constitute a distinct stock. They are now reduced to perhaps 500 souls.

CARISBROOKE, kārʼis-bruk. A village in the Isle of Wight, adjoining Newport (Map: England, E 6), which was formerly the 'new port' of Carisbrooke. It is chiefly noted for its castle, which is supposed to have been built by the Saxons. It was enlarged in the Eleventh Century by the first Lord of Wight, was captured by Stephen in 1136, and in the time of Richard II. successfully resisted attacks by the French. During the reign of Elizabeth it was enlarged and the present outer works added. It was in this castle that Charles I. took refuge in November, 1647, and was imprisoned for thirteen months. After his execution his two youngest children were confined in the castle, and Princess Elizabeth died there, nineteen months later. The remains of the castle are still extensive. Near by are the ruins of a Cistercian priory founded in the Twelfth Century, and vestiges of a Roman villa. The population of Carisbrooke is about 8200. Consult Beattie, "Carisbrooke Castle and its Ancient Lords," in British Archæological Journal, Vol. X. (London, 1855).

several years in astrophysical researches at the observatory of that city. In 1865 he estab lished, and for several years thereafter directed, a workshop for the manufacture of mathematical instruments. In that year he established also the Repertorium für Experimentalphysik, which clude: Die Principien der astronomischen Inhe edited until 1882. His published works instrumentenkunde (1863), and Repertorium der Kometenastronomie (1864).

CARLÉN, kär-lân', EMILIA SMITH FLYGARE (1807-92). A Swedish novelist, noted for her stories of seafaring folk, fishermen, and smugglers, with whom as a child she had come in frequent contact, through the trading voyages of her father, Rutger Smith. She was born at Strömstad and married, at the age of twenty, the physician A. Flygare. After his death, in 1833, she decided to devote herself to literature. Her first novel, Waldemar Klein (1838), was followed by her marriage (1841) to Johan Gabriel Carlén, a lawyer and poet of Stockholm. Popular tales followed in rapid succession until 1852, when she lost a son and wrote no more until

1858. With her husband's death in 1875 her literary activity ceased altogether, although until that time her salon had been the literary centre of the capital. She founded charitable endowments in aid of students and of teachers, and of fishermen and their widows. Of her works (30 vols.), many are translated into German, French, and English. Characteristic are Gustav LinThe Maiden's Tower (1848). She wrote, also, a dorm (1839); The Rose of Tistelön (1842); and bright autobiography, Reminiscences of Swedish Literary Life (1878).

ment. He was the creator of the chamber cantata, and added an instrumental accompaniment to the motet. His style is more animated and graceful than that of his predecessors. His numerous compositions included cantatas, oratorios, masses, motets, and even music of a comic char

acter. The greater part of them has perished, but enough has been preserved in various libraries (chiefly in manuscript) to entitle Carissimi to a rank among the most important figures in the history of music. Among his published works were the following: "Jephta," "Judicium Salomonis," "Baltazar," "Jonas" (oratorios strikingly foreshadowing Handel), in Vol. II. of Chrysander's Denkmäler der Tonkunst (1856); motets (1664 and 1667); masses (1663 and 1667); Arie da camera (1667); and Ars Cantandi (3d ed., 1696). As a teacher Carissimi was greatly esteemed, Alessandro Scarlatti, Buononcini, and Cesti being the most noted of his pupils.

CAR'KER, JAMES. The unscrupulous business manager of Mr. Dombey in Dickens's novel Dombey and Son. He is a sly, smooth schemer, with gleaming white teeth. Edith, his employer's second wife, agrees to elope with him, to revenge herself on her husband; but she spurns him in the moment of his expected triumph. He is crushed by a railroad train in trying to escape from the man whom he has so deeply wronged. CARL, PHILIPP (1837-91). A German physicist, born at Neustadt, Middle Franconia. studied the exact sciences in Munich, and spent

He

CARLES, kär'lâs, or CARLOS.

A town of

tremity of the island. Pop., 1903, 6676. CARLETON, kärlʼton. A suburb of Saint John (q.v.), New Brunswick, Canada (Map: New Brunswick, C 4).

CARLETON, kärl'ton, Sir GUY, first Lord Dorchester (1724-1808). A British soldier and administrator. He served at Louisburg, Quebec, and Belle Isle, and was wounded in the siege of

Havana in 1762. In 1766 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor, and in 1775 Governor of Quebec. Soon afterwards he took command of the British forces in Canada, successfully repelled the attack of Montgomery and Benedict Arnold in 1775-76, defeated Arnold on Lake Champlain, and captured Crown Point (1776). For these services he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1777 he was superseded by Burgoyne. In 1782 he succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as commander-inchief in America. Carleton remained in New York until after the treaty of peace had been signed. On his return home he was granted a pension of £1000 a year, and was created Baron Dorchester. In 1786 he again became Governor of Quebec, and was very popular as an adminis trator of that province. Under him Canada was divided into the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. He returned to England in 1796.

CARLETON, JAMES HENRY (1814-73). An American soldier, born at San Antonio, Texas. He took part in the so-called Aroostook War, arising over disputes concerning the northeastern frontier of the United States (1838-39). He also subsequently served in Kearny's expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1846). Later he served on the staff of General Wool, in Mexico, and distinguished himself at Buena Vista, where he was brevetted major. He was the organizer and commander of the 'California Column' of troops, which in the spring of 1862 undertook the march across the Yuma and Gila deserts to the Rio Grande. In April of that year he received a commission as brigadiergeneral of volunteers, and soon afterwards relieved General Canby as commander of the Department of New Mexico. In recognition of his distinguished services in that Territory, he was at the close of the war raised by brevet through all ranks in the regular army up to that of major-general. His principal publication is The Battle of Buena Vista, with the Operations of the Army of Occupation for One Month (1848). CARLETON, WILL (1845-). An American poet, noted for his ballads of domestic life, which have been very popular. He was born at Hudson, Mich., October 21, 1845. Soon after his graduation at Hillsdale, in 1869, he traveled widely as a lecturer in the Northern and WestHis ern States, Great Britain, and Canada. first Poems appeared in 1871. These were followed by Farm Ballads (1873); Farm Legends (1875); Young Folk's Centennial Rhymes (1876); Farm Festivals (1881); City Ballads (1885); City Festivals (1892); Rhymes of Our Planet (1895). He was also for a time editor of Everywhere, an illustrated magazine.

CARLETON, WILLIAM (1794-1869). An Irish novelist, born at Prillisk, Tyrone, Ireland. Bred and educated among the peasantry, he passed through the common sufferings and privations of Irish poverty. After receiving some scanty instruction in a hedge-school, he attended an academy at Glasslough. Subsequently a vague ambition led him to Dublin, where he arrived with only two shillings and ninepence in his pocket. He soon began writing, for a Dublin periodical, sketches of Irish life, which he published in 1830, under the title, Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry. Their freshness of style pleased the public, and won the favor of critics. A second series, issued in 1833, was also well received; and in 1839 he published Fardorougha the Miser, an experiment in the longer novel of Irish manners. This was followed by a series of tales (3 vols., 1841), mostly of pathetic interest, but including a very genial and humorous sketch of the Misfortunes of Barney Branagan, which proved a great favorite. 1845 appeared Valentine M'Clutchy, a novel, half political and half religious in its tendency, defending the Irish Catholic priesthood, and advocating repeal of the union. Other narratives Rody the Rover (1845); The Black Prophet (1847); and The Tithe Proctor (1849)-contain many proofs of the author's talents. Willy Reilly appeared in 1855, and The Evil Eye in 1860. Carleton is the true historian of the Irish people. Sharing in their qualities of mind and

In

CARLETON COLLEGE (after W. Carleton, who gave it $50,000). A non-sectarian educational institution at Northfield, Minn., founded by Congregationalists in 1866. The college opened in 1870. It has well-equipped chemical, physical, and biological laboratories, and an unusually efficient astronomical department. In 1905 the value of the college buildings and grounds was estimated at $300,000, the produetive funds amounted to about $300.000, and the library contained 20,000 volumes. The collegiate faculty numbered 23, and there were 262 students in the college proper and 64 in the music school. President, William H. Sallmon, M.A., D.D.

CARLETON PLACE. A town in Lanark County, Ontario, Canada, on the (Canadian) Mississippi River and the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 28 miles southwest of Ottawa (Map: Ontario, G 2). Carleton Place is a division point of the Canadian Pacific, with railway shops, and manufactures foundry products, woolen goods, launches, and lumber products. Population, 1901, 4059.

CARLI, kärlê, GIOVANNI RINALDO, Count (1720-95). An Italian economist and anti

quarian, born at Capo d'Istria. In his twentyfourth year the Senate of Venice appointed him professor of astronomy and navigation there. In 1753 he was appointed president of the newly established Council of Commerce in Milan. Soon afterwards he published the first volume of his celebrated work on the coins of Italy, under the title, Delle monete e dell' istituzione delle zecche d'Italia (3 vols., 1754-60). In 1766 he published a pamphlet on the deterioration of coin in Milan. He also made a census of Milan, and wrote a pamphlet favoring a protective tariff, and a work entitled Delle antichità italiche (5 vols., 1788-91).

CARLILE', RICHARD (1790-1843). An English free-thinker, born at Ashburton. He was apprentice in a chemist's shop, worked as a journeyman tinman, and, through the reading He next sold about London a weekly called the of Paine's Rights of Man, became a Radical. Black Dwarf, printed and disposed of 25,000 copies of Southey's Wat Tyler, reprinted the Parodies of William Horne, and wrote, in imitation of them, The Political Litany (1817). For this he spent eighteen weeks in the King's Bench Prison.

In 1818 he published Paine's works, which he followed by others of like character, and in 1819 was condemned to pay £1500 and be imprisoned in Dorchester jail for three years. Here he published the first twelve volumes of his periodical, The Republican (181926). A public subscription of £6000 was raised for the prosecution of his assistants, the Duke of Wellington heading the list; and his imprisonment was increased by three years, in lieu of the fines. Upon his release he edited a weekly, The Gorgon, and conducted public discussions in the Rotunda, Blackfriars Road. Subsequently he suffered something more than three years of additional imprisonment. He may be said to have done more than any other Englishman of his time for the freedom of the press.

tories, carpet-factories, etc. Mount Holly Springs, in the mountains, is a popular summer resort. The government, as authorized by a general borough law of 1851, revised the following year, is administered by a burgess, elected for three years, and a borough council. Carlisle was laid out and settled in 1751; in 1794, during the Whisky Rebellion, the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops assembled here; and on July 1, 1863, the borough was shelled by the Confederates. Population, in 1900, 9626. Consult : Wing. History of Cumberland County, Pa. (Philadelphia, 1879); History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pa. (Chicago, 1886).

CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK HOWARD, seventh Earl of (1802-64). An English statesman and author. He was born in London, April 18, 1802. The eldest son of the sixth Earl, he bore the courtesy title of Lord Morpeth. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where, in 1821, he won the Chancellor's and the Newdigate prizes with a Latin and an English poem. In 1823 he took a first class in classics and graduated B.A. In 1826 he was attaché to his uncle, the Duke of Devonshire, in Russia; while abroad he was elected to Parliament as a Whig, and on his return supported the repeal of the Jewish disabilities in his maiden speech on March 5, 1827. In 1830 he was elected representative for Yorkshire, and after the Reform Bill, for the West Riding. Under Lord Melbourne, he was Chief Secretary for Ireland (1835-41), and his impartial distribution of patronage made him popular in Dublin. Rejected in 1841 by the West Riding, he was reelected in 1846, and remained one of its representatives until his father's death (1848) seated him in the House of Lords. Under Lord John Russell's Ministry (1846-52), he was chief commissioner of woods and forests, and afterwards Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. When Lord Palmerston was made Prime Minister in 1855, Carlisle was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, a post which he held until the advent of the Earl of Derby's Government in 1858. He succeeded to the same office again when Lord

Palmerston was reinstated in 1859. In 1841-42

he traveled in the United States and Canada, and on his return described his visit in a series of popular lectures. He obtained fame as a literary man by these lectures and by another, The Life and Writings of Pope (1851). He published a tragedy, The Last of the Greeks (1828); A Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters (1854); and a volume of Poems was issued after his death. He died at Castle Howard, December 5, 1864. Ilis Viceregal Speeches, edited by J. Gaskin, appeared in 1866.

CARLISLE, JOHN GRIFFIN (1835-). An American lawyer and politician. He was born in Kentucky, received a common school education, taught school, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and achieved an almost immediate success as a lawyer. In State politics also he took a prominent part, serving as Democratic member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (185961), as State Senator (1866-71), and as Lieutenant-Governor (1871-75), and from 1876 to 1890 was a member of the National House of Representatives, being Speaker from 1883 to 1889. In 1890 he was elected United States Senator. In Congress he was a prominent advocate of reve

nue reform; and was regarded as one of the leading advocates of free trade, although he favored only an approximation to the free-trade standard. He was Secretary of the Treasury during President Cleveland's second administration (1893-97), and afterwards settled in New York to resume the practice of law.

CARL'ISTS. The supporters of Don Carlos and his descendants in their pretensions to the Spanish crown after the death of Ferdinand VII. Their opponents who supported the Queen Regent Christina (see MARIA CHRISTINA) were sometimes known as Cristinos. See CARLOS, DON.

CAR'LO KHAN, kän (It. Carlo, Charles + Khan, Fr. khan, Turk., Pers. khān, prince, of Tartar origin). A familiar appellation gained by Charles Fox through his introduction of the India Bill' in Parliament.

CAR'LOMAN, or KARLMANN (751-71). A King of the Franks, younger brother of Charlemagne. He was anointed in 754 by Pope Stephen III., jointly with Charlemagne, and at the division of territory between himself and Charlemagne in 768 received Burgundy, Alsace, Provence, Alemannia, and southeastern Aquitaine. He was crowned in the same year at Soissons. See CHARLES THE GREAT.

CARLOS (Sp., Charles). (1) Biron's treacherous brother in Southerne's Isabella. (2) An emasculated bookworm who becomes bright and vigorous by the influence of a genuine passion,

in Cibber's Love Makes a Man.

CARLOS, DON. (1) The alias of Don Sanche, the heir to the throne, in Corneille's comedy, Don Sanche d'Aragon. (2) The dissolute husband of Victoria, whom she later reclaims, in Mrs. Cowley's comedy, A Bold Stroke for a Husband.

CARLOS, kär'lôs, DON (1545-68). The son of Philip II. and Infante of Spain, born July 8, 1545, at Valladolid. He was as weak of intellect as he was vicious and untrustworthy in temper. He was excluded from the succession and finally tried by the Inquisition on a charge of conspiracy against the King. No sentence of death was formally imposed, but Carlos was imprisoned and died on July 24, 1568. The universal dislike for Philip II. gave currency to stories of cruelty and foul play, but these are not fully established. Opinions as to the character of Don Carlos vary considerably, but recent historical research has attempted to prove that he was afflicted with hereditary insanity. The traditional romantic story is preserved in Schiller's tragedy, Don Carlos. The story was disproved by Llorente, the Spanish historian of the Inquisition. Consult: Ranke, in Wiener Jahrbücher der Litteratur, Vol. XLVI. (Vienna, 1829); Gachard, Don Carlos et Philippe II. (Paris, 1867); Maurenbrecher, Don Carlos (Berlin, 1876); Prescott, Philip II. (Boston, 1856).

CARLOS, DON. The name of several pretenders to the Spanish crown. Don Carlos María José Isidoro de Bourbon, Count of Molina (17881855), was the second son of Charles IV. of Spain, and was educated chiefly by priests. After the expulsion of the French from Spain, his brother, Ferdinand VII., reascended the throne (1814), but as Ferdinand had married thrice without issue, Don Carlos hoped to succeed his brother. An insurrection in his interest broke out in 1825 in Catalonia, but was put down, Don

Carlos himself not participating in it. Ferdinand, however, married for a fourth wife, Maria Christina of Naples, who bore him a daughter, the Infanta Maria Isabella, October 10, 1830. As the Salic law, excluding females from the succession to the throne, had been abrogated on March 29 of the same year, the hopes of the Carlists were destroyed. During the illness of the King, in September, 1832, the Carlists succeeded in obtaining from him the re-institution of the Salic law; but this he revoked as soon as he had partially recovered. As Don Carlos still continued his agitation, he was banished, in 1833, to Portugal, and soon afterwards was commanded to reside in the Papal States. But before Carlos had embarked for Italy, King Ferdinand VII. died, September 29, 1833. Don Carlos was now recognized by his party as heir to the throne of Spain, and the usurper Dom Miguel of Portugal supported his claim. In 1834 a quadruple treaty was concluded between England, France, Spain, and Portugal, directed against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos, which resulted in the dethronement of Dom Miguel. In June, 1834, Don Carlos emparked for England. In the following month he returned to the Continent, and passed in disguise through France into Spain, where he excited an insurrection in the northern provinces. The conflict raged till 1839, when the power of Don Carlos was broken by the surrender of General Maroto, and the pretender was compelled to escape into France. In 1836 his claims to the throne were unanimously rejected by the Cortes. In 1845 he abdicated in favor of his eldest son, and died at Triest, March 10, 1855. Don Carlos Luis Fernando de Bourbon, Count of Montemolin (1818-61), son of the preceding, succeeded to his elaims, and was recognized by the Carlists as Charles VI. In 1860 a Carlist insurrection was once more attempted, in which he was made a prisoner, and released only after signing a renunciation of his claims to the Spanish throne. -Don María de los Dolores Juan Isidoro Josef

Francesco Quirino Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Carlos, Duke of Madrid, was born March 30, 1848. He is the nephew of the preceding, and the present Carlist claimant of the throne of Spain. As Charles VI. died without issue, his rights devolved upon his brother Don Juan, who had married the Archduchess Maria Beatrix of

Austria, Princess of Modena. Their son was educated principally in Austria, and in 1867 married Margaret of Bourbon, Princess of Parma. After her death in 1893, he married Marie-Berthe, princess of Rohan. In October, 1868, Don Juan abdicated in favor of his son, whose standard was

raised by some of his partisans in the north of Spain in April, 1872. On the 16th of July following, Don Carlos published a proclamation calling upon the people of Catalonia, Aragon, and Valencia to take up arms in his cause, promising to restore their ancient liberties, and in December his brother, Don Alfonso, assumed command of the Carlist forces in Catalonia. Don Carlos himself entered Spain, July 15, 1873, announcing that he came for the purpose of saving the country. Thenceforward there was incessant war in the northern part of the country, but for the most part the struggle was unfavorable to the Carlists, and in February, 1876, when their last stronghold, Estella, had fallen, Don Carlos fled into France. He went to Paris, where, March 3, 1876, he issued a proc

lamation giving up the struggle but refusing to relinquish his claims. He was expelled from France, in 1881, for ostentatiously supporting the claim of the Comte de Chambord to the French throne. Don Carlos has five children, four daughters and a son.

CARLOTA, kär-lō'tå, La. A town of Negros, Philippines, in the Province of Western Negros, situated 29 miles from Bacolod. Population, in 1903, 13,097.

ico.

CARLOT'TA (Sp., Charlotte) (1840-). The name generally applied to the ex-Empress of Mexico, Marie Charlotte Amélie, the daughter of Leopold L., King of the Belgians. She was married at the age of seventeen to Archduke Maximilian, of Austria, afterwards Emperor of Mexwhither at the suggestion of Napoleon III., he She accompanied him to Mexico in 1864, had been invited by the Assembly of Notables. The Empress remained with him until he found it imperative to send her to France (1866) to seek aid from Napoleon III. Her mission was fruitless. She then applied to the Pope, who had blessed Maximilian previous to his departure for his new empire in the Western Hemisphere, but she was again doomed to disappointment. Her failure and the consequences attending the closing days of the Mexican Empire shattered her reason. She was taken to the Château of Laeken, and later to the Château de Bouchoute, not far from Brussels.

CARLOVIN'GIAN CY'CLE, THE. A series of poems centred about Charlemagne and his knights, composed chiefly during the Tenth and Eleventh centuries.

CARLOVINGIANS. See CAROLINGIANS.

CARLOW, kär'lô (Celtic). A small inland county of Ireland, in Leinster Province, with an area of about 349 square miles, of which sixsevenths are arable (Map: Ireland, E 4). The chief towns are Carlow, Tullow, and Bagenals town. Population, in 1841, 86,400; in 1851, 68,200; in 1891, 41,934; in 1901; 37,700. Consult Ryan, History and Antiquities of the County of Carlow (Dublin, 1833).

CARLOW.

County, Ireland, at the confluence of the Burren The capital town of Carlow

and the Barrow, 56 miles southwest of Dublin

y rail (Map: Ireland, E 4). It is a well-built town, and, with its extensive flour-mills, serves as the emporium for the agricultural produce of the district. Population, 1901, 6513. There are remains of a castle, picturesquely situated on an eminence on the Barrow, founded in 1180 by Sir Hugh de Lacy. The town grew up around the castle, which was several times besieged by, and alternately in the possession of, the English and Irish. In the Irish insurrection of 1798, the insurgents attacked the town, but were repulsed with a loss of 600 men. Consult Ryan, History and Antiquities of Carlow (Dublin, 1833).

CARLSBAD, kärls båt. See KARLSBAD.

CARLSBAD. A town and the county-seat of Eddy County, N. M., about 230 miles (direct) south-southeast of Albuquerque, on the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railroad (Map: New Mexico, F 3). It is noted for its mineral springs, similar to those of Carlsbad, Germany. Extensive irrigation project are being carried on in the vicinity by the United States Reclamation Service. Carlsbad was settled in 1888 and was