CAMPE, käm'pe, JOACHIM HEINRICH (17461818). A German teacher, lexicographer, and writer for children. He studied theology in Halle, and became a warm partisan of the educational reforms of Basedow (q.v.), whose place he took during the year 1777 as the head of the Philanthropenum in Dessau. A little later he devoted himself to the writing of educational works, and also built up a prosperous business as a publisher of pedagogical works. In 1787 he was appointed to reform the system of instruction in the Duchy of Brunswick. In 1789 he visited Paris and became an ardent advocate of the principles of the Revolution. His juveniles, all written for the purpose of instruction, comprise thirty-seven volumes. His Robinson der Jüngere ("Robinson the Younger") has been translated into many languages. He also published some lexicographical works.

CAMPEADOR, käm'på-å-Dôr. An epithet used of warriors. In particular, a title of the Cid (q.v.).

CAMPECHE, Mex. pron. kȧm-pā'châ. One of the Atlantic States of Mexico, occupying the south part of the peninsula of Yucatan, and bordering on Guatemala and the Gulf of Campeche (Map: Mexico, O 8). Its area is 18,087 square miles. The soil is for the most part sandy and unproductive, but there are good pasture-lands. The main products are rice, sugar, and salt. Population, in 1879, 90,413; in 1900, 86,542. The Indians form a considerable portion of the population.

CAMPE CHE, or CAMPEA'CHY. The capital of the Mexican State of the same name, and a seaport town, situated on the Gulf of Campeche, in the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the San Francisco River (Map: Mexico, O 8). The industries of Campeche are unimportant with the exception of shipbuilding, but it is the centre of the trade in Campeche wood, and also in wax. Its harbor is sheltered by a breakwater, but is too shallow for vessels of deep draught. town has a college. Population, 1900, 17,109.

The

CAMPEGGIO, kȧm-pěj'ô, or CAMPEGGI, kam-pěj'ê, LORENZO (1474-1539). An Italian prelate. In early life he was a lawyer, but after losing his wife he became an ecclesiastic and rapidly rose to the position of cardinal. In 1519 he was sent to England to preach a crusade against the Turks, but was unsuccessful. Henry VIII. made him Bishop of Salisbury in 1524, and he came again to England in 1528 to assist Wolsey in the case of Henry's divorce from Catharine. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation came to nothing, however, and the see of Salisbury was taken from him. At Nurem berg, in 1524, Campeggio tried to win back Luther to the Catholic Church. At the Diet of Augsburg, in 1530, he advised Charles V. to adopt a relentless policy toward the Protestants of Germany.

CAMP EQUIPAGE. Articles and materials necessary for the proper equipment of a camp. It includes, among other things, tents, furniture, fittings, cooking utensils, and articles of common use. The description and quantity of camp

A

equipage will depend on the purpose and location of the camp, its permanent or temporary character, and the number of troops accommodated. CAMPER, käm'per, PIETER (1722-89). Dutch anatomist and naturalist. He was born in Leyden, and studied medicine there. In 1750 he became professor in Franeker; in 1755 in Amsterdam; and in 1763 in Groningen, where he remained until 1773. On being elected a member of the State Council in 1789, he removed to The Hague, where he died. He was distinguished for the services he rendered both to human and comparative anatomy, to surgery, obstetrics, and medical jurisprudence, and a skillful draughtsman. His collected writings, with plates, appeared under the title, Œuvres qui ont pour objet l'histoire naturelle, la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée (3 vols., Paris, 1803). For his observations on the facial angle, see ANGLE.

was

CAM'PERDOWN (Dutch, Camperduin, Downs of Kamp). A broad tract of low downs which borders the North Sea on the west side of the peninsula which separates it from the Zuyder Zee It takes its name (Map: Netherlands, C 2). from the neighboring hamlet of Kamp, about 25 miles north of Haarlem. It gives its name to the victory obtained off that part of the coast

by the British Admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet, October 11, 1797.

99). An Italian traveler, born in Milan. He CAMPERIO, käm'pâ-rē'ô, MANFREDO (1826traversed Turkey, visited Australia and the Sunda Islands, and upon the opening of the Suez Canal explored the Nile as far as Assuan, went thence to the East Indies, Ceylon, and Java, and, in the service of the Society for the Commercial Exploration of Africa, founded by him in 1879, traveled through Tunis, Tripoli, and Bengasi. He established, in 1876, the review Esploratore. Besides articles in periodicals he published L'Eritrea nel XX. secolo (1899), in which he urges the necessity of railway construction in the colony.

CAMPERO, kȧm-pā'rô, NARCISO (1815-). A Bolivian soldier and politician, President of Bolivia from 1880 to 1884, born at Tojo (now in Argentina). He became a brigadier-general in the Bolivian army, and for a brief period in 1872 was Minister of War. Upon the overthrow of Daza, he was elected President on April 9, 1880. He assumed command of the combined armies of Bolivia and Peru, but on May 26, 1880, was routed at Tacna. His administration, a tranquil one so far as concerned internal affairs, came to an end on August 1, 1884.

Sutlers, servants,

CAMP FOLLOWERS. dealers in small wares, and sometimes natives of the vicinity, who travel with, or follow in the train of, an army on the march. They are invariably a source of trouble and responsibility to the commander of the army to which they attach themselves, and are often a source of danger.

They are not so much in evidence in modern campaigns as in the past, unless the campaign is being conducted in a wild or uncivilized country. Formerly, owing to the absence of railroads and steamships, armies had frequently to undertake long marches, with practically no base of supplies, or at the best having very meagre communication with such base, rendering necessary the carrying of great quantities of stores and supplies. Natives were employed for this

work, and in instances where the roads were to be constructed or were in need of repairs, would also be used for that purpose. It has been stated that in February, 1839, when a Bengal army of 15,000 men left Shikapur for Afghanistan, it was accompanied by at least 85,000 camp fol

lowers.

In European countries, and in modern times, the presence of railroads obviates a certain amount of marching, and in conjunction with steamships keeps the army well supplied, rendering any large number of camp followers unnecessary. Those who do exist, however, are provided for in regulations, are subject to the articles of war, and are under the control of the commanding officer.

CAMPHAUSEN, kämp'hou-zen, OTTO (181296). A Prussian statesman. He was born in Hünshoven, studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin, in 1844 was elected councilor at Treves, and in 1845 became a member of the Ministry of Finance. In 1869 he was appointed Finance Minister. His administration, resourceful and cautious, marked a change from conditions of economic depression to those of great prosperity. Made accountable by his opponents for a subsequent reaction, attacked by even the Liberals, and at odds with Bismarck respecting the tobacco tax, he resigned with the rank of Minister of State.

CAMPHAUSEN, WILHELM (1818-85). A German battle painter. He was born in Düsseldorf, where he was a pupil at the Academy, and professor from 1859. Among his works are: "Tilly at Breitenfeld" (1841); “Godfrey of Bouillon at Ascalon" (1845); "Charles I. at Naseby" (1851); "Blücher Meeting Wellington" (1857); "Meeting Between Bismarck and Napoleon III.;" and "Entry of Emperor William into Berlin" (1872).

CAMPHINE, kăm-fēn' (Camphor

ine). The name applied to purified oil of turpentine, which has been used for burning in lamps. It is very volatile, and burns very freely, giving a white, brilliant light. With air its vapors form a dangerously explosive mixture.

CAMPHOR (Med. Lat. camphora, from Ar. kafür, camphor, which is derived through the Prākrit kāpūra, from Skt. karpūra, camphor), C10H16O. A substance obtained by the action of steam on the chipped wood of the camphor-tree (Camphora officinarum, or Cinnamomum camphora, Nees). The product of distillation with steam is freed from volatile oil by draining and pressing, and the crystalline mass remaining behind is purified by sublimation. Camphor has also been prepared artificially by oxidizing the hydrocarbon camphene, C1He, which may be obtained by first treating terebenthene ( an ingredient of turpentine) with gaseous hydrochloric acid and then heating with sodium carbonate. An American process, introduced in 1904, consists in heating oil of turpentine with anhydrous oxalic acid and oxidizing the resulting products. Pure camphor is a colorless, transparent, crystalline substance, melting at 175° C. and boiling at 204 C. It has a characteristic odor and a somewhat pungent, aromatic taste. It is only sparingly soluble in water, but dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, and other organic liquids. It has a

tough consistency, but if digested with alcohol becomes hard and may then be readily pulverized. It is now employed in the manufacture of celluloid and of explosives, and is often used in medicine. Consult Aschan, Die Konstitution des Kampfers und seiner wichtigsten Derivate (Braunschweig, 1903). See BORNEOL.

An

CAMPHOR/IC ACID, CH1 (COOH)2. organic substance obtained by the oxidation of camphor with nitric acid. It occurs in needleshaped crystals, colorless, odorless, and of slightly acid taste. It is nearly insoluble in cold water, but dissolves readily in hot water as well as in alcohol, ether, fatty oils, and other organic liquids. Camphoric acid has been used in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory and urinary mucous membranes, but is now employed almost exclusively as an anhidrotic (q.v.). It proves most serviceable in the profuse nightsweats of phthisis.

CAMPHUYSEN, kämp'hoi-zen, DIRK RAFELSZ (1586-1627). A Dutch theologian and poet, born at Gorkum. He was a partisan of Arminius and was persecuted on that account. Among his works is a compendium of his doctrines. He also left a number of religious poems, including a translation of the Psalms. He is said to have been a painter until his eighteenth year. The pictures attributed to him are probably by his nephew, RAPHAEL CAMPHUYSEN (1598-1657), an artist, or by his other nephew, Raphael's brother, GOVAERT CAMPHUYSEN (1624-74), a painter. His works usually are landscapes with animals done in Paul Potter's style, and have been taken for that master's. They are to be found in Dutch museums and in private collec

tions.

CAMPI, käm'pê, or CAMPO. A family of Italian painters, of the school of their birthplace, Cremona. GALEAZZO (1475-1536), founder of the

family, was an imitator of Perugino. His son and Romano at Mantua, but, like a true Eclectic, pupil, GIULIO (1500-72), studied also with Giulio sought to acquire the merits of Titian, Raphael, and other great artists. His best works, which are good in color, are in Cremona, Milan, and Mantua.-ANTONIO (1522-c.1600) studied with his brother Giulio, with Giulio Romano and Costa at Mantua, and modeled his art especially upon Correggio. His style is brilliant and vigorous, and, for an Eclectic, original. Important works by him are at Cremona, Modena, Mantua, and Milan, and he painted at Madrid for Philip II. His "Saint Jerome in Meditation” is in the Prado. He was also well known as a portraitist, an architect, and a writer.-VINCENZO (c. 153091), also a pupil of Giulio, was less able than his brothers. Although he too painted religious pictures, he was more devoted to smaller panels, such as portraits and still life.-BERNARDINO (1522c. 1590), probably a relative of the preceding, was the son of a goldsmith, Piero Campi, and studied with Giulio and with Ippolito Costa at Mantua. Although influenced by Raphael and Correggio, he imitated the works of Titian so exactly that it is difficult to distinguish his copies from the originals. His works are most numerous at Cremona, especially in San Sigismondo and San Domenico. He wrote a treatise on painting, Parer sulla pittura (1584). The celebrated portrait painter Sophonisba Angussola was a pupil of Bernardino Campi.

CAMPIDOGLIO, kȧm'pê-dō'lyo (It., Capitoline Hill, Lat. Capitolium). The Piazza di Campidoglio, with the famous group of palaces erected from Michelangelo's designs, occupies a depression on the Capitoline Hill in Rome between the two peaks of the Citadel and the Temple of Jupiter. The edifices consist of the Palace of the Senator, opposite the grand flight of steps leading up from the Piazza Araceli, and the Palace of the Conservators and the Capitoline Museum on either side. In the centre of the Piazza di Campidoglio stands a splendid antique equestrian statue in bronze of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

CAMPINAS, or SÃO CARLOS DE CAMPINAS, SOUN kär'lôs då kåm-pe'nås (Portug., plains). A town of Brazil on the Piracicaba, 70 miles northwest of São Paulo (Map: Brazil, H 8). There are large coffee and sugar plantations in the surrounding district. Population, 12,000. CAM/PION. See LYCHNIS; SILENE. · CAM/PION, EDMUND (1540-81). An English Jesuit. He was born in London, was educated at Oxford, and in 1567 was ordained deacon, but as he could not consent to the Protestant formulary as required by the English Church, he went to Ireland, where it was expected that the University of Dublin would be revived. That plan failing, he went (1571) to Douai, and there joined the Society of Jesus (1572). In 1580 he returned to England as a missionary. The next year he published Decem Rationes. For this he was arrested, committed to the Tower, tortured several times on the rack, subjected to prolonged disputations, for which he had no time to prepare himself and could use no books, was tried for treason and convicted by hired witnesses, and was hanged at Tyburn, London, with several laymen. Consult Simpson, Edmund Campion: A Biography (London, 1867).

CAMPION, THOMAS (?-1619). An Eng lish poet and musician, about whose life almost nothing, not even the date of his birth, is known. He appears to have traveled on the Continent, and to have received the degree of M.D. in a foreign university. In 1595 he published a volume of Latin elegiacs and epigrams, under the title Poemata. He ridiculed rhyme in the Art of English Poesie (1602); composed many masques for the Court of King James I., and became an authority on music, publishing four books of airs, songs with accompaniments (161012). For his masques, consult Nichols, the Progresses, etc., of Queen Elizabeth and of King James I. (London, 1788-1828).

CAMPISTRON, kän'pës'trôN', JEAN GALBERT DE (1656-1723). A French dramatic poet. He was born in Toulouse, and at an early age went to Paris, where he became a follower of Racine. His works have neither well-marked character nor striking situations, but many of his tragedies were produced with success for several years. Among his best-known works are Virginie (1683); the libretto for Lully's opera, Acis et Galatée (1686); Andronic (1685), which has the same historical background as Schiller's Don Carlos; and Tiridate (1691). The best edition of his works is that of 1750 (3 vols.), which contains memoirs of his life. Euvres choisies (Paris, 1810) were published by Auger. In 1701 he was received into the French Academy.

CAMP-MEETING. A series of religious meetings held in the open air, usually in the woods, and participated in by families or groups of persons from a distance, who live in tents or in simply built houses during the sessions and devote the greater part of the time to listening to preaching, which is always direct and fervent and is usually accompanied by a 'revival.' The first held in the United States was in 1799, at a settlement on Red River, in Kentucky, and was the outcome of the preaching of Rev. John M'Gee, a Methodist, his brother, a Presbyterian, and Rev. Mr. Hoge, also a Presbyterian, at a communion service. Their exhortations affected their audience so strongly that crowds came from the surrounding country to hear confessions and 'testimonies,' and the meeting, transferred from the small meeting-house to the adjoining forest, was protracted for several days, and was followed by others in different places. The number of persons attending one camp-meeting in Kentucky was estimated at 20,000. At first Presbyterians and Baptists united with the Methodists in holding these meetings, but they soon came to be confined to the last-named denomination, which in all its branches has been most enthusiastic in supporting them and in introducing them into all parts of the country, though even within the denomination they have met with opposition. In many States camp-meetings have lost some of the characteristics of early days, the places of meeting being fixed, and the life less simple. Not unfrequently secular instruction is a feature, schools of languages, music, art, etc., and lectures on various topics, filling the time not occupied by religious services. Among the many popular camp meeting grounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church are Round Lake, N. Y., Ocean Grove, N. J., Martha's Vineyard, Mass., Lakeside, Ohio, Bartley, Neb., and Pacific Grove, Monterey, Cal.

Lorenzo Dow (q.v.) introduced camp-meetings into England in 1807, but the Wesleyan Conference refused (as it still does) to sanction them, and to this attitude was partly due the organization of the Primitive Methodist denomination in 1810. Consult: An Essay on Methodism (New York, 1849); J. Porter, Revivals of Religion (1877); S. C. Swallow, Camp-Meetings (1878).

He then

CAMPOAMOR Y CAMPOOSORIO, käm'pôå-mōr' è käm'pō-ô-sõ′rê-ō, RAMON DE (1817-1901). A Spanish poet, politician, and philosopher. He was born in Navia, September 24, 1817, and received a classical education in Santiago and at the he left without finishing his course. Jesuit College of Saint Thomas in Madrid, which began the study of medicine at the College of San Carlos, but abandoned it to devote himself to journalism and literature. Throughout his life, however, he kept a strong interest in physiological and physical science, and especially in chemistry. He entered political controversy with the Historia crítica de las Cortes reformadoras in 1837; was several times elected to the Cortes, where he distinguished himself as an orator; was appointed Governor of Alicante and Valencia in 1854; and engaged in a long controversy with Castelar which is represented by his Polémicas con la democracía (1862). He took no part in politics from the Revolution of 1868 until the succession of Alfonso XII. in 1874, after which he held several subordinate offices, was made counselor of state, and later life Senator. He

refused the title of Grande de España. His attitude in politics was always that of a moderate conservative, distinguished for his eloquence and his chivalric faithfulness to the royal family.

His trend toward philosophical thought was shown in La filosofía de las leyes (1846), and confirmed in El personalismo (1850 and 1855); he attempted to expound his system in Lo absoluto (1862 and 1865) and El idealismo (1883), the two works by which he is best known outside of Spain. His philosophy is a somewhat incoherent and often self-contradictory eclecticism, tending on the whole to subjective idealism.

By far his most important work was done in poetry. Lightness, grace, and delicate sensibility marked his early verse: Los ayes del alma (1842), and Ternezas y flores (1858). The Fabulas morales y políticas, first published in 1842, were added to in many successive editions. His most characteristic short poems are to be found in the Doloras (1856-90, 18 editions, each containing new work), which created a new type of poem much imitated by the younger Spanish poets. These poems condensed into brief lyric form the expression of philosophical, eth ical, and social ideas, treated sometimes with bitter irony, but always with feeling. He attempted long narrative poems in his epic on Columbus (Colón, 16 cantos, 1853 and 1857), and El drama universal (1873), but these are less successful than the shorter narratives, which contain some of his best work: Los pequeños poemas (1879, 1886); Los buenos y los sabios (1881); El amor el rio Piedra (1882); Los amores de Juana (1882); El trén express (1885); Nuevos pequeños poemas (1887); Humoradas (1890). La niña y el nido, Los grandes problemas, and Por donde viene la muerte, are among the best. He also wrote many plays in verse, none of which succeeded on the stage. They are full of humor and feeling, and rich in ideas, but are lacking in dramatic movement. The best known are: Una mujer generosa (1838); Dies Ira (1873); El honor (1874); Guerra á la guerra; Así se escribe la historia (1875); Glorias humanas (1885); Cuerdos y locos (1887); El palacio de la verdad,

etc.

He published his theory of poetry in La poética (1883), completed in a new edition (1890), and in La metafísica y la poética (1891). His last poems of importance are El licenciado Torralba, a philosophico-ethical narrative poem, and Nuevos poemas (1892). He became a member of the Spanish Academy in 1861.

Campoamor's narrative poetry at its best may be compared with that of Victor Hugo. In his usual choice of subjects he rather resembles Coppée, to whom, however, he is distinctly superior in conception and treatment. In poems of sentiment and thought, such as the Poesías y fábulas, and the Doloras, he has close affinity with SullyPrudhomme, and the Licenciado Torralba attempts the same task as Sully-Prudhomme's Bonheur. In spite of these relations, he is the most original and independent of Nineteenth Century Spanish poets, and is by many considered the greatest of the last half-century. He is the poet of subjectivity par excellence in all Spanish poetry, and finds fit lyric expression for thought as do few poets of any country.

His Obras completas were edited by Montaner y Simon (Barcelona). Selections from his poetry were published (Madrid, 1879, and Leipzig, 1885). Consult: Juan Valera, Estudios Críticos

(Madrid, 1864); Fr. Giner, Estudios literarios (Madrid, 1866); Melchior de Palau, Acontecimientos literarios (1889).

CAMPOBASSO, käm'pô-bäs'so (It. campo, low). A city in South Italy, capital of the Lat. campus, field + basso, Late Lat. bassus, Province of Campobasso, 52 miles north of Beneheart of the Apennines, 2400 feet above the sea vento, on the east slope of Monteverde, in the healthy and the town has a ruined castle and (Map: Italy, J 6). The climate is cool and walls, a cathedral, a theatre, excellent institutions of learning, important manufactures of cutlery, and a famous market to which good roads lead from the surrounding country. Population, in 1881, 15,000; in 1901, 15,030.

CAM'POBELLO (It. campo, Lat. campus, plain + bello, Lat. bellus, beautiful). An island of New Brunswick, Canada, situated just outside of the Maine, United States, boundary, at the mouth of Passamaquoddy Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Fundy, in latitude 44° 57′ N., and longitude 66° 55′ W. (Map: New Brunswick, C 5). The island, from nine to ten miles long, and from two to three miles wide, has a picturesque coast abounding in fiords, chasms, cliffs, and pleasant beaches. At the north end is a lighthouse 60 feet in height. The well-wooded interior is intersected in all directions by fine walks and drives. It contains copper and lead ores, but the industrial portion of the population is chiefly engaged in fisheries, and during the season in attending to the wants of the residents of the numerous summer homes and hotels, some of the best along the Atlantic coast. The island's development dates from its acquisition by a syndicate of Boston and New York capitalists in 1880. From 1767 it had been in the possession of Admiral William Owen's family. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Permanent population about 1200.

Aus

CAMPO-FORMIO, käm'po fôr'myo, now offiA village in the cially written CAMPOFORMIO. Province of Udine, northern Italy, about 7 miles southwest of the city of Udine. It is celebrated for the treaty of peace concluded there, October 17, 1797, between Austria and the French Republic. After overrunning Italy, Bonaparte had crossed the Alps, and threatened Vienna. tria therefore hastened to arrange preliminaries of peace at Leoben, April 18, 1797. In the treaty which was concluded by Bonaparte with the Count von Cobenzl at Campo-Formio, Austria ceded the Belgian Netherlands to France, and gave up Lombardy, to be incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic, and received as compensation most of the territories of the Republic of Venice Venetia (with the city of Venice), Venetian (which Bonaparte had extinguished), including Istria, and Dalmatia. ing territory of Venice, its possessions in Albania, and the Ionian Islands.

France took the remain

CAMPO MAJOR, kän'po mȧ-zhōr'. A city in the Province of Alemtejo, Portugal, 11 miles northeast of Elvao (Map: Portugal, B 3). It is situated at an elevation of about 950 feet, has a meteorological observatory and manufactures wine and woolen goods. It was the scene of a siege in 1811 during the Peninsular War, which has been celebrated by Scott. Population, in 1890, 5864; 1900, 5895.

CAMPOMANES, käm'pô-mä'nâs, PEDRO RODRIGUEZ, Count (1723-1802). A Spanish statesman and political economist. He was born in Asturias. His talents and learning were devoted to the advancement of his native country. He acquired a high reputation for legal attainments and was appointed fiscal and subsequently president of the Supreme Council of Castile. He held other high offices, among them that of director of the Royal Academy of History in Madrid. By his enlightened view of state policy as well as by his writings, which gave him a place among the most eminent Spanish authors, he obtained a great reputation throughout Europe. His attention was chiefly devoted to economic studies. He pointed out how the impoverishment of Spain was due to oppressive laws, that tended to discourage commerce and industry. He sided with Count Aranda in his policy of expelling the Order of the Jesuits from the Spanish dominions. Campomanes was a man of great intelligence and the highest probity, and gained the affection and admiration of all his associates. At the suggestion of Benjamin Franklin, Campomanes was chosen an honorary member of the Philosophic Society of Philadelphia. His chief works are: Antigüedad marítima de la república de Cartago (Madrid, 1756); Discurso sobre el fomento de la industria popular (1771); Discurso sobre la educación popular de los artisanos (1775); and Tratado de la regalia de amortización (1765).

CAMPORI, kȧm-pō'rê, CESARE, Marquis (181480). An Italian historian, born in Modena. His masterpiece is the exhaustive biography, Raimondo Montecuccoli, i suoi tempi e la sua famiglia (Florence, 1876). A collection of his works was published posthumously under the title of Memorie patrie, storiche e biografiche (Modena, 1882). Consult Matteo Ricci, "Cesare Campori," in Ritratti e profili politici e litterarii (Florence, 1880).

CAMPOS, käm'posh (Portug., plains, Lat campus, field). A city of Brazil, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, on the Parahyba River, which is navigable for small steamers to this point, about 30 miles from its mouth (Map: Brazil, J 8). It has good railroad connections, and canals extend to the coast. The city is lighted by electricity and contains several fine buildings. It has an important trade as the centre of a fertile region producing sugar-cane, coffee, rice, and cotton, and has a number of sugar-refineries. Campos was founded in 1730. Pop., 1890, 78,036, one-half of whom were negroes; 1902 (est), 30,000.

CAMPOS. The Brazilian term for tropical prairies or savannas. Campos in which trees are common are called 'campos cerrados.' GRASSLAND and SAVANNA.

See

CAMPRODON, käm'pro-Don', FRANCISCO (1816-70). A Spanish dramatic poet. He was born at Vich, Barcelona, and first attracted attention by his poem La tornada de Titó, written in the Catalan dialect, upon the return of the Spanish Army from the African War. Some of his dramas are adaptations from foreign works. The most important original one is Flor de un dia (1851).

CAMPTONITE (named after Campton, N. H., where the first specimen was found). A term applied to certain igneous rocks of the nature of diorite, which occur in fissures in other rocks-i.e. in dikes. They are composed chiefly of hornblende and plagioclase, the former mineral being sometimes replaced by biotite. Iron ores and quartz are also usually present. The chemical composition of camptonite does not differ from that of diorite.

CAMP'TOSAURUS (Neo-Lat., Gk. KaμRTÓS, kamptos, bent + oavpoç, sauros, lizard). A genus of herbivorous, bird-footed dinosaurs of which remains are found in the Jurassic rocks of Wyoming. The genus is closely allied to the fossil genus Iguanodon of the European Jurassic, which it much resembles. The animal was lightly built, and as its five-toed fore limbs were small and apparently of little use in locomotion, it must have progressed on its three-toed hind limbs after the fashion of a bird. Its neck was rather short, but slender and bird-like, and its small head was provided with a horny beak. The tail was long and heavy. Three species have been recognized; of these the largest, Camptosaurus amplus, had a length of 30 feet and a height of 15 feet. See DINOSAURIA.

CAMPULUNG, käm'poo-loong, or KIMPOLUNG. A town of Rumania, capital of a circle, situated on a small tributary of the Arjish. It forms the terminus of the railway line from Coleschi and had a population of 13,033 in 1899.

CAMPUS (Lat., field). In Roman times, a vacant space in or near a city, used for public shows, combats, etc. There were eight around Rome, of which the Campus Martius (Field of Mars) was the most important. It was outside the walls, occupying the level space between the Pincian, Quirinal, and Capitoline hills on the east, and the Tiber on the west. In later times this space was much reduced by private buildings, and the name was limited to the space between the river, the Circus Flaminius, and the Via Lata. In this met the Comitia Centuriata and the Comitia Tributa; and in it was the public hall for the use of the magistrates and foreign ambassadors, who were not permitted to enter the city, and the Ara Martis (Altar of Mars). In later times it became a pleasure ground, with shaded walks, gardens, baths, theatres, and a race-course. Julius Cæsar began the change, by