incorporated in 1898. The government is administered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, 1905 (estimated), 2000.

CARLSBAD DECREES. The resolutions adopted by a conference of delegates of the principal German States at Karlsbad in 1819, and promptly ratified by the Federal Assembly. They were aimed at the liberal agitation then rampant and were a part of the reactionary policy of Prince Metternich. The press was put under a strict censorship and the universities under police supervision. The Burschenschaft was to be suppressed, and a federal committee of seven was appointed to inquire into "the origin and ramifications of revolutionary conspiracies and demagogie associations." At the Conference of Vienna in the following year constitutions were declared incompatible with the rights of the sovereigns. See BURSCHENSCHAFT and METTERNICH.

CARLSBURG, kärls'boōrk. See KARLSBURG. CARLSCRONA, kärls'krô-nå. See KARLS

KRONA.

CARLSEN, EMIL (1853-). An American still life and landscape painter of Danish extraction. He was born in Copenhagen, where he received his earliest instruction, and came to the United States in 1872. His principal works include a "Connecticut Hilltop," now in the Metropolitan Museum; "Sooty Kettle," and "Late Afternoon." In 1905 he exhibited a "Rising Storm," and "Night-Old Wyndham," which received the Webb prize of the Society of American Artists; and in 1906 "Wind in the East" and "A Lazy Sea." He received a gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904, and became a member of the Society of American Artists and an associate of the National Academy.

CARLSHAMN, kärls'hȧm. See KARLSHAMN. CARLSON, kärl'sôn, FREDERIK FERDINAND (1811-87). A distinguished Swedish statesman and historian. He was born June 13, 1811, at Kungshamn, in Upland, and was educated at the University of Upsala. In 1837 he was appointed tutor to the royal princes at Stockholm, a post he held until 1846. In 1849 Carlson succeeded Geijer as professor of history in the University of Upsala, and in 1860 he was chosen rector. From 1850 to 1865 Carlson sat in the national Diet as the representative first of his university and later of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, to which he had been chosen in 1858, and from 1873 on he had a seat in the first Chamber as the representative of Gefleborg. From 1863 to 1870, and from 1875 to 1880, he was head of the Department of Public Worship. Carlson continued Geijer's seven-volume history of Sweden. Sveriges Historia under konungarne af Pfalziska huset (Stockholm, 1855-85). The work has also been published in German, in the Heeren, Ukert, and Giesebrecht series, Geschichte der europäischen Staaten.

CARLSRUHE, kärls'roo-e. See KARLSRUHE. CARLSTAD, kärl'ståd. See KARLSTAD. CARLSTADT, kärl'ståt. See KARLSTADT. CARLSTADT. A borough in Bergen County, N. J., 9 miles north by west of Jersey City, on the New Jersey and New York (Erie) Railroad (Map: New Jersey, D 2). The industrial establishments include marble and onyx works, silk mills, and manufactories of white goods, sable

cloths, and type for typewriting machines. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, 1900, 2574; 1905, 3100.

CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT, or KAROLSTADT (c.1480-1541). A German reformer whose real name was Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein, and who was at first a friend, but later an opponent of Luther. He was born at Karlstadt, Franconia; studied at the universities of Erfurt (1500-03), Cologne (1503), and Wittenberg (1504), and in the last became a professor, He first in philosophy and then in theology. became a personal friend of Luther. In 1515 Carlstadt went to Rome to study canon law and took the degree of LL.D. Returning to Wittenberg in 1516, he openly broke with scholasticism and defended Reuchlin, against whom a violent persecution was raging. When Luther, on October 31, 1517, nailed his theses to the door of the town church of Wittenberg, Carlstadt supported him. In 1518 he published arguments asserting the supreme authority of the Scriptures, and declaring that in the silence of the Scripture appeals from the fathers of the Church must be made to reason. He participated in the Leipzig Disputation of 1519 on the side of Luther, and in the bull against Luther (1520) Carlstadt was condemned. He was the first to appeal from the Pope to a general council. In 1521, by invitation of the King, he went to Denmark to teach the doctrines of the Reformation; but he returned after a few weeks. On December 26, 1521, he married Anna von Mochau. About this time differences sprang up between Carlstadt and Luther, owing to the former's desire to break at once and entirely with the Old Church, whereas Luther would go more slowly. While Luther was at the Wartburg (1521), Carlstadt took the lead, and, supported by the city government, restored the cup to the laity, abolished the fasting regulations, the elevation of the host, and auricular confession. changes were very distasteful to the Elector, and so Luther left the Wartburg and opposed them in Wittenberg and restored the old order. Finding his position uncomfortable, Carlstadt became pastor at Orlamünde, in Thuringia (1523), where his radical Church reforms, joined to his wellknown independence of Luther, created a suspicion that he was associated with the Anabaptists, and that he might be implicated in the schemes of the peasant revolt. The Elector sent Luther to find out the true state of affairs; and when Luther preached against Carlstadt at Jena, the two reformers held a discussion upon the Real Presence, which Carlstadt was the first to deny; and an open quarrel broke out between them. Carlstadt was ordered out of Saxony (1524), and wandered from place to place, preaching Protestantism. He was at Rothenburg when the Peasant War broke out (1525), and he acted as mediator with the peasants, but in vain. He was pursued and exposed to hardships and even danger to his life. In this extremity he appealed to Luther, who, on condition that he would not advocate his sacramental views, used his influence so successfully that he was permitted to return to Saxony (1525), where for some years he led a quiet life. But this quiet and, espe cially, lack of soul liberty were unendurable to his restless spirit, and he again attacked Luther. The controversy upon the Lord's Sup

These

per, in which Zwingli agreed with Carlstadt, grew fiercer than ever, and Carlstadt, who was no longer permitted to dwell in Saxony, fled to Friesland (1530), and finally to Zurich, where Zwingli kindly received him. From 1534 until his death he was professor of theology in Basel. His character was very differently judged in his own times and since, according to whether the sympathies of the person speaking were with Luther or Zwingli. For his life, consult J. C. Jäger (Stuttgart, 1856). Many of his letters are in Olearius, Serinium Antiquarium (Halle, 1698). CARLTON. A town in Nottinghamshire, England, 21% miles northeast of Nottingham, noted for its manufactures of hosiery (Map: Eng land, E 4). Pop., in 1891, 6600; in 1901, 10,000. CARLTON, THE. The leading Conservative political club in London. It was founded in 1832 by the Duke of Wellington, and it now numbers about 2000 members. Its headquarters are at No. 94 Pall Mall, the building being remarkable for its polished granite pillars, which are in imitation of Sansovino's Library of Saint Mark at Venice.

CARLTON HOUSE. A house erected for Lord Carlton in the present Carlton House Terrace, London, in 1709, and demolished in 1827. It was made famous by being occupied by the Prince of Wales in 1732, and later by George IV., when he was Prince Regent. The intimates of the Prince of Wales were known as The Carlton House Set.'

CARLUDOVICA PALMA'TA (Neo-Lat. in honor of Charles IV. of Spain, Lat. Carolus Ludovicus and Neo-Lat. fem. sing. of Lat. palmatus, marked like the palm of the hand, from palma, palm of the hand). A South American palm-like plant of the order Cyclanthaceae. It bears palmate leaves four feet across, from which Panama hats are woven, the best of which are plaited from a single leaf stripped in such a manner as to require no joining. In addition to Carludovica palmata there are about forty species, all of them natives of America. They have leaves resembling the fan-palms, are very ornamental, and are usually considered by growers as palms, and are treated similarly. See PANAMA HATS.

CARLYLE, kär-lil'. A city and county seat of Clinton County, Ill., 48 miles east of Saint Louis, on the Kaskaskia River, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad (Map: Illinois, C 5). It has manufactures of bricks, flour, spokes, paper, rock-crushers, etc., and a trade in grain and flour. Population, in 1890, 1784; in 1900, 1874.

CARLYLE, JANE WELSH (1801-66). The wife of Thomas Carlyle. She was descended through her father from John Knox, and on her mother's side claimed relationship with William Wallace. When Edward Irving was a teacher at Haddington, she was his private pupil, and the friendship thus begun would have culminated in their marriage had it not been for Irving's previous engagement to Miss Martin. When only fourteen she had written a tragedy, and for many years continued to write poetry. In 1821 Irving introduced Carlyle (who was ignorant of his friend's attachment) to Miss Welsh. They began a correspondence and soon became intimate, although she refused to consider him otherwise than as a friend. In 1822 Irving wrote to her his

final letters of farewell, and three years later she and Carlyle were engaged. They were married October 17, 1826. Though there is no doubt that Carlyle sincerely loved his wife or that she reciprocated the feeling, their married life was marred by his uncertain temper, the interference of his family, and her critical disposition. Consult New Letters and Memorials (London, 1903). CARLYLE, JOHN AITKEN (1801-79). An

English physician, brother of Thomas Carlyle. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University; was traveling physician to the Countess of Clare, and afterwards to the Duke of Buccleuch. After abandoning his practice (1848) he lived for a time at Chelsea near his brother. He made an excellent prose translation of Dante's Inferno (1849; rev. 1867).

CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-1804). A Scottish Orientalist. He was born at Carlisle, graduated at Cambridge, and in 1793 succeeded Dr. Paley as chancellor of Carlisle. In 1795 he was appointed professor of Arabic at Cambridge. He had already published a translation of an Arabic history of Egypt, and in 1796 he issued a volume of Specimens of Arabic Poetry. Lord Elgin procured Carlyle's appointment in the Turkish embassy, which gave him an opportunity to travel in the East, where he collected Greek and Syriac manuscripts for a contemplated revision of the New Testament, but he did not live to do the work. His Arabic Bible, edited by H. Ford, professor of Arabic at Oxford, was published in 1811.

CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881). A Scottish man of letters. He was born at Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, December 4, 1795. Educated first at the village school, and afterwards at Annan, he passed, in 1809, to Edinburgh University, with a view to entering the Scottish Church. Here he studied irregularly, but with amazing avidity. The stories which are related of his immense reading are almost fabulous. About the middle of his theological curriculum, Carlyle felt wholly disinclined to become a clergyman, and, after a short period spent in teaching at Annan, and later at Kirkcaldy, where he formed a lifelong friendship with Edward Irving, he went to Edinburgh and embraced literature as a profession. His first efforts were contributions to Brewster's Encyclopædia. In 1824 he published a translation of Legendre's Geometry, to which he prefixed an essay on proportion, mathematics having, during his college years, been a favorite study with him. In 182324 appeared in the London Magazine his Life of Schiller; and in 1824 his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister. In 1825 the Life of Schiller was recast, and published in a separate form. It was very highly praised; indeed, one can discern in the criticisms of the book a dawning recog nition of the genius of Carlyle. The translation of Wilhelm Meister met with a somewhat different fate. De Quincey, in one of his acrid and capricious moods, attacked both Goethe and his translator; while Jeffrey, in the Edinburgh Review, admitting Carlyle to be "a person of talents," slashed in cavalier fashion at the book. It is one of the most excellent translations of a foreign work in the English language. In 1826 Carlyle married Jane Baillie Welsh, a lineal descendant of John Knox, and during the same year appeared his Specimens of German Ro

mance. From 1828 to 1834 he resided at Craigenputtoch, a small estate in Dumfriesshire, belong ing to his wife-the "loneliest nook in Britain," as he says himself in a letter to Goethe. Here Carlyle revolved in his mind the great questions in philosophy, literature, social life, and politics, to the elucidation of which-after his own singular fashion he earnestly dedicated his whole life. Here also he continued to write, for various magazines, the splendid series of critical and biographical essays which he had begun two years before. For this work he was admirably equipped. Besides possessing an exact knowledge of the German language, he was also inspired by the conviction that the literature of Germany, in depth, truthfulness, sincerity, and earnestness of purpose, was greatly superior to what was admired and relished at home. He had, moreover, a genius for writing literary portraits. Through him England discovered Germany. One of his most beautiful, eloquent, and solid essays, written at Craigenputtoch, was that on Burns (Edinburgh Review, 1828). It has given the tone to all subsequent criticism of the Scottish poet. But his chef-d'œuvre, written on the moorland farm, was Sartor Resartus ("The Tailor Done Over," the title of an old Scottish song). This work, which first appeared in Fraser's Magazine (1833-34), is, like most of Carlyle's later productions, an indescribable mixture of the sublime and the grotesque. It professes to be a history or biography of a certain Herr Teufelsdröckh ("Devil's Dirt"), professor in the University of Weissnichtwo ("Kennaquhair"), and contains the manifold opinions, speculations, inward agonies, and trials of that strange personage or rather of Carlyle himself. The whole book quivers with tragic pathos, solemn aspiration, or riotous humor. In 1834 Carlyle removed to London, taking a house in Cheyne Row, Chelsea. In 1837 appeared The French Revolution. Nothing can be more gorgeous than the style of this 'prose epic.' A fiery enthusiasm pervades it, now softened with tenderness, and again darkened with grim mockery, making it throughout the most wonderful image of that wild epoch. Carlyle looks on the explosion of national wrath as a work of the divine Nemesis, who "in the fullness of times" destroys, with sacred fury, the accumulated falsehoods of centuries. To him, therefore, the Revolution is a “truth clad in hell-fire." During the same year he delivered in London a series of lectures on German literature; in 1838 another series on The History of Literature, or the Successive Periods of European Culture; in 1839, another on The Revolutions of Modern Europe; and a fourth in 1840, on Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History; of these Carlyle prepared only the last for publication (1841). In the meantime he had published Chartism (1839). In 1843 followed Past and Present, which, like its predecessor, showed the deep, anxious, sorrowful interest Carlyle was taking in the actual condition of his countrymen. In 1845 he published what is considered by many his masterpiece, Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, With Elucidations and a Connecting Narrative. The research displayed in this book is something marvelous, but the author was nobly rewarded for his toil by the abundant admiration given to his work. In 1850 appeared the Latter-Day Pamphlets, the fiercest, most sardonic, most

furious of all his writings. These vehement papers were followed the next year by the Life of Sterling, calm and tender in tone. For many years Carlyle had been at work on the History of Frederick the Great. The vast undertaking, resulting in six volumes, was at length carried through (1858-65). In 1865 Carlyle was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University.

On

The sudden death of Mrs. Carlyle, in 1866, overwhelmed her husband with grief. Henceforth his life became more and more secluded. His work was now done. In 1867 Carlyle visited Mentone, where he composed part of his personal Reminiscences; then returning to London, contributed to Macmillan's Magazine an article entitled "Shooting Niagara," in which he gave his views of democracy. In 1875 appeared the Early Kings of Norway. In 1874 he received the Prussian royal Order Pour le Mérite in recognition of his having written the life of Frederick the Great; and in the same year he was offered by Disraeli the Grand Cross of the Bath and a liberal pension, but he declined them both. February 4, 1881, he died at his house in Chelsea, and was buried among his kindred at Ecclefechan. His wife rests beside her father at Haddington. Carlyle appointed James Anthony Froude his literary executor, who, in conforming with the terms of the trust, published Carlyle's Reminiscences (1881); Thomas Carlyle: The First Forty Years of His Life (1882); Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle, exhibiting her as an accomplished woman and brilliant letter-writer (1883); and Thomas Carlyle: Life in London (1884). A revulsion of feeling regarding Carlyle's character followed, the literary world being shocked by the bitterness and spite abounding in these records, and Froude was attacked with great violence for his indiscretion. But time has revived the former admiration for Carlyle's genius. In 1882 a statue was erected to his memory on the Chelsea embankment, and in 1895 his house in Cheyne Row was purchased and opened to the public. A centenary edition of his Works, 30 vols., was published (London and New York, 1896-99). Consult: The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle with Ralph Waldo Emerson (Boston, 1883); Early Letters of Thomas Carlyle (New York, 1886; second series, 1888); Correspondence Between Goethe and Carlyle (New York, 1887)—all edited by Prof. C. E. Norton; also, Copeland, Carlyle's Letters to His Youngest Sister (London, 1889). For his life and works, consult: Shepherd and Williamson, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Carlyle (London, 1881); Wylie, Thomas Carlyle, the Man and His Books (London, 1881); Masson, Carlyle Personally and in His Writings (London, 1885); Garnett, Life (London, 1887); Nichol, Life (New York, 1894); Wilson, Froude and Carlyle (New York, 1898); Mrs. Ireland, Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle (London, 1891); Froude, My Relations with Carlyle (London, 1903); and Shepherd, The Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle (London, 1882).