family of the Falconidae, which contains six genera, of which the most important are Polyborus and Ibyeter. The former has three species, one of which, the carancho, is the common 'carrion-hawk' of Argentina and Brazil, while that now most commonly called 'caracara' is Caracara cheriway, which ranges from Ecuador to the southern border of the United States. Their names (compare CHIMANGO) are imitative of their hoarse cries. Consult: Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, Vol. II. (London, 1889); and Darwin, A Naturalist's Voyage (London, 1860).

CARACAS, ká-rä'kås. The capital of Venezuela and an episcopal city, situated 6 miles south of La Guayra, its port, in latitude 10° 31' N. and longitude 67° 5' W. (Map: Venezuela, D 1). The city lies in a fertile valley, 3000 feet above sea-level, and enjoys a mild climate. Its streets are broad and straight, crossing each other at right angles, and its principal square, the Plaza Bolívar, with an equestrian statue of Bolívar in the centre, is surrounded by the Government buildings, the university, the cathedral, and the episcopal palace. Other notable buildings are the national museum and the public library. Besides the university, there are numerous educational institutions, such as the medical school and the military school. There are also several learned societies, and associations for the promotion of agriculture and industry. Caracas does little manufacturing, but is the centre of the export trade of the district, which produces cacao, coffee, tobacco, etc. The city is the seat of a United States consular agent. Population, in 1899, 82,429. Caracas was founded in 1567 as Santiago de Leon de Carácas, and prospered greatly because of its favorable situation. It was twice destroyed, in 1595 and in 1766, but continued to grow, and played an important part in the war of independence against Spain. The great earthquake of 1812 killed 12,000 persons and laid half the city in ruins. The last serious shock occurred in 1900.

FRANCESCO

Queen of the Brigantes, to whom he had fled for refuge. Caractacus was sent to Rome, where he had to remain until his death. Tacitus in the Annales, Book vii. Chapter 37, places an eloquent and dignified speech in the mouth of Caractacus when he stood in bonds before the Emperor.

CARAC TACUS. (1) A play, "written on the model of the ancient Greek tragedy" by William Mason, published in 1759, in quarto. It was done into Greek by George Henry Glasse in 1781. In 1805 it was republished in the octavo collection of the author's works. The London Quarterly Review (xv. 376-387) designated it as "a beautiful dramatic poem, with much fancy, some tinsel, great classical taste, and an entire unfitness for representation."

(2) A tragedy of J. R. Planché, produced in 1837. It is founded on Fletcher's Bonduca. CARACTÈRES DE THÉOPHRASTE, kå'råk'târ' de tâ'o'fràst'. A work by La Bruyère based on his translation of the character

sketches by Theophrastus, which he extended and adapted to the customs of his own day. These studies were increased from 386 to 1100 in number in the various editions from 1688 to 1696.

CAR'ADOC, or CRAD'OCK. A member of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. One of the thirty-one knights selected by Merlin to accompany Arthur to Carohaise, to help King Leodegran against King Ryance of Ireland, who was about to attack that monarch with fifteen tributary kings.

His wife was the heroine of the

episode of The Boy and the Mantle.

CARADOC SANDSTONE. A heavily bedded sandstone, so named from its development at Caer Caradoc in Shropshire. With the Bala slates and sandstones, which are geologically equiva lent, it constitutes the uppermost division of the Ordovician system of England. The Caradoc and Bala beds are fossiliferous, and have been used largely as the basis of comparison in geological study. Their formation was accompanied by extensive volcanic action; lavas and tufas are included within their limits, and in the Snowden region these rocks attain a thickness of several thousand feet.

CARAFA, kȧ-rä'fà, MICHELE (1785-1872). An Italian composer, born in Naples of a noble family. He served as a cavalry officer under Murat (then King of Naples) in the Russian campaign of 1812, but after 1814 resumed the study of music and brought out operas in Naples, Milan, Venice, Rome, and Paris. After 1827 he lived in Paris, where he became a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, professor at the Conservatory, and director of the Gymnase de Musique Militaire. Among his numerous works are Le solitaire (1822) and Masaniello (1827).

CARAFE, kå-råf' (Fr., from It. caraffa, a decanter, probably from Ar. ghiraf, vessel, gharafa, to dip up water). A water bottle or decanter for the table or toilet, a term long in use in Scotland, but of later introduction into England and the United States.

CARAGA, kå-rä'-gá. A Christianized village, eastern Mindanao. See PHILIPPINES.

CARAGLIO, kå-rä lyô, GIOVANNI JACOPO (c1498-c.1570). An Italian designer and engraver, born in Parma. He studied in Rome, and

is supposed, from a certain quality of style, to have been a pupil of Marc Antonio Raimondi. For some time he was at the court of Sigismund of Poland, where he became well known as a gemcutter. About sixty of his plates (on copper), many of them after Raphael, have been preserved. Most of them are excellent in design.

CARAMBOLA, kä'råm-bō'lå (East Indian word). An East Indian fruit, of the size and shape of a duck's egg, but with five acute angles or longitudinal ribs. It has a yellow, thin, smooth rind, and a clear, watery pulp, in some varieties sweet, in others acid, of very agreeable flavor. It is often used in making sherbets, and in tarts and preserves, and is known to the British in India as the Coromandel gooseberry. It is one of the most universally cultivated and abundant of the fruits of India. It is produced by the Averrhoa carambola, a small evergreen tree or bush of the order Oxalidaceæ or Geraniaceae, according as these orders are considered, some botanists combining them into the latter. The bilimbi, blimbing, or cucumber tree, so called from the shape of the fruit, is the very acid fruit of another species of the same genus, Averrhoa blimbi, also East Indian. Both species are now much cultivated in the tropical parts of America, the first to a limited extent in southern California. Both exhibit an irritability of leaf resembling that of a sensitive plant; they also display in a remarkable degree the phenomena known to physiologists as the sleep of plants (q.v.).

terwards he became attaché of the Turkish embassy at Paris, but renounced a diplomatic career to become chief secretary of the Société Générale de l'Empire Ottoman, the first great financial institution to be established in Constantinople by the bankers of the country (1864). In 1876 he began to devote himself to archæology, and promoted the investigations which led to the discovery of the ruins of Dodona, concerning which he wrote the interesting work entitled Dodone et ses ruines (1878).

CARAQUET, kǎr'å-kět'. A port of entry in Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada, on the Bay of Chaleur and on the Caraquet Railway (Map: New Brunswick, D 2). It has a good harbor and important fishing industries. The settlement consists of Upper and Lower Caraquet. Pop. of census sub-district in 1901, 4074.

CARAT (Fr., from Ar. qirāt, pod, husk, carat, from Gk. Kepáтiov, keration, fruit of the locust-tree, from xépas, keras, horn). Originally the name given to the seeds of the Abyssinian coral-flower or coral-tree sinica). These, which are small, and very equal (Erythrina Abysin size, having been used in weighing gold and precious stones, carat has become the desig nation of the weight commonly used for weighThe ing jewels, and particularly diamonds. said to be the original carat weights of jewelers, seeds of the carob (q.v.) tree have also been but with less probability.

Jewelers and assayers divide the troy pound, ounce, or any other weight, into twenty-four parts, and call each a carat, as a means of stating the proportion of pure gold contained in any alloy of gold with other metals. Thus, the gold of our coinage, and of wedding rings, which contains of pure gold, is called twenty-two carats fine, or twenty-two-carat gold. The lower standard used for watch-cases, etc., which contains of pure gold, is called eighteen carat, and so on. The carat used in this sense has therefore no absolute weight; it merely denotes a ratio. This, however, is not the case with the carat used for weighing diamonds, which has a

NASSA.

CARANCHO, ka-ränchỗ, or CARANCHA, -chå. See CARACARA..

CAR'APA (Neo-Lat., from Guiana caraipi). A genus of plants of the order Meliaceæ, natives of warm climates. Carapa Guianensis, sometimes called the Anderaba, also the carapa tree, is a large tree with beautiful shining pinnate leaves, which have many leaflets. It is a native of Guiana and the adjacent countries, where its bark has a great reputation as a febrifuge, and the oil obtained from its seeds is much used for lamps. Masts of ships are made of its trunk. The oil, which is called oil of carapa, is thick and bitter and is anthelmintic. Carapa procera, also known as Carapa touloucouna or Guineensis, an African species, yields a similar oil, which is employed by the negroes for making soap, and for anointing their bodies, its bitterness protecting them from the bites of insects, a purpose to which the oil of carapa is also applied in South America.

CARAPANOS, kå-rä’på-nos, CONSTANTINE (1840-). A Greek archeologist. He was born at Arta and studied at Corfu and Athens. Af

divided into quarters, or 'carat grains,' eighths, sixteenths, thirty seconds, and sixty-fourths. These carat grains are thus less than troy grains, and therefore the jeweler has to keep a separate set of diamond-weights.

A

CARAUSIUS, kȧ-ra'shi-us ( ? -293). Roman usurper, who made himself Emperor of Britain. He was a native of what is now Belgium, and was placed by the Emperor Maximian in command of the Roman fleet at Boulogne. He used his office to secure wealth and power, and connived in the piratical expeditions of the Germans against Britain. In 286 Maximian ordered him to be put to death, but Carausius had already revolted. He went to Britain, secured the allegiance of the Roman soldiers there, and assumed the title of Emperor. For six years he maintained his position, and with his ships commanded the British Channel. After the defeat of a Roman fleet in 289, Diocletian and Maximian recognized him as co-Emperor, but

when Constantine was made Cæsar he undertook the subjugation of Britain. Boulogne was taken in 293, and the same year Carausius was murdered by his chief minister, Allectus. The latter was easily conquered by Constantine in 296. Consult Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Chapter 13, edited by Bury, with notes (London, 1896-1901). CARAVACA, kä'rå-vä'kå. A city of Spain in the Province of Murcia, on a river of the same name, about 39 miles west by north of Murcia (Map: Spain, E 3). It is situated on the slope of a hill crowned with a fine old castle, and has broad and well-paved streets. The municipal building and the parish church, the latter an Ionic structure completed in 1600, are the more noteworthy edifices. The city is in a very fertile region, and has manufactures of linen and woolen goods, brandy, soap, paper, leather, flour, chocolate, etc. Caravaca is a very old town, many ancient remains being found in the vicinity. It was held successively by the Goths, Moors, and Christians; but has occupied in history a place of comparative unimportance. Population, in 1900, 15,804.

CARAVAGGIO, kä'rå-väʼjó. A town in the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy, 14 miles south of Bergamo. A steam tramway connects it with Monza and Milan. The site of its ancient fortified walls is now occupied by promenades, but the moat remains and is spanned by six bridges. The chief buildings are a parochial church with a lofty campanile and the church L'Apparizione della Madonna, a celebrated pilgrim resort. The artists Polidoro Caldara, Michelangelo Amerigi, and Fermo Stella were born in this town and all received the surname Da Caravaggio. Francesco Sforza, commanding the Milanese troops, here defeated a Venetian army in 1448. Population, in 1901 (of commune),

8974.

CARAVAGGIO, kä'rå-vä'jô, MICHELANGELO AMERIGI, MERIGI, or MORIGI DA (1569-1609). An Italian painter, founder of the Naturalistic School. He was born in Caravaggio, Bergamo Province, the son of a stone-mason. As a boy he was employed to prepare plaster for the frescopainters of Milan, and from them he acquired his desire to become a painter. He does not seem to have studied under any particular master, but to have used nature as a model, confining himself, at first, to still life and portraits. After five years of such work in Milan, he went to Venice, where he studied the works of Giorgione, the only master who influenced him. Thence he went to Rome, and although for a short time associated with Cesare d'Arpino and another unimportant painter, he persisted in going his own way. After much vicissitude he found a patron in Cardinal del Monte, which insured his success.

His talent developed with great rapidity. Throwing all traditions aside, and appealing only to nature, he became the head of the Naturalists, in opposition to the Mannerists. He became very popular, and even the Eclecticists imitated him. But the animosities which he excited and his own passionate disposition involved him in constant quarrels, although he certainly did not provoke all the quarrels attributed to him. Thus he is said to have challenged Guido Reni, who imitated his work, to a duel, and to have chased the inoffensive Guercino from Rome. It is true, however, that he killed a comrade in a quarrel over a game,

and had to leave Rome for this offense. He was protected and concealed near Palestrina by Duke Marzio Colonna. He painted for that nobleman until he went to Naples. In this city he found an appreciative public, and from his activity there arose a Naturalist school of great importance. He afterwards went to Malta. Pleased by his portraits of himself, and by his other services to the order, the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta made him one of their number, but when Caravaggio again quarreled and wounded one of the knights, he threw him into prison. The painter escaped, and was for some time occupied in the churches of Catania, Syracuse, and other Sicilian cities. He was always desirous of returning to Rome, and on having been pardoned by the Pope, in 1609, he set out waylaid on the road, and died at Porto Ercole, from Naples for the Eternal City. But he was from the effects of a wound.

Caravaggio's art was like his character-fierce in mood, impetuous in expression. His pictures models, like those of Courbet (q.v.), his Nineare full of action and of feeling, not mere painted teenth Century successor. They resemble his in that they are plebeian: both sought in the common types of the people the models for their pictures, and both insisted on the exact reproduction of these types. There was, however, this great difference, that while Caravaggio saw nature with the extravagant eyes of the Seventeenth Century, Courbet saw it with the matter-offact gaze of the Nineteenth. Caravaggio was a good technician, in drawing, color, and brushwork, and he handled light and shade with fine effect.

His work may be best divided into two periods. In the first he did not make such prominent use of the dark shadows and high lights which characterize his later period, and which became the most prominent characteristic of the Naturalist School. Most of the works of this period are genre pieces, executed during his stay in Rome. One of the best examples is the "Card Players," in which the artist represents a wealthy, inexperienced young man being cheated by professionals. The best example of this picture is in the Sciarra Palace, Rome, although the Dresden replica has been most reproduced. Another fine specimen of his first period is the "Gipsy Fortune Teller," in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, on the Capitoline Hill. The cunning jade seems more anxious to win the young man's heart than to attend to professional duties. The Berlin Museum possesses two charming genre pieces, "Love as a Ruler," "Love Conquered," showing an admirable mastery over the nude.

The works of his second period were mostly larger religious compositions, the result of the reputation already established by his genre productions. They aroused great opposition, especially in Rome, on account of the ordinary types which he used to portray the saints whom the Church adored. Among those which had to be removed from the churches in Rome was "Saint Matthew Writing the Gospel," now in the Berlin Museum, and the admirable "Death of Mary," in the Louvre. In the latter picture the body of the Virgin looks as if it had just come from the morgue, but the expression of grief in the mourners is most affecting. His masterpiece of this category is his "Burial of Christ," painted for the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, but