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cause considered indelicate.

For the life and teaching of Cassianus, see the prolegomena of the editions named, and also Lombard (Strassburg, 1863).

CASSIAN WAY. A Roman military road from Rome to Arretium, Florence, and Lucca.

CAS'SIMERE (Fr. casimir, ultimately derived from Skt. Kaśmira, Kashmir). A thin twilled cloth, plain or figured, of wool, or wool and cotton, much used in the manufacture of clothing. It was formerly known as kersey (q.v.) or kerseymere, a corruption of Cassimere.

CAS'SIN, JOHN (1813-69). An American ornithologist, born near Chester, Pa. He was familiar with the birds of the Old World, as well as those of America. He wrote Mammalogy and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition (1858). He was ornithologist of Perry's expedition to Japan, and with Professor Baird and George N. Lawrence published a "Monograph of Birds of North America North of Texas," in United States War Department Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. IX. (Washington, 1858); The Birds of North America (1860); and Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British and Russian America, 1853-55 (1862).

CASSINI, ARTHUR PAVLOVITCH (1835-). A Russian diplomat. He entered the department of foreign affairs in 1855. After holding various European posts he became, in 1891, minister at Pekin, where he represented Russian interests with aggressiveness and success during the critical period covering the war between China and Japan. In 1897 he was made minister at Washington, becoming later the first Russian ambassador to the United States. In face of the general anti-Russian sentiment in this country aroused by the Jewish massacres at Kishineff in 1903 and the events of the war with Japan he conducted himself with great adroitness. In 1905 he was transferred to Madrid, and was Russia's representative at the Algeciras conference in 1906.

CASSINI, kås-se'nê, GIOVANNI DOMENICO (1625-1712). An Italian-French astronomer, born at Perinaldo, near Nice. He was professor of astronomy at Bologna, and first of the family which for four generations filled the post of director of the observatory in Paris. He deter mined the motions of Jupiter's satellites from observations of their eclipses, and constructed tables of the same; discovered (1671-84) four of Saturn's satellites and determined their periods of revolution; and determined (1664-67) the rotations of Jupiter, Venus, and Mars. To him is attributed the first systematic observation of the zodiacal light. Cassini made a close approximation (10") to the parallax of the sun, computed a table of refractions, gave a complete theory of the moon's libration, and gave as the obliquity of the ecliptic 23° 28′ 42", instead of 23%, and the eccentricity of the earth's orbit as 0.017, instead of Kepler's value, 0.018. In pure mathematics he discovered the curve known as the Cassinian oval (q.v.).

CASSINI, JACQUES (1677-1756). A French astronomer, son of Giovanni Domenico. He was born in Paris, and succeeded his father as director of the observatory in 1712. He wrote several treatises on physical subjects, and in his De la grandeur et de la figure de la terre (1720) attempted to show that the earth must be a spheroid

elongated at the poles. Jacques Cassini traveled extensively in Europe, making the acquaintance of the leading scientific men of the time. He was a member of the French Académie des Sciences, and of the Royal Society of London.

CASSINI, JEAN DOMINIQUE, Count de (17481845). A French astronomer, grandson of Jacques Cassini. He was the fourth member of his family to fill the post of director of the observatory of Paris. In 1789 he completed the great topographical map of France begun by his father.

CASSIN'IAN O'VAL. A bi-circular quadratic curve, the locus of a moving point the product of whose distances from two fixed points is constant. Its Cartesian equation is (x2 + y2 + a2)2 — 4a2x2 = m, where 2a = AB. The polar equation is -2a2r2cos2 0 + a* — ma = 0.

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coördinate axes. The curve is symmetric with respect to both If m<a, the real curve consists of two ovals; if ma, it becomes the lemniscate; if m>a, it consists of a single oval. Cassinians are curves of the eighth class, except the lemniscate, which is of the sixth. In the case of two ovals, the curve is its own inverse with respect to a circle of radius a4 — m1. The curves are fully discussed in Briot et Bouquet, Géométrie analytique (4th ed., Paris, 1890; American ed., Chicago, 1896). For biography, consult Brocard, Notes de Bibliographie des courbes géométriques (Bar-le-Duc, 1897). See CASSINI, and LEMNISCATE.

CASSINO, kås-se'no. A city in south Italy, called San Germano until 1871, on the Rapido, 85 miles southeast of Rome (Map: Italy, H 6). San Germano was a frequent residence of popes and emperors, and in 1230 Gregory IX. and Frederick II. concluded peace here. On March 16, 1815, Murat was defeated here by the Austrians. Half a mile to the south are the ruins of an amphitheatre erected by Ummidia Quadratilla, a Roman lady mentioned by Pliny in his letters (VII., 24). Farther on is the site of the villa of M. Terentius Varro, where Cicero (Phil. II., 40) says Antony led a riotous life. On a hill above the city is the famous monastery of Monte Cassino (q.v.). Population, in 1881 (commune), 12,000; in 1901, 13,473.

CASSINO. A game at cards played by two or more persons. Four cards are dealt to each player, and four are turned face up on the table. After the hands are played, the greatest number of cards counts the holder three, the greatest number of spades one, big casino (the ten of

diamonds) two, little casino (the deuce of spades) one, and each ace one, so that eleven can be possibly counted by one person; the whole game is twenty-one. The play is to take from the table as many cards as possible, preferring spades, or aces, or big or little casino. The tricks are taken by pairing-that is, by matching one card in the hand with another on the table; thus, a ten will take a ten, or a nine and an ace, or four aces and a six, or any other combination of spots that makes just ten. Another part of the game is building,' or combining cards on the board with one in hand; for example, a player puts a four on a six to make up ten, meaning to take both when his turn to play again comes; but any one having a ten may take them before him; or if he builds a six, the next player may make it a nine, and the next still may put on an ace and call it ten, but in building, the one who makes any particular number must hold the card that will take it. Some persons make a progressive build-that is, if one has a nine and cannot at the time make a nine, he puts a four on a two and calls it six, having of course a three to make a nine when it is next his turn to play. But this kind of building is generally ruled out as irregular. In a modern variation of the game, the knave counts eleven, the queen twelve, the king thirteen, the ace one or fourteen, as the players may choose, and the 'joker' fifteen. This plan greatly enlarges the number of combinations; as, for instance, an ace may possibly take three other aces, four deuces, and a tray, making fourteen spots; or the ace may take the big and little casino and two aces, which would make six points in the

game.

CASSIO, kash'i-ô, MICHAEL. The successor of Iago to the position of lieutenant of Othello, in Shakespeare's tragedy of the latter name. He is a weak-minded but reputable soldier, whose love of wine enables his enraged predecessor to direct against him the jealousy of Othello. He is finally stabbed by Iago.

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he spent the remainder of his long life in study and pious endeavor. He required of his monks not only meditation, but also scholarship, and this included, as part of their monastic duty, the copying of manuscripts. To the happy example thus instituted we owe the preservation of most of the classic literature. Cassiodorus died at the age of almost 100 years. His works are published by Migne in the Patrologia Latina (1865), Vol. LXIX.

CAS'SIOPEIA (Gk. Kaoσibmeia, Kassiopeia, Karoténeta, Kassiepeia). (1) An Ethiopian queen, mother of Andromeda. (2) A constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, near Cepheus, and not far from the North Pole. It was in this constellation that the famous "new star" of Tycho Brahe blazed out in November, 1572. This star is one of the most remarkable in astronomical annals. The brilliancy of its light, surpassing that of the large planets, and the suddenness with which it was extinguished, bear eloquent testimony to the extreme power of cosmic forces. Tycho's star retained its maximum brightness about ten days only. Although sixteen months elapsed before it finally disappeared from view, we do not know at present whether it still exists as a minute telescopic, star, for Tycho's records, made before the invention of the telescope, do not fix his star's place on the sky with sufficient precision to allow a modern identification.

CASSIQUIARE, käs'sê-kê-ä'râ, or CASSIA river of Amazonas Territory, QUIARI, -rẻ. Venezuela, which leaves the Orinoco in latitude 3° 10' N., longitude 66° 20′ W., taking from it one-third of its water, and after a rapid southwest course of about 250 miles, joins the River Guainia, a branch of the Rio Negro, in latitude 2° 5' N., longitude 67° 40' W. About 300 yards in breadth when it issues from the Orinoco, it gradually increases until at its union with the Rio Negro it attains a width of 600 yards. By the means of this singular river, water communication is established between the systems of the Amazon and the Orinoco.

CASSITERIDES. kas'si-ter'i-dez. See SCILLY

ISLANDS.

CASSIT ERITE (Lat. cassiterum, Gk. kao olrepos, kassiteros, tin, of unknown origin, borrowed in O. Church Slav. kositerů, Skt. kastira, Ar. qazdir, tin). A tin dioxide that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It occurs both massive and in the form of crystals, usually of a black or brown color, although sometimes red or yellow. Cassiterite is found in Cornwall, England (formerly in large quantities); in Bohemia and Saxony, on the Malay Peninsula, in Banca, Australia, and in Mexico. In the Unit

CAS'SIODO'RUS, CAS'SIODO'RIUS, FLAVIUS MAGNUS AURELIUS, Senator (c.480c.580). A Latin statesman and writer, the most profound and enlightened scholar of an age of barbarism. He was born shortly before A.D. 490, at Seylaceum (Squillace), in Bruttii (now Calabria), of a noble family long settled in that region. His public services lay not so much in directing affairs as in perpetuating the Latin civilization under the Gothic rule. First raised to position under Odoacer, he held many important offices under Theodoric the Ostrogoth. From the questorship he passed to the consulship in 514; and during the following years, though engaged in public services, he devoted ed States it is reported from Maine, Virginia, his leisure to literary work and study. At the command of Theodoric he prepared a History of the Goths, which has survived only in the epitome made by Jordanis. After the death of Theodoric, Cassiodorus published a collection of valuable historical State papers, under the title Variarum Epistolarum Libri XII., which gives the best information we possess regarding the Ostrogothic rule in Italy (Consult Hodgkin, Letters of Cassiodorus, London, 1886). Late in life (toward A.D. 540) Cassiodorus retired from public life, and founded upon his estates at Vivarium, near Squillace, a monastery, in which

South Dakota, and California. It is an im

portant ore of tin, as, when pure, it contains nearly 79 per cent. of that metal. The ordinary massive cassiterite is called tin stone; when found in botryoidal or reniform shapes it is known as wood tin, and when in the state of sand along the beds of streams it is called stream tin.

CASSIUS, kash'us, AVIDIUS. A Roman gencral under Marcus Aurelius. He was from Cyrrhus, in Syria, and won much renown by his victories

over the Parthians. He marched against Mesopotamia, captured and burned

Seleucia, and proceeded as far as Babylon. Subsequently he quelled a dangerous insurrection in Egypt, and was appointed Governor of all the Eastern Provinces. He organized a revolt and attempted to seize the imperial throne, but was assassinated by two officers of his own army.

CASSIUS, DIO. See DIO CASSIUS.

CASSIUS, PURPLE OF. A dark purple, red, or reddish-brown pigment. It was discovered by Andreas Cassius in the Seventeenth Century, and may be obtained as a fine flocculent purple precipitate on adding a solution of stannous chloride containing stannie chloride to a solution of gold chloride. It may also be obtained by treating an alloy of gold (2 parts), tin (3.5 parts), and silver (15 parts) with nitric acid, which removes the silver and oxidizes the tin. The composition of purple of Cassius is variable, but it is believed that gold is present in it in the metallic state. Mixed with borax or some fusible glass, it is used by potters to produce a rich purple or rose tint in the finer qualities of pottery, and it has long been employed to give a ruby-red color to the better qualities of glass.

CASSIUS LONGI’NUS, GAIUS. One of Cæsar's assassins. At the breaking out of the Civil War, though a tribune of the plebs, he sided with Pompeius and the aristocratic faction against Cæsar. He was taken prisoner by the latter, who pardoned him, and even made him one of his legati. In B.C. 44, through the influence of Cæsar, he was made prætor peregrinus, and was promised the governorship of Syria in the following year. But his mean and jealous spirit could not endure the burden of gratitude imposed upon him by the generosity of the Dictator, and he resolved to be released by the murder of his benefactor. Having attached to himself the mutinous spirits among the subjugated aristocracy, and also won over M. Brutus, the pseudo-patriotic conspiracy was soon matured, and on March 15, B.C. 44, Cæsar fell by the daggers of assassins. The result of this bloody deed was not what Cassius Longinus had expected. The popular feeling-as displayed by the riots that broke out at Cæsar's funeral--was strongly against the murderers, and the military power fell into the hands of Marcus Antonius. Cassius Longinus therefore fled to the East, and made himself master of Syria. Afterwards he united his forces with those of Brutus. Having greedily plundered Asia Minor, they crossed the Hellespont in the beginning of B.C. 42, marched through Thrace, and took up a superior position near Philippi, in Macedonia. Here they were attacked by Antonius and Octavianus. The division commanded by Cassius Longinus was totally rout ed: on the other hand, Brutus succeeded in repulsing the troops of Octavianus. Cassius Longinus, supposing that all was lost, compelled his freedman, Pindarus, to put him to death. His wife, a half-sister of Brutus, survived him up ward of sixty years. She died in the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 22.

CASSIUS PARMEN'SIS, or GAIUS CASSIUS SEVERUS. One of the conspirators against the life of Julius Cæsar. He was an adherent of his namesake Cassius, and fought on his side until their defeat at Philippi. Afterwards he joined

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Sextus Pompeius, and finally supported Antonius until the defeat at Actium. He went to Athens, but was arrested and executed, about B.C. 30, by order of Augustus. He made some pretensions to poetic ability, but he was not the Cassius alluded to by Horace as noted for the abundance and the poverty of his compositions. CASSIUS VIS'CELLI'NUS, SPURIUS. Roman of the Fifth Century B.C., distinguished as the author of what is called the first agrarian law of Rome. He was thrice consulin B.C. 502, 493, and 486. The law which he presented was, presumably, a restatement of the earlier law of Servius Tullius. Despite the strong opposition of the patricians, led by his fellowconsul, Virginius Tricostus, he succeeded in effecting the legal passage of the law, which was, however, never enforced. In 485 he was accused by his enemies of seeking royal power, and, with these enemies as judges, was put to death as a traitor. See AGRARIAN LAW.

CAS'SIVELLAU'NUS (c.50 B.C.). A native chieftain chosen by the Britons to be their commander when Cæsar made his second invasion, in B.C. 54. Cassivellaunus was routed in the first engagement, but continued to harass the Romans and to cut off all foragers or stragglers. Moved by reverses, he finally gave hostages to Cæsar, who commanded him also to pay a tribute and not to make war on the tribes who had aided the Romans.

CASSOCK. See COSTUME, ECCLESIASTICAL. CASSOP'OLIS. A village and county-seat of Cass County, Mich., 90 miles west by south of Jackson, on the Michigan Central and the Chicago and Grand Trunk railroads. It is known as a summer resort, being in a picturesque lake region. The industrial establishments include flour and saw mills, a grain-drill factory, bowlfactory, etc. Population, in 1890, 1369; in 1900, 1330; in 1904, 1477.

CASSOWARY (Fr. casoar, Sp. casoario, casobar, Dutch casuaar, from Malay kassuwaris). A family (Casuariide) of ratite birds allied to the ostrich, but distinctively characterized by still greater shortness of wing, by a bony crest, by pendent wattles on the naked neck, and by three toes on each foot, the inner toe short and armed with a very long and sharp claw. There are also very important anatomical differences (see Huxley, Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1867), especially in its digestive organs, which are not adapted to the same coarse diet. Cassowaries are still more closely allied to the emus, and with them form a group (Megistanes) peculiar to the Australian region. About twelve species of cassowary are known, of which the most familiar is that from Ceram (Casuarius galeatus), known since 1597 and frequently seen in menageries. It is the largest known bird except the ostrich, and its height, when erect, is about 5 feet. The color is brownish-black. The feathers are loosely webbed and hang down, so that at a little distance the bird seems clothed with hair. Those of the rump are 14 inches long, hanging down in place of a tail. The head and upper part of the neck are naked, and of a bluish color, and there are two pendent wattles, partly red and partly blue, on the front of the neck. On the breast is a callous bare part, on which the bird rests its body

on the ground. The bony crest or helmet reaches from the base of the bill to the middle of the crown, and is about 3 inches high, exhibiting the most intense blue, purple, and scarlet, blended together. When attacked it defends itself by kicking obliquely backward with its stout, naked legs and feet, and by striking with its short wings, the rigid, barbless shafts of which, although useless even to aid in its running, are not without value as weapons. There are only about five of them in each wing, somewhat resembling the quills of a porcupine, and at the end of the last joint of the wing there is a spur.

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The cassowary lays a few eggs, which are rough, greenish, and are incubated by the cock. Its flesh is black, tough, and juiceless. The cassowary is not infrequently to be seen in menageries in Europe, but is becoming more rare in its native regions, in which it is sometimes kept tame. Not much is known of the habits of any of these birds, which dwell in deep forests and are vegetable-eaters. They are frequently tamed by the natives and breed read. ily in confinement. Their skin and feathers are widely used in clothing and ornament; their bones point spears; and their flesh, though tough and dark, is eaten. The fullest account of the genus is that by Salvadori, in his great Italian work on the ornithology of the Papuan region. One species, having an excessively large helmet (Casuarius Australis), occurs in northern Australia. Another (Casuarius Bennetti), peculiar to New Britain, is known as 'moorup' (not 'mooruk,' as usually spelled). See Plate of CAS

SOWARIES, ETC.

CASSOWARY-TREE. See CASUARINA.
CAS'SUMU'NAR. See GINGER.

CAST (Icel., Swed. kasta, Dan. kaste, to throw). A work of art produced by a mold. A method of reproducing a work of sculp tured art by means of molding. The work is first modeled by hand, then covered with plaster so applied that it may be removed in seetions when dry, thus forming a kind of shell to the sculptured form beneath. These sections

are put together and form the mold, which is filled with liquid plaster, the interior of the shell being so lubricated as to prevent the plaster from adhering to the casing. When this interior plaster is hardened, the case is again removed, and the reproduction of the original appears. The first mold is made over the modeled clay figure or group of figures fresh from the sculptor's hand. As the clay is perishable, it is necessary to imitate the original, and from the plaster, which is more durable, a number of replicas may be made. Even though the mold should be broken, another can now be taken from one of the plaster figures. Many of the masterpieces of antiquity are thus repeated, and they supply museums and schools of art as models for study. When a figure or group is cast in bronze, it is more properly called founding (q.v.). Casting has been in use from early times, and was employed by the ancients for multiplying their statues.

CASTAGNO, kås-tänyỏ, ANDREA DEL (c.13961457). A Florentine painter of the Renaissance. He was born at Castagno, a village in the Mugello district, near Florence, the son of a laborer

and small landed proprietor. Although the name of his teacher is not recorded, he was at least influenced by Paolo Vecello, and perhaps, like the rest of the Realist school to which he belonged, by Donatello. His drawing is bold and firm, his color bright and crude, and the impression gained from his works is one of strength and power. His principal surviving works are a fine series of four frescoes from the life of Christ and nine figures in Sant' Apollonia, Florence, the equestrian portrait of Niccolo da Tolentino (1456) in the Cathedral, and a “Crucifixion" in Santa Maria Novella. The story, due to Vasari, that he murdered Domenico Veneziano to steal his secret of oil painting has long been proved a myth by the fact that his associate survived him several years. Castagno died in Florence August 19, 1457.

CASTAIGNE, kå'stân', ANDRÉ (1861-). A French artist, best known as an illustrator. He was born at Angoulême, and studied in Paris at the Suisse Academy (1878-80), and later at the Beaux-Arts as a pupil of Gérôme and Cabanel. Among his notable pictures at the Salon, where he first exhibited in 1884, were a "Portrait of the Vicomte de Dampierre" (1888), and "After the Combat" (1899; Peabody Gallery, Baltimore). In 1890 he went to Baltimore as director and instructor of the Charcoal Club, an art school of that city. His first illustrations were Western scenes executed for the Century Magazine in 1891. He returned to France in 1894, and became an instructor in the Colorossi Academy, Paris. He works with facility in oils, water-color, charcoal, and pen and ink. His fulllight effects were unique in American illustrations. His illustrative work has dealt much with American subjects, such as Texas cowboy life. His series of pictures for B. I. Wheeler's Life of Alexander the Great (1900) is also to be mentioned. In 1904 he published Fata Morgana, a readable novel dealing with the art life of Paris, and illustrated by himself.

CASTA'LIA (Lat., Gk. Kaoralía, Kastalia, probably connected with Lat. castus, Gk. κaðapós katharos, Skt. suddha, pure). A fountain sacred to Apollo and the Muses, situated on the slope of Parnassus, in the cleft between the great cliffs of the Phædriada, near Delphi, in Phocis. It was the 'holy water' of the Delphian temple, and all who came to consult the oracle were required to bathe, or at least to wash the hair, in its water. The Roman poets feigned that its waters filled the mind of those who drank of it with poetic inspiration. The fountain, whose waters are still pure and delightful, now bears the name of Saint-John.

CASTALIDES, kǎs-tāl'i-děz. A name of the Muses, from the Castalian spring on Mount Parnassus, which was sacred to them.

CASTALIO, kås-tä'lyô, CASTELLIO, kåstel'yo, or CASTELLION, SEBASTIAN (1515-63). A French Protestant theologian, born at Saint He received a thorough humanistic training, and Martin du Fresne, a Savoy village, near Geneva. about 1540 went to Strassburg, where he was befriended by Calvin, who, on his return to Geneva in 1541, appointed him rector of the high school and preacher. But, differing from Calvin on what were considered important points, he was compelled to resign in 1544, and went to Basel, where he lived in great poverty, as he had

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