ministrative officials. Camden spends annually in maintenance and operation about $1,000,000, the main items of expenditure being $200,000 for schools, $137,000 for interest on debt, $110,000 for the police department, $105,000 for the fire department, $90,000 for municipal lighting, and $83,000 for the water-works. The assessed valuation of property, real and personal, is about $35,000,000, and the bonded debt $3,000,000. The sewerage system comprises about 100 miles of mains, and the water-works, including two plants built by the city in 1870 and 1889, at a total cost of $2,500,000, are under municipal operation, the system having 105 miles of mains. Population, in 1890, 58,313; in 1900, 75,935, in cluding 10,100 persons of foreign birth and 5600 of negro descent; in 1905, 83,363. Camden was chartered as a city in 1828; the Camden and Amboy Railroad, incorporated in 1833, gave the eity its early importance as a railroad terminus, It was the home of Walt Whitman from 1873 until his death in 1892. Consult Fisler, A Local History of Camden (Camden, 1858).

CAMDEN. A town and county-seat of Kershaw County, S. C., 32 miles northeast of Columbia, on the Wateree River, and on the Seaboard Air Line, Southern, and Atlantic Coast Line systems (Map: South Carolina, D 2). It is known as a winter resort, and manufactures cotton cloths and yarns, lumber products, and bricks. Camden was settled in 1750 by Quakers from Ireland, and in 1791 was incorporated as a town. It is governed under a charter of 1890, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a municipal council. Here, on August 16, 1780, an English force of 2000 under Lord Cornwallis defeated an American force of 3000 under General Gates, Baron DeKalb being mortally wounded in the engagement; and near here, at Hobkirk's Hill (see HOBKIRK'S HILL, BATTLE OF), an English force under General Rawdon repulsed an American force under General Greene on April 25, 1781. In 1825 a monument was erected to the memory of DeKalb, Lafayette laying the cornerstone. On February 25, 1865, General Sherman entered Camden and destroyed 2000 bales of cotton, a large quantity of tobacco, and a number of buildings. Population, 1900, 2441; 1906 (local est.), 5000, including Kirkwood, which was annexed in 1905.

CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, first Earl of (1714-94). An English Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor, third son of Sir John Pratt, a Chief Justice under George I. He was born at Kensington and educated at Eton and Cambridge. In 1734 he became a fellow of his college, the next year obtained his B.A. degree, and in 1740 that of M.A. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1738. His prospects were discouraging until 1752, when he successfully defended a bookseller for libel on the House of Conimons. In 1757 he was appointed AttorneyGeneral, and in 1762 Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. He presided over the trial of Wilkes (q.v.) and declared the action of Government illegal, an opinion which, according with public sentiment, made him the most popular of judges. In 1765 he was created Baron Camden by the Rockingham administration, whose American policy and treatment of Wilkes, notwithstanding, he constantly opposed. The following year, although appointed Lord Chancellor, he did not

abandon his principles; and four years after sup ported an amendment made by Chatham on the Government address, and resigned his office. Henceforth he was a political character. He took an active part against the ill-advised American policy pursued by Lord North, and in discussions on the law of libel, was called 'the maintainer of English constitutional liberty.' During the Revolutionary War he was very popular in the United States, and his memory is perpetuated by many counties, towns, and villages named after him. He was president of the council under Rockingham in 1782-83 and under Pitt from 1783 until his death, April 18, 1794. He was created Earl Camden and Viscount Bayham in 1786.

CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623). An antiquarian and historian, surnamed The British Pausanias.' He was born in London, where his father was a house-painter, May 2, 1551. His education began at Christ's Hospital, was completed at Saint Paul's School and at Oxford, where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1573. In 1575 he was appointed second master of Westminster School, and while discharging the duties of this office he undertook the work which made his name famous. His Britannia, written in elegant Latin, and giving an account of the British Isles from the earliest ages, was first published in 1586, and it at once brought him into communication with the learned men of his time. Before 1607 the work had passed through six editions, being enlarged and improved by the industry of the author. At first a comparatively small volume, it received much additional matter from other writers. The best-known edition is that of Edmund Gibson, in English, 2 vols., folio (1722). The latest translation is that of Gough and Nichols (2d ed., 1806). Bishop Nicholson said of this work that it was "the common sun whereat our modern writers have all lighted their little torches." In 1593 Camden was appointed head master of Westminster School; and in 1597 Clarencieux King-at-Arms, an appointment which gave him more time for the pursuit of his favorite studies. His other important works are: Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth (latest ed., 1717); A Collection of Ancient English Historians (6th ed., 1607); An Account of the Monuments and Inscriptions in Westminster Abbey (1600); and a Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot (1607). He died November 9, 1623, at Chiselhurst, in the house which afterwards belonged to Napoleon III., and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Before his death he endowed a professorship of history at Oxford.

CAMDEN SOCIETY.

An English association organized in London in 1838, and named in honor of William Camden. Its object is the publication of historical and literary remains of antiquarian and general interest. The publications began in 1847. After 104 volumes had been issued, a new series began, which up to 1900 includes an additional 63 volumes.

CAMEL (OF., Lat. camelus, Gk. káμnλos, kamēlos, from Heb. gāmāl, camel). A large desert-dwelling ruminant of two species, constituting the typical genus, Camelus, of the family Camelide. Both have been subjugated to man since prehistoric times, and neither is known or remembered in a wild state. The free camels which now roam in northern Turkestan, where they are hunted for their flesh, hides, and supe

rior wool, are descendants of the few which survived the vast sand-storms which, about 1700, overwhelmed the villages on the Gobi plateau and killed all the people. The two species of camel are the true or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), having one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus Bactrianus), with two humps. These humps are stores of flesh and fat, reabsorbed in support of the animal when overtaken by famine, as is so likely to happen.

The former is the common and widespread species, found from northwestern India and the lowlands of Afghanistan down to the extremity of Arabia east of the Red Sea and Somaliland to the south, and westward as far as the African deserts extend. They have also been introduced into Australia, Spain, Zanzibar, and the southwestern United States, but without permanent economic success. The United States Government spent much money and pains to acclimatize them as an army transport service in the dry southwestern regions, about 1857; the Civil War interrupted the arrangements, but the attempts made by private hands to utilize the animals were not profitable. Many were turned loose and remained wild along the Mexican border, but multiplied very little, and they are now supposed to be extinct. The British Government has made extensive use of them in its military operations in India and Upper Egypt, both as baggage animals, and in hauling artillery, and as mounts for a division of 'cavalry' known as the 'camel corps.' Consult Gleichen, With the Camel Corps Up the Nile, London, 1888, wherein many interesting facts as to the habits and qualifications of the animal are given.

What country was the original home of this species is uncertain; it seems more thoroughly adapted to a sandy region than the Bactrian, and is presumed to have had a more southerly habitat than the latter, probably inhabiting Arabia and perhaps the Sahara when first enslaved by primitive men. It is singularly adapted to subsistence in the desert by the structural qualities else where mentioned (see CAMELIDE), and by its ability to bite off and consume the tough shrubbery and even thorny plants which alone grow there, and to endure the burning heat and flying sand. To this end it has acquired not only the thick and broad sole-pads, but the thick callosities on the joints of the legs and on the chest upon which it rests (in a kneeling posture) when it lies down; moreover, the nostrils may be closed against the flying dust, and the eyes are shaded and shielded by very long eyelashes. Its extremely acute sense of smell, especially for water, is another life-saving provision. All these qualities have combined to render it so highly serviceable to man in the great wastes that separate the habitable regions south and east of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, that it is safe to say these could never have been colonized and have been the scenes of the momentous incidents and impulses they have contributed to civilization had it not been for the assistance of

this ungainly and unlovely creature. "I can speak from experience." remarks Captain Wellby (Twixt Sirdar and Menelik, New York, 1901), "of this marvelous endurance of camels, for on a previous trip in Somaliland I once marched with a string of camels for eleven days, during which time none of them had a drop [of water]."

The Bactrian camel is better adapted, by its smaller size and heavier build, harder and more cloven feet, longer and finer wool, and other qualities, to a rocky and cooler region, and its home is central Asia, from northern Turkestan to Mongolia. Its endurance is equally remarkable, under different circumstances, with that of its southern congener, for it withstands the awful climate of the Tibetan plateau, where the temperature rises to 140° F. in summer and sinks to Arctic cold in winter; it tramps with burdens of tea or hauling wagons or sledges over the plains, and often through wintry snows, from Peking to Lake Baikal, and carries heavy loads over the lofty passes of the Hindu Kush, and across the flinty plains of Afghanistan, and thence to Persia. It is this ability to endure climatic extremes, variety of fare, and famine, which has perpetuated the camel through a longer generie history than that of almost any other animal, and has made it of so much service to mankind in regions unendurable by most cattle or horses. The Arabian camel carries twice the load of a mule. The Bactrian camel is sometimes loaded with 1000 or even 1500 pounds weight, although not generally with so much. A caravan sometimes contains 1000, sometimes even 4000 or 5000

camels. The supply of food carried with the caravan for the use of the camels is very scanty; a few beans, dates, carob-pods, or the like, are all that they receive after a long day's march, when there is no herbage on which they may browse. The pace of the loaded camel is steady and uniform, but slow-about 21⁄2 miles per hour. Some of the slight dromedaries, however, can carry a rider more than 100 miles in a day. The motion of the camel is peculiar, jolting the rider in a manner extremely disagreeable to those who are unaccustomed to it; both the feet on the same side being successively raised, so that one side is thrown forward, and then the other.

The patience of the camel has been celebrated by some authors, but this is mainly indifference and stupidity. It submits because it knows no better, cares nothing for its master, is influenced to a very slight degree by either kindness or harshness, is unhappy when alone, and always untrustworthy; is cowardly, and, at the rutting season, is subject to sudden and violent fits of rage, when it uses its teeth with terrible effect.

The camel produces only one young one at a time, or rarely two. It lives thirty or forty years. During the long ages it has been subjected (the word 'domesticated' hardly applies) to man, almost as many breeds have been created as in the case of the rose, and there is a vast difference between those bred as baggage animals and those reared for the saddle; the latter, light and swift, often capable of traversing 100 miles of desert a day, are 'dromedaries,' whether onehumped or two-humped.

The great value of the camel to the desert people is due to its manifold usefulness, for besides its utility as a carrier of both man and his burden, and as a means of trade, its flesh is good food, and the milk is excellent; from the hair, cloth, ropes, etc., are made; the hide is serviceable; the bones (in eastern Asia) serve as ivory; and the dung is in some regions almost the sole dependence of the nomads for fuel. The animal is nevertheless steadily decreasing in im

1. VICUNA (Lama vicunia). 2. GUANACO (Lama guanacus). 3. ALPACA (Lama pacos).

4. LLAMA (Lama glama).

5. ARABIAN CAMEL, Dromedary type. 6. BACTRIAN OR TWO-HUMPED CAMEL.

portance by the advance of railways, the opening of wagon roads, and other supersessions of its service, even in the remoter parts of its arid domain. See Plate of CAMELS AND LLAMAS.

CAMEL (from camel, as carrying heavy burdens). A water-tight, box-like contrivance designed for lifting ships, sunken weights, etc. The use of wooden floats for lightening the draught of a ship to permit her to pass over a shoal or bar is very old, but the invention of hollow floats, or camels, is ascribed to the Dutch, and their first use is said to have been about 1688. The ordinary camel is a simple rectangular box float, and is much used in navy-yards and private shipbuilding establishments. The camels designed by the Dutch were sometimes a hundred feet or more in length, 20 feet broad, and made to fit the sides of the ship; they were allowed to fill with water, hauled up close to the vessel's sides, and secured in place by chains and lashings. When the ship reached the shoal or bar the water was pumped out of the camels, and the increased buoyancy thus obtained raised the ship enough to materially decrease her draught. camels which are used in wreck-raising are generally built of steel and fitted with machinery for working the chains which support the wreck or attach it to the camel.

Modern

1. Poëbrotherium, an extinct primitive type. 2. Existing camel, showing change in dentition.

two species (see CAMEL), and Llama, the American llamas, considered by some naturalists one species, by others four. (See LLAMA.) These animals agree in peculiarities of structure, which separate them from other ruminants, mainly as follows: Though a full set of incisor teeth are present in the young, only the outermost con

tinue through life as isolated laniariform teeth; canines are present in both jaws, and the molars are solenodont in type. The skeleton has many peculiarities, of which a striking one is the excessive comparative length of the thighbone, and the detachment of the hind leg from the body. The limbs are long, the ankle-bones peculiar, and all traces of phalanges are lost, except the third and fourth. These are not incased in matched hoofs, like other artiodactyls, but the foot consists of two elongated toes, each tipped with a small, nail-like hoof, the feet resting not upon the hoofs, but upon elastic pads or cushions under the toes. In the camels the toes are united by a common sole, thus resting upon one extended pad, instead of having each a separate one, as in the llama group, the broader expanse of the foot enabling the animals of the one genus more easily to traverse the loose sand of the desert, while the narrow