this the master (which is still the proper designation of the commander of a merchant ship) had charge of the navigation, in which he had sailors to assist him; while the fighting was done by soldiers put on board for the purpose and commanded by a military officer. In the British Navy the rank was first clearly defined in 1747, and those captains who commanded post-ships (i.e. rated ships), it of three years' standing, took rank with colonels of the army, and they appeared as post-captains in the royal navy list until 1824. Before and since this latter date, in the British Navy and in that of the United States, the name post-captain was used to distinguish commanding officers of frigates and larger ships from

commanders and master-commanders who were called captain by courtesy. Until 1862 the rank of captain was the highest in the United States Navy (see ADMIRAL), but captains who had commanded squadrons were addressed by the courtesy title of commodore. According to the

order of the President of June 7, 1901, captains may be ordered to command a division of ships, a vessel of the first rate, or second rate, or one not rated. The number of captains on the active list of the United States Navy is, by law, seventy, but this number is exclusive of those who may have been promoted one or more numbers for service during the war with Spain. They rank with colonels of the army and receive the same pay while at sea ($3500, with an addition of 10 per cent. for each five years of service until the maximum of $4500 is reached), but while on shore duty receive 15 per cent. less.

CAPTAIN, THE. A play by Fletcher, assisted by either Jonson or Middleton, or both, published in folio in 1647. Its earliest recorded production is May 20, 1613, when Hemings's company appeared in it at Court. It contains the dainty lyric "Come hither, ye that love."

CAPUA, kăp'û-å, It. pron. käʼpõõ-å. An archiepiscopal city of south Italy, in the Province of Caserta, in a fertile but unhealthful situation on the left bank of the Volturno, 18 miles north of Naples (Map: Italy, J 6). As the only fortress guarding Naples on the north, it was of great importance to the former Kingdom of Naples. In the Seventeenth Century its defenses were greatly extended and improved by Vauban. The cathedral, dating from the Eleventh Century, but almost entirely modernized, has in the entrance court granite columns from ancient Casilinum, on whose site Capua was built, in the Ninth Century; in the Church of the Annunziata are ancient bas-reliefs; and beneath the arch of the Piazza de' Giudici-the marketplace-are many ancient inscriptions. The Museo Campano contains reliefs and inscriptions from the amphitheatre of ancient Capua, ancient and medieval sarcophagi, and various statues, heads, coins, etc. On the bridge over the Volturno-restored in 1756-is a statue of Saint Nepomuc; the Torre Mignana inside, and the Cappella de' Morti outside the town, commemorate the bloody attack on Capua in 1501 by Cæsar Borgia. Not far from the city is the field where the soldiers of Garibaldi and of Piedmont defeated King Francis II. of Naples, October 1, 1860. For ancient Capua, see SANTA MARIA CAPUA VETERE. Population, in 1881, 14,000; in 1901, 14,285.

CAPUANA, kå-pwä'nå, LUIGI (1839-). An Italian critic, novelist, and dramatic writer. Together with Giovanni Verga, he has long stood at the head of the small group of Italian realists, or verists, as they choose to style themselves. He was born at Mineo, May 27, 1839, chose journalism as a profession, and became dramatic critic of the Florence Nazione. He first attracted attention by publishing a volume of his theatrical criticisms, Il teatro italiano contemporaneo (1865), vigorously attacking many mediocre but highly successful plays of that period. In 1877 he went to Milan and joined the staff of the Corriere della Sera. Two years later Giacinta, his most important novel, appeared, followed by a long series of volumes, which include Homo (1883); Fumando (1889); Profumo (1890); Le Palsane (1894); Il Decameroncino (1901); Coscienze (1905); Re Bracalone (1906). He also published several volumes of literary criticism. In 1902 he became professor of literature at the University of Catania. See a chapter by Rod in Giacomo Leopardi (Paris, 1888).

CAPUCHIN, kǎp'û-shēn' or kap'ů-chin, THE. A comedy by Samuel Foote, produced at the Haymarket, August 17, 1776, and published in octavo 1778. It is a modification of the same author's Trip to Calais, and is aimed at a creature of the Duchess of Kingston. (See VIPER, DR.;_also KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF.) Foote played the part of O'Donovan in it. Its performance was stopped by the public censor, but the attack was continued in The Bankrupt.

CAPUCHIN (kāp'ů-shēn') MONKEY (It. cappuccino, Franciscan friar, because of the cowl-like black spot on the head). Any sapajou of the genus Cebus, but more specifically the 'weeper' (Cebus capucinus), one of the common species in northern Brazil, and often kept in captivity. See SAPAJOU, and Plate of AMERICAN MONKEYS, under MONKEY.

CAPUCHINS (Fr. capucin, Sp. capuchino, from It. cappuccio, cowl, Med. Lat. caputium, capitium, from caput, head). A branch of the Franciscan Order of friars, whose rule is essentially the same as that of the Friars Minor, or Minorites. They were founded at Montefalco, in Umbria, by Matteo di Bassi, an Observantine Franciscan, who in 1525 left his monastery in order to live the stricter life of a hermit. This he was permitted to do by Pope Clement VII. in 1526. Being imprisoned at Ancona for his alleged disobedience to monastic order, he was released through the influence of the Duchess of Camerino, niece of the Pope, and he and his companions, in 1528, were allowed to wear beards and peculiar, long-pointed hoods (hence the name), to impart their habit to any one who might be willing to join them, to live as hermits in wild and desolate places, to go barefoot,

and to call themselves the "Hermit Friars Minor." They grew rapidly, and had great success in making converts. After the Jesuits, no order has attracted to itself so many men of the

highest birth as this, in which poverty is pushed to its utmost extreme. They have always paid much attention to learning, and have produced a number of considerable theologians. Five have been canonized and six beatified. The order reached its greatest development in the Eighteenth Century; in 1775 it had sixty-four provinces with 31,000 members, a number which has never since been reached. They are most numerous in Austria, but have twenty-two apostolic mission districts in all parts of the world. In the United States they have two provinces, one with its chief house in Detroit, Mich., and fifty-six fathers, and the other centred in Pittsburg, Pa., with forty-eight fathers. To Protestants, the best known Capuchins are Bernardino Ochino, who was converted to Protestantism in 1542, and Father Theobald Mathew, the famous Irish apostle of total abstinence. There are also Capuchin nuns, founded in Naples, 1538, who are properly a branch of the Clares (q.v.), insisting strongly on poverty, and following as far as possible the Capuchin constitution. Consult Bullarium Capucinum (7 vols., Rome, 174052), brought up to date in three supplementary volumes (Innsbruck, 1883-84).

CAP'ULETS and MONTAGUES. The Eng lish forms of the names of the Cappelletti and Montecchi, two noble families of Verona, chiefly memorable from their connection with the legend on which Shakespeare founded Romeo and Juliet.

They are mentioned by Dante (Purgatorio, vi. 106) in connection with Albert of Hapsburg, King of the Romans, who was murdered in 1308. This event has supplied the Veronese with a date for their legend. Implicitly believing the story, they point out the house of Juliet's parents and her tomb. The legend is undoubtedly Eastern in origin, having analogues in the stories of Pyramus and Thisbe, Hero and Leander, and Abrocomas and Anthia (as related in the Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus, a writer of the Second Century A.D.). The incident of the sleeping potion was, moreover, quite common in late Greek romance. So far as is known, the essentials of the story reached Italy late in the Fifteenth Century, appearing in a short novel by Massuccio of Salerno, first published in 1476. We come more closely to the outline of Shakespeare's play in the novel La Giulietta, by Luigi da Porto, printed in 1535, after the death of the author. He states, in an epistle prefixed to the work, that the story was told him "by one Peregrino, a man fifty years of age, much experienced in the art of war, a pleasant companion, and, like almost all the Veronese, a great talker." Da Porto, then, was the first to claim that the This was a common story was based on fact. make-believe of the Sixteenth Century story-tellIn 1554 Bandello published in his collection of tales another Italian version of the legend. It was entitled The Unfortunate Death of Two Unhappy Lovers-One by Poison and the Other of Grief. Both writers fix the date of the event by saying it took place when Bartolommeo della Scala ruled Verona (1301-04). A French version of the tale was published by Pierre Borsteau translated into English in 1567, and published in in his Histoires tragiques (1559). It was Painter's Palace of Pleasure. Five years before, Arthur Brooke published an English poem on the same subject, entitled The Tragical History of Bandell, and now in English. Shakespeare seems Romeus and Juliet, written first in Italian by to have founded his tragedy on Brooke's poem,

ers.

with some use of Painter's version. Yet there is some evidence that the story had been dramatized before the appearance of Shakespeare's play. In that case, Shakespeare probably made use of his predecessor. It was Brooke who first called the Montecchi 'Montagues,' and the Prince of Verona 'Escalus,' instead of Scala. Wright and example of Shakespeare, and rendered the ItalCary, in translating Dante, have followed the ian names of the Divina Commedia into the familiar "Capulets and Montagues" of Romeo and Juliet. The historical date of the tragedy has not, however, been adopted by modern stage managers, who very properly bring down the action from the beginning to the close of the Fourteenth Century, when commercial opulence and the revival of arts and letters supply acthe ruder age to which history must assign the cessories more in keeping with the drama than 'civil broils,' and the fall of the Capulets and the Montagues. Consult: Daniel, “Originals and Analogues of Romeo and Juliet," in New Shake

speare Society Publications (London, 1875); or H. H. Furness (Philadelphia, 1871). the Variorum edition of Romeo and Juliet, by

CAPULETTI ED I MONTECCHI, kä'poolet'tê âd ê môn-těk ́kê (It., Capulets and Montagues). An opera by Bellini, produced in 1830,

in Venice, founded on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

CAPUS, kȧ'pus', ALFRED VINCENT (1858-). A French writer and dramatist born at Aix. He devoted himself to literature, and after 1882 be

came known as a writer of contemporary satires marked by fancy and mordant wit. He published the novels Qui perd gagne (1890), Faux départ (1891), Monsieur veut rire (1893) and others, but found his proper sphere on the stage. His plays include Brignol et sa fille (1895); Rosine (1897); La Veine (1901); Les deux écoles (1902); La chatelaine (1902); L'adversaire (1903); Notre

jeunesse (1904); L'attentat, with Descaves (1906). CA'PUT MOR'TUUM (Lat., dead head). In historical research a term which denotes the residuum of a traditional narrative after all the supernatural or extraordinary incidents have been cast aside. What remains may be possible or likely, but rests on no evidence. In chemistry the term was formerly used of the residuum of chemicals after the volatile substances had escaped. It is still used metaphorically for a thing or institution which has been really destroyed, though the form is left, the essential and valuable elements having been removed.

CAPYBARA, kä'pê-bä'rå (Sp., Portug., from the native name), or CARPINCHO. A large South American aquatic rodent (Hydrochorus capitara) of the family Caviide. It is about four feet long and weighs nearly 100 pounds, thus making it the largest known rodent. It resembles a gigantic rough-coated guinea-pig, having a heavy flat head, with small eyes and ears, and a blunt muzzle. The short, stout legs have hoof-like claws on the feet; the tail is very short, and the brown hair is scant and bristly. The capybara feeds exclusively on vegetable food. It is easily tamed, and regarded as stupid. The flesh, except that of old males, is good. The capybara is known throughout Spanish South America as "carpincho," but is called in British Guiana "water-hog," and "waterhorse," a corruption of the Dutch waterhaas, i.e., water-hare. Consult Proceedings of Zoological Society of London (1894). See Plate of CAVIES, etc. CARABALLOS (kä'rå-bäl'yōs) MOUNTAINS. The chief mountain system of Luzon, Philippine Islands. It consists of three ranges: the Caraballos Occidentales, which divides into the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central; the Sierra Madre or Cordillera Oriental; and the Caraballos Sur. They are of volcanic origin. Mayón or Albay (8274 feet) and Bulusan (5100 feet) are the highest voleanoes.

CARABAO, kä'rå-bä'ô. The domestic buffalo of the Philippines. See BUFFALO, and TAMARAO. CAR'ABAS, Fr. pron. kå'råʼbå', MARQUIS OF. The fortunate but not wholly obedient master of "Puss in Boots," in Perrault's fairy-tale of the latter name. The name has also been used by Disraeli, in Vivian Grey.

CARAB'IDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Kápaẞos, karabos, horned beetle). One of the largest family of Coleoptera. See GROUND

from 211 to 217. His real name was Bassianus. He was the son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, and was born at Lugdunum (Lyons), April 4, A.D. 188. His father playfully nicknamed him Caracalla, because he was found of wearing a long, hooded mantle, so called in the Gallic lanIn 193 his father became Emperor, and age. three years later, on the overthrow of Albinus, the last of the rivals to the throne, Caracalla was declared Cæsar, or heir presumptive. In 197 he was made pontifex and co-Emperor in 198, at the age of ten years, taking the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. At this early pereckless and brutal nature which characterized riod of his life Caracalla showed no signs of that his later years. He married Plantilla, daughter of the pretorian prefect Plantinus, in 202, and during the rest of his father's reign Caracalla accompanied him on his expeditions, notably to Britain, where Severus died at Eboracum (York) in 211. Caracalla now returned to Rome and associated his younger brother, Geta, in the government; but, unable to endure an equal, he killed Geta in the very arms of their mother on February 27, 212, and ordered his name to be erased from all public monuments. Caracalla now vented his mad rage on all the friends and adherents of his brother by a wholesale butchery, in which the great jurist Papinianus perished. At the same time he ordered the death of his wife, the Empress Plantilla. The rest of his reign as sole Emperor was occupied largely with military campaigns on the frontiers, and in the farther East. He was killed on the road to Carrhæ, in Mesopotamia, April 8, A.D. 217, at the instigation of Macrinus, the prefect, who succeeded to the throne. The great Baths of Caracalla-Thermæ Antoniniana-in Rome, were built during his reign.

CARACALLA, BATHS OF, or THERMÆ ANTONINIANÆ. Celebrated baths at Rome, of which impressive ruins remain. They were built about A.D. 212, partly on the remains of former buildings disclosed by recent excavations, and were completed by Heliogabalus and Severus. The group of buildings consisted of a central structure, containing immense halls, surrounded by gardens and enclosed by a square formed by smaller buildings, the whole covering an area of more than 129,600 square yards. Water for the baths proper was supplied by the Marcian aqueduct. The recovery of many celebrated statues shows how lavishly the baths were adorned.

CARACALU, kä'rå-kä'loo. The capital of the District of Romanati, Rumania, 30 miles southeast of Krajova. It has some fine public buildings and a domestic trade. Population, in 1899, 12,035.

CARACARA, kä'rå-kä'rå (imitation of its harsh cry). The Brazilian name of certain large, vulture-like hawks of South and Central America, which have very long, naked legs, the head somewhat crested, and the cheeks bristly, the plumage chiefly black and white, and handthe somely arranged. They walk about on ground, feeding on carrion, and where food is abundant gather into vast flocks. Of much service as scavengers, in the cattle-herding regions of South America they have increased greatly and developed many interesting traits. They erect in trees or on cliffs bulky nests of sticks and leaves, and lay only two eggs, heavily blotched and spotted. They constitute a sub