is adequate even for fruit-culture. The cultivation of fruit and the preparation of it for the market now give employment to more people than any other industry. Of the great variety of horticultural plants grown in the State, the most notable are the vine, the citrus fruits, oranges and lemons, and the prune, the latter being more extensively cultivated than any other orchard fruit in the State.

Viticulture was early introduced by the Spaniards, but no specialty was made of it until 1857. At present it receives much attention in almost every agricultural section of the State. The choicest and hardiest European wine-grapes

have been imported, and are rapidly replacing the less desirable varieties. The phylloxera has created great havoc, and the only way of overcoming it seems to be by grafting choice varieties of grapes on native wild vines known as resistant vines, which the phylloxera will not attack. The production of wine and raisins (see table below) has reached enormous proportions, and the State supplies the whole country with table-grapes of superior qualities. Fresno County is especially famous for its raisin crop.

Oranges were first planted in Los Angeles, and up to about 1872 the production was confined principally to that region. A large part of the long interior valley has since been found to be adapted to citrus-culture, and the citrus belt now extends along the foot-hills from Shasta to San Diego, a distance of over 700 miles. Owing to the dry warmth of the inner valleys and to the longer days in summer, the fruit ripens at Oroville, Newcastle, etc., six weeks earlier than at Riverside or Pasadena. In southern California oranges are gathered fresh from Christmas to July, and lemons and limes all the year. Nine or more varieties of oranges are grown, and from the sweet navel, or seedless orange, a non-alcoholic wine is made.

In the year 1905-6 over 25,700 cars of citrus fruit were shipped from the State, exceeding the shipment of any year except 1904-5. The production of prunes is greatest in the Middle Coast counties. The State produces about half of the total crop of the United States, and has outstripped even France. The production of apples, peaches, pears, and cherries is also enormous, but the output for each of these is at least equaled by other States. Berries grow luxuriantly, and in the southern part of the State strawberries are gathered almost throughout the year. The success attending the production of apricots, almonds, olives, figs, and walnuts is of especial interest, inasmuch as the experimental stage

Thus it will be seen that the horticultural development in California has been rapid and continuous. For certain products, however, further immediate extension seems improbable, as the supply now equals the demand. Such products as can find a foreign market may and do continue to develop.

STOCK-RAISING. The equable climate greatly favors stock raising. By shifting the stock from the foothills in the summer to the valleys in the winter, pasturage is afforded for the greater part of the year. The increased production of alfalfa has greatly advanced stock-raising. The State was formerly one of the foremost sheep and wool producers, but for twentyfive years the number of sheep has constantly decreased, and on January 1, 1906, was less than one-half its former size, being about 2,400,000. Large numbers of cattle are shipped into the State from Arizona to be fattened for market. Dairying has but little developed. The general breed of horses is not of a high grade, but there are a number of large horse-raising farms which are noted for their superior breeds, and their trotters, especially, are in great demand in the eastern markets. Ostrich farming is limited to a few ranches.

MANUFACTURES. California has been subject to a variety of conditions, the effect of which has been to guarantee a steady development of the manufacturing industry, but within very definitely restricted limits. The State's comparative isolation and remoteness from other centres of population, and the heavy freight charges necessarily incurred in transportation to and from the State, have given a field free from competition. At the same time, these very condi tions have denied entrance into the more exten. sive market of the world, except with those manufactures for the production of which the State's superior resources give a decided advantage. California is further held back by the high

price of labor and the scarcity and consequently high price of fuel. Moreover, the superior advantages offered in mining and agriculture have tended to divert capital from manufacturing. Nevertheless, the value of manufactured products has reached a high figure, being exceeded in but few States.

The total value of manufactured products increased from $66,000,000 in 1870 to $213,000,000 in 1890 and $302,000,000 in 1900. Establishments classed as factories showed products valued at $257,385,521 in 1900 and at $367,218,494 in 1905. The same establishments employed 77,224 wageearners in 1900 and 100,355 in 1905. Of these wage-earners, in 1905, 14,084 were women, and only 1583 children under 16 years of age. The industries depend primarily on the resources of field and forest. The canning and preserving of fruit and vegetables advanced from third in 1900 to first rank in 1905 among leading industries. In this industry California greatly excels any other State. Vegetables represented 10 per cent. of the value in 1905, raisins, 26.6 per cent., and prunes, 13.3 per cent. Slaughtering and meatpacking attained to second rank in 1905, showing from 1900 to 1905 an increase in value of products

of 38.7 per cent. As a wheat-growing State, California early became an important flour-producer, shipping considerable quantities to China and other foreign countries. This industry showed a gain of 54.9 per cent. in value of products from 1900 to 1905. The manufacture of liquors, also dependent upon agriculture, is developing at a rapid rate. The high grade of grapes and other fruits grown has given rise to the manufacture of wines and brandies of all kinds, which have attained a very enviable reputation. In this industry California easily ranks first. But the malt liquors are as yet of greater value, though showing a smaller increase in value from 1900 to 1905. The production of factory butter, cheese, and condensed milk, although scarcely begun in 1890, has become important. California, on account of the large extent of its lands adapted to the breeding of cattle, is well suited to dairying and already takes a high rank in this industry. The State ranks second in the production of beet-sugar, the product for 1900 being valued at $3,500,000, and the yield in 1906 being 64,251 long tons, or 22.6 per cent. of the total for the United States. San Francisco, being the nearest port

of entry, secures raw sugar from Hawaii for refining. The total value of the amount refined in 1900 was estimated at $15,900,000. This industry was not reported separately in 1905 but is indicated as having declined in output, 1900 to 1905. Another leading industry not reported separately for fear of disclosing individual operations, is the smelting and refining of lead. Hides were formerly exported, but are now manufactured into leather within the State. The period since 1900 has been marked by a rapid growth of petroleum refining. Shipbuilding, both wooden and iron and steel, is also developing. The United States battle-ship Oregon was constructed by a California establishment.

About 37.5 per cent.

of the total value of manufactures in 1905 was

accredited to San Francisco, the city showing a gain in value of products of 28.7 per cent. from 1900 to 1905. During the same period Los Angeles enjoyed an increase of 130 per cent. in value of products, which in 1905 amounted to $34,814,475. The foregoing comparative table is self-explanatory.

resources.

LUMBERING. California, like the other Pacific Coast States, has a remarkable wealth of forest Owing to changes in census methods the value of lumber and timber products given in the above table for 1905 should be increased by $3,362,673, in order to make it comparable to that given for 1900. The industry centres in the Humboldt Bay region, but also extends along the western slope of the Sierras as far south as Fresno County. From the immense redwoods of the Pacific Slope, large quantities of lumber and shingles are manufactured, while the equally large firs are used for the building of houses and ships. Among other valuable varieties are the cedar, adaptable for finishing work and furniture; the chestnut oak, used for tamming; and the yellow pine, valuable for lumber and for the production of resin and turpentine. The deciduous trees are not great in variety, nor of much industrial value.

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCE. The long coast line has few excellent harbors, and the inland navigation is not extensive, being confined principally to the Sacramento River, which is navigable for small vessels as far as Red Bluff, and the Colorado, which is navigable through its entire course along the borders of the State.

Railway facilities are well developed, particularly in the great central valley. Only in the northeastern portion of the State is commercial progress seriously retarded by a lack of transportation accommodations. Two important transcontinental lines-the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe-enter the State from the south. The Southern Pacific has a spur running through the central part of the State, which connects with the Union Pacific at Ogden, Utah, and another spur extending north, which connects with the line of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company at Portland, Oreg. San Francisco is the chief terminal point. 1860 the State had 23 miles of railroad, which had increased in 1880 to 2195 miles, in 1890 to 4349 miles, in 1900 to 5750 miles, and in 1906 to 6488 miles. There were (1906) 4.11 miles of line per 100 square miles of land territory, and 38.78 miles per 10,000 inhabitants.

In

Commerce centres mainly at San Francisco,

about 70 per cent. of all the merchandise imported to the Pacific Coast entering, and about 40 per cent. of the exports leaving, by that port. The other ports of entry in the State are Los Angeles, San Diego, and Eureka. There are lines of steamers to Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon, etc., and to New York, Great Britain, Hawaii, China, Japan, Philippine Islands, Australia, and South America. Its position on the Pacific Ocean gives the State an advantage in the trade with Oriental countries, which is becoming of The construction of the Isthincreasing value. mian canal will also be greatly to the advantage of the State, especially in its trade with European countries. The leading merchandise exports are cotton, breadstuffs, leather, provisions, iron fruits and nuts, and quicksilver. Of the imports and steel manufactures, lumber, salmon, ginseng, the most important are raw silk from Japan, coffee, opium, and tea. The principal countries sharing in the foreign trade of California are Japan and China. Shipments across the contin

ent include fruits (fresh, canned, and dried), In the calendar cattle products, and honey. year 1905 the value of imports of merchandise to the California ports aggregated $45,315,280, and the imports of gold and silver $2,540,291, while the exports of merchandise and bullion were $48,552,172 and $11,893,386 respectively. BANKING. On September 4, 1906, there were 115 national banks in California, having capital stock amounting to $25,215,000; outstanding circulation, $21,645,000; deposits, $130,100,000. The State banks on May 29, 1905, numbered 275, with capital stock amounting to $41,691,000; deposits, $149,954,000; total resources, $238,735,000. In May, 1905, there were 23 private banks in operation, with capital stock of $703.000 and deposits of $2,681,000, and in June, 1906, 119 savings banks, with depositors numbering about 357,800, and aggregate deposits of about $265,000,000. The average due each depositor was about $742, an amount exceeding that of every other State.

GOVERNMENT. The present Constitution became operative in 1879. A proposed amendment must have a two-thirds vote of each House, and be approved by a vote of the State electors. A proposition to revise the Constitution must likewise receive a two-thirds vote of the Legislature and the approval of the people, and the text drawn up in the resulting Constitutional Convention must also be submitted to the people for their approval.

Males who have lived one year in the State, ninety days in the county, and thirty days in the voting precinct, and have not been convicted of infamous crimes, embezzlement, or misappropriation of public money, and can read the Constitution or write their names have the right of suffrage; but Chinese are excluded.

Legislature.-Senators (40) hold office for four years, Assemblymen (80) for two years. The Legislature meets in biennial sessions on the first Monday after the first day of January of even years, and the pay of the members ($8 per day and 10 cents mileage) is limited to sixty days. The Governor may convene extra sessions, but the power to legislate at these is restricted to the specified subject. The House impeaches, while the Senate acts as a court of impeachment.

Executive. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Controller, Treasurer, At

torney-General, and Surveyor-General are each elected for a term of four years. A two-thirds vote of each House overcomes the Governor's veto. Money appropriation bills may be vetoed in part. In case of a vacancy in the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor takes his place, and in turn is succeeded by the president pro tempore of the Senate. The Governor grants reprieves, pardons, and commutations of sentence. Judicial.-The Supreme Court, the members of which are elected for a term of twelve years, consists of a Chief Justice and six associates, and is divided into two departments, which may sit separately or as one court. Each county has a Superior Court, whose members are elected for a term of six years. Inferior courts are established by the Legislature. No judge of Supreme or Superior Court can receive his salary unless he swears that no case in his court submitted ninety days previous remains unattended to.

Local Government.-There is a uniform system of county governments, and general laws are enacted for the organization of townships. Laws affecting municipal corporations must be general laws, applying to classes of municipalities made upon the basis of population. A city containing a population of more than 3500 may frame a charter for its own government, which, after being approved by the electors of the city, is submitted to the Legislature for its approval

or rejection as a whole.

Other Constitutional and Statutory Provisions. No corporation formed under the laws of the State can employ, directly or indirectly, any Chinese or Mongolian, and contracts for coolie labor are void. Appropriations to sectarian schools are prohibited. The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent., but any rate is allowed by contract. Women may enter or pursue any lawful business, vocation, or profession, and the property of married women belongs to them alone. Sacramento is the capital. The State has eight Representatives in the Lower House of the national Congress.

Finances. The cash receipts of the State for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, amounted to $13,525,700, the cash payments to $12,535,000, and the balance in the treasury to $6,507,900. The chief sources of revenue were: general property tax; railroad taxes, San Francisco harbor collections; prisons; collateral inheritance tax. The State debt on June 30, 1906, was $767,529, consisting of a floating debt of $113,529 and a funded debt of $654,000. The value of taxable property was $1,594,781,905.

Penal and Charitable Institutions.-The penal institutions are the prisons at Folsom and San Quentin, the State Reform School at Whittier, and the Preston School of Industry at Ione. The charitable institutions include the insane asylums at Napa, Stockton, Agnew, Ukiah, and Patton, and one for insane convicts at Folsom; the Home for the Care and Training of Feeble-minded Children at Eldridge; the Institution for Deaf and Blind at Berkeley, and the Home for Adult Blind at Oakland. There are soldiers' homes at Yountville and Santa Monica (near).

Militia. According to the report of the military secretary of the army, the total strength of the State militia in 1905 was 3356. The infantry consisted of 1 regiment of 12 companies, 3 regiments of 9 companies each; 1 regiment of 8 com

panies; and 1 unattached company. There were also 4 troops of cavalry; 1 battalion of 4 heavy batteries; a signal corps of 2 companies; and a sanitary corps of 6 detachments.

EDUCATION. California ranks among the progressive States in its educational policy. The educational system is wide in scope and thorough in administration, and the length of the school year (166 days) exceeds that of any State west of the Alleghanies. The State has succeeded better than most States in dealing with the rural school problem, but still suffers from an undue multiplication of small rural districts. The compulsory school law is not generally enforced. Of 440,917 children of school age in 1906, 321,870 were enrolled in the public schools, 43,080 in private schools. The average daily attendance in the public schools was 248,722. Of the 9371 teachers employed, 14 per cent. were males. The expenditures for school purposes aggregated $10,845,857, of which $6,917,994 was for teachers' salaries. The average of the salaries paid to male teachers was $87.75 per month, and to females, $72.10, being much higher than the average for the Western States.

Leland

There are State normal schools at San José, Los Angeles, Chico, San Diego, and San Francisco. The State University at Berkeley, an outgrowth of the State College (chartered in 1855), medicine, etc., are in San Francisco. Lick Obserhas a liberal endowment. Its schools of law, vatory (q.v.) is also connected with it. Stanford Junior University, at Palo Alto, is one tions in the world. Both of the foregoing instiof the most heavily endowed educational institututions are coeducational, and in rank take their place with the foremost institutions of the country. Other colleges are: The University of Southern California (M. E.) at Los Angeles; St. Ignatius College (R. C.) at San Francisco; Santa Clara College (R. C.) at Santa Clara; Pomona College (Cong.) at Claremont; the University of the Pacific (M. E.) at San José; St. Vincent's College (R. C.) at Los Angeles; Throop Polytechnic Institute (nonsect.) at Pasadena; Occidental College (Presb.) at Los Angeles; and the California Polytechnic School (State) at San Luis Obispo. There are theological schools at Berkeley, San Anselmo, and San Mateo; art schools at San Francisco, San Diego, and Sacramento. The California Academy of Sciences, founded in 1853, and endowed by James Lick (q.v.) is at San Francisco.

RELIGION. From an early date the Roman Catholics have been very active in missionary work. Nearly all the Spanish element of the population, and a large part of the Indian population, are members of that Church, making it numerically the strongest religious denomination. The Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists follow, in the order named, and the other leading denominations are represented. Even with the large Catholic element, but 23 per cent. of the population are church communicants.

POPULATION. California is the most populous of the Western States, and ranks twenty-first in population among the States of the Union. The following is the population by decades: 1850, 92,600; 1860, 379,900; 1870, 560,200; 1880, 864,700; 1890, 1,208,100; 1900, 1,485,000. (For population by counties in 1900, see table on back of

the map.)

In 1905 the population was estimated at 1,620,883. The per cent. of increase for the decade 1890-1900 (22.9) was greater than that for the whole country. About one-fourth of the population of the State was foreign born, the Irish, Germans, and English, in the order named, being most numerous. The State had a Mongolian population about equal to that of the rest of the United States, the Chinese numbering 45,753 and the Japanese 10,151. The former greatly decreased in numbers, and the latter inereased, during the decade. Fifty-five per cent. of the population were males, the large predominance of this sex among the Mongolians being partly responsible for this result. The Indians numbered 15,377, and the negroes 11,045. Most of the Indians are taxed, and have made considerable progress in civilized life.

There were 9.5 individuals to the square mile, and a decided tendency is manifested to segregate in cities. There were twenty-four places having a population above 4000, their inhabitants constituting 48.9 per cent. of the total population. The following are the leading cities with their population in 1900: San Francisco, 342,782; Los Angeles, 102,479; Oakland, 66,960; Sacramento, 29,282; San José, 21,500; San Diego, 17,700; Stockton, 17,506; Alameda, 16,464; Berkeley, 13,214; Fresno, 12,470. The estimated population of these cities in 1906 was: San Francisco, 375,000; Los Angeles, 290,000; Oakland, 80,500; Sacramento, 35,000; San José, 29,500; San Diego, 28,000; Stockton, 21,000; Alameda, 20,500; Berkeley, 17,500; Fresno, 15,000.

Indians. The Indians in 1905 numbered 15, 459, who were located on five reservationsnamely, Hupa Valley, Round Valley, Tule River, Yuma, Digger, and twenty-eight mission reservations. They are from a large number of tribes, and represent twenty different linguistic stocks. At least one-half of them can speak enough English to carry on ordinary conversation, and the greater number wear citizens' clothing. They are, as a rule, self-supporting, rations being issued only to the old and infirm. In some of the reservations, not only stock-raising, but farming and fruit-growing, have attained a considerable development. The Indians of the Yuma reservation are the most primitive in the State, living principally upon fish and the mesquit-bean. They also cultivate small patches of melons and labor on the railroads and irrigation works.

HISTORY. The name California first appears in a Spanish romance, published in 1510, as that of an island lying somewhere in the western sea near the equator. The term was originally applied to what is now Lower California, which was visited by the Spanish as early as 1533. Later the name was extended to the whole western coast of North America below the parallel of 42°, and the distinction of Upper and Lower California was introduced. The first exploration within the limits of the State was done in 1542 and 1543, when Cabrillo visited the coast and islands of the Santa Barbara region. In 1579 Sir Francis Drake sailed as far as the fortythird degree of latitude, and named the country New Albion, but did not, as is generally supposed, enter the Bay of San Francisco. In 1602 and 1603 Vizcaino explored the bays of San Diego and Monterey, and sailed as far north as Point Reyes. The Spanish attempted to civilize the

country by the establishment of missions along the coast. In 1769 the first mission in California proper was erected at San Diego by the Franciscans, and by 1823, when the last and most northerly station had been planted at Sonoma, these religious houses had grown to 21 in number, and acquired great wealth in olive, orange, and grape plantations, and cattle and horse ranches. The Indians were early converted to Christianity, gradually weaned from their nomadic and barbaric state, and induced to lead a settled life. They were taught farming and other civilized pursuits and became in time a peaceful and industrious people. The Spanish Government, which intended eventually to turn the mission estates into administrative districts, never acknowledged the title of the priests to the land, and in 1777 began the founding of pueblos or towns. Upper California was divided into the four provinces of San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. After the Mexican Revolution of 1821, the missions began to decline. The Indians were partly emancipated in 1826, and the process of secularization, which began in 1833, was completed by 1845. Commerce with foreign nations, which was at first forbidden, became very large after 1822. In 1826 the first American immigrant wagon train entered California. In 1840 Monterey was made the capital, and a year later the Russians, who had maintained a trading-post north of Bodega Bay since 1812, abandoned it.

Under the Mexican Republic California enjoyed virtual autonomy, and after 1840 its independence was seen to be inevitable. A silent conflict arose between those who favored ultimate annexation to the United States and the large class of property-owners who were inclined to favor the establishment of a British protectorate. In the southern part of the State, Larkin, the United States consul, was secretly endeavoring to stir up a revolt against Mexico and to bring about the extension of the jurisdiction of the United States over the country. But before his schemes had attained full maturity, a rising of the American settlers in northern California took place. On June 14, 1846, a small party of Americans, aided by John C. Frémont, who was then in California at the head of an exploring expedition, seized the town of Sonoma, raised the Bear Flag, and on the fourth of July proclaimed the independence of California. Commodore Sloat, acting under orders from the United States Government, which was then preparing to go to war with Mexico, seized Monterey and Yerba Buena (San Francisco), and the conquest of the country was completed by Commodore Stockton, Colonel Frémont, and General Kearny. On August 15, 1846, California was declared a Territory of the United States.

The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma, on January 24, 1848, gave an impetus to immigration from all parts of the globe. The great body of gold-seekers, 'the Argonauts,' arrived in 1849, and by the end of the year the population exceeded 100,000. Nearly all the newcomers were unmarried men, in haste to get rich. Hence the organization of an authoritative body, responsible for public order, was neglected or hindered by the influx of lawless characters. There ensued reckless speculation, extrava