structures. A Presbyterian Church and school were founded in 1875. Westminster

College has been added to its schools, and a new and very fine church is now completed. The Congregationalists have a great school and beautiful church. The Unitarians, the Central Christian Church, the Baptists and Christian Scientists have places of worship. The Jews have a fine synagogue.

are

The public schools of Salt Lake are interesting features of the city. The law requires the attendance of all minors (six to 18 years) for a fixed number of months annually. Books to pupils are free. The schools governed by a board of education of 10 members. The board and superintendent are elected by the people biennially. There are 49 school buildings. In 1919, 23,341 pupils were enrolled, 21,687 attended the primary and grammar schools, 2,654 the high schools. The curriculum covers all branches taught in the best schools of the country, including music, dancing, sewing and manual training. In the high schools military training is insisted upon during the first and second years; and students are fitted for any of the universities of the country. In the graded schools 721 teachers are employed; in the high schools 160. Teachers' wages are from $50 per month to $125. The rule is to increase the salaries of the younger teachers from $20 to $40 per annum until the maximum wage is reached. In the schools one or more teachers came from practically every State in the Union. One public school building was completed at a cost of $633,000. The annual expense for schools is over $1,271,000. The value of the school property is $4,000,000, or about 4 per cent of the total valuation of property in the city. Cost of maintaining schools, per annum, $860,965; cost of books, $60,000; cost, based on enrolment, $105 per capita; cost per capita for books, 44 cents. There is a good public library with four branches.

Salt Lake City has the commission form of government since 1911. There are five commissioners, and the chief of police, fire chief, board of public works, water superintendent, board of health, city physician and building inspector are all appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the commission. The city has warm springs within its limits, and the hot springs, four miles out, have wonderful medicinal virtues. In the bathing season trains run every few hours to Great Salt Lake, 25 minutes' ride. The city owns its own water system. A private monopoly owns the light, the electric power plant and street car franchises of the city. The car company operates 135 miles of electric road.

The first settlement on the site was made by the immigrants who came in the first immigration under the leadership of Brigham Young, and reached the valley on 24 July 1847. The history of Salt Lake has no counterpart. The first band of immigrants were desperately poor. The soil they located on would produce nothing except through irrigation; they were 1,000 miles from any settlement east or west; they came as refugees; they were met by desolation; still at their coming they knelt upon parched soil and held a praise service. Their first crop was almost a failure, their second nearly all destroyed by locusts; that they lived through their trials must have been because they had

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grown superior to distress. But they did live and multiplied. They had disciplined themselves to be content with life's barest necessities; they had few comforts, luxuries they did not dream of. They had been tossed naked upon the frontier; "a flaming sword that turned every way" was behind them. Since then there has been much clashing; once the government sent an army against them, but the city has grown and has become a great trade centre; it is the spot from which the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in every land receives direction; it is a beautiful city in itself; its surroundings are altogether august. No better climate can be found than in Salt Lake. In winter the thermometer seldom descends lower than 12 degrees above zero; it seldom reaches 100 degrees in summer; it has more clear days than any other city, and with the lake, the mountains, the springs and the invigorating air, it is a natural sanitarium. Pop. (1880) 20,768; (1890) 44,843; (1900) 53,531; (1910) 92,777; (1920) 118,110.

Consult Bancroft, H. H., 'History of Utah' (San Francisco 1889), and Powell, L. P., 'Historic Towns of the Western States (New York 1901).

J. DAVID LARSON,

Secretary Commercial Club of Salt Lake City.

SALT LICK, a place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to which wild animals resort to lick it up; sometimes near salt springs.

SALT MARSHES. See SHORE LINES.

SALT RANGE, or KALABAGH, India, a mountain system in the Punjab, beginning on the south side of the Jhelum, and extending west to the Indus, reaching an elevation of from 3,200 to 5,000 feet. It consists of two chains running from east to west, which join in a high plateau; the general relief is bleak and dreary, while wildly picturesque. The mountains derive their name from the precipitous hills of solid rock-salt which occur on the border of the plateau. The salt stands out in huge cliffs at Mári, and the town of Kálabágh is built in an almost perpendicular hill of solid salt, in successive tiers, the roof of each tier forming the street for the tier above. About 60,000 tons of salt are quarried annually, four-fifths from the Mayo mines, near Pind Dadan Khan. Coal and other minerals also are found.

SALT RIVER, (1) in Kentucky, has its rise in Boyle County, in the central part of the State; from whence it flows north, then west, then north by west to the northern boundary of the State, where it enters the Ohio at Westpoint, about 20 miles southwest of Louisville. It is about 100 miles long; and the chief tributaries are Rolling Fork, East Fork and Beech rivers. (2) A river in Missouri, which has its source in Schuyler County, in the northeastern part of the State, flows south by southeast to Monroe County, turns east, then northeast and southeast, and enters the Mississippi near the town of Louisiana, in Pike County. It is about 200 miles long, and is formed of three branches, North, Middle and South Forks.

SALTA, säl'tä, or SAN MIGUEL DE SALTA, Argentina, (1) capital of a province of the same name, in the elevated and wellwatered valley of Lerma (1,202 metres), about

It

800 miles northwest of Buenos Aires. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral. Other important features are: the main square or Plaza on which stand the Cabildo, or capitol; the Colegio Nacional; a branch of the National Bank; an orphan asylum, hospital and the above-mentioned cathedral, There is a brisk trade, especially transit trade with Bolivia. is connected by rail with Buenos Aires and Jujuy. The town is neat but unhealthful. Pop. 38,000. (2) The province of Salta is situated in the northern part of Argentina, and covers an area of 48,302 square miles. Its frontier borders on Bolivian territory. At the west it is mountainous. The highest summits reach an elevation of 6,000 metres, the plateaus 1,300 to 4,000 metres, and some of the passes 3,600 metres. The Sierra Lumbre and the Sierra de Sanita Maria border on the Andes. The mountains contain rich mineral deposits of gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron and lead. The waterways are numerous: The Vermejo and its tributaries, Rio San Francisco and Rio Balle, and Rio Passage (del Juramento), which joins the Paraná as Rio Salado. The climate depends upon the altitude, and different crops are planted accordingly. The products are sugar, corn, wine and European fruits; barley, potatoes and fodder-crops. The lower slopes and valley contain the pampas; the high summits and plateaus are treeless. The inhabitants are for the most part a mixed race of Spaniards and Calchaqui Indians. Pop. 161,150.

SALTER, William Mackintire, American author: b. Burlington, Iowa, 30 Jan. 1843. He was graduated from Knox College (Ill.) in 1871; studied for the ministry at Yale and at Harvard and was graduated as B.D. at the latter in 1876; subsequently he studied philosophy, as Parker-Fellow of Harvard University, at Göttingen, and political science at Columbia University. From 1883 to 1908 he was lecturer for the Societies for Ethical Culture in Chicago and in Philadelphia; from 1909 to 1913, a special lecturer for the department of philosophy in the University of Chicago. He is the author of 'On a Foundation for Religion' (1879); 'Die Religion der Moral' (Leipzig 1885) 'Moralische Reden' (Leipzig 1889); 'Ethical Religion (1889); 'First Steps in Philosophy (1892); 'Anarchy or Government? An Inquiry in Fundamental Politics' (1895); Walt Whitman (1900); 'Nietzsche: the Thinker' (1914), and of various articles in philosophical and literary periodicals.

SALTILLO, säl-tel'yo, Mexico, capital of the State of Coahuila; situated on the Tigre River, 65 miles southwest of Monterey, near the border line between that State and its neighbor on the north, the state of Nuevo Leon, elevation 5,249 feet above sea-level. It was given the rank of city in 1827 and named Leon-a Vicario, or Saltillo, by which latter name it is universally known. It was noted for many years for the superiority of the serapes made by the Indians of the vicinity,- a distinction, however, which has hardly been maintained in recent years. The battle field of Buena Vista, the scene of the defeat of the forces of Santa Ana, by General Taylor, in 1847, is but five miles distant, and near this are the baths of San Lorenzo. In the immediate vicinity are successfully grown all the fruits of the tem

the

perate zone and many which pertain to the tropics. The principal buildings are the Civil hospital, the penitentiary and the Acuñ-a Theatre, and the chief manufacturing establishments are cotton mills, flouring mills and soap and cotton seed oil manufactories. The city enjoys a favorable reputation as a health resort. The three principal educational institutions, Juan Antonio de la Fuente School, the College of San Juan Nepomenceno and the Normal School maintain creditable museums and there are four public libraries, the State library and those connected with the three schools above named, which altogether contain over 6,000 volumes. The Bank of Coahuila, with a capital of $1,600,000, and agencies of the National Bank, the Bank of London and Mexico and the Bank of Nuevo Leon provide the financial resources of the community. Pop. 35,414.

SALTO, Uruguay, the capital of the department of the same name on the northwest frontier opposite Concordia, Argentina, and at the head of navigation for large vessels on the Uruguay River. It is the shipping port of the surrounding region, a rich stock-raising district, and is 250 miles northwest of Montevideo, the capital of the republic, with which it is connected by rail. Pop. of town 19,788, of department 66,493.

SALTON SEA, a lake in the wide Colorado Desert or Imperial Valley in Imperial and Riverside counties in southeastern California. Under ordinary conditions it is a salt marsh covered in places by shallow lakes, about 30 miles long, 12 miles wide and 280 feet below sea-level. At times of freshets the lakes expand into a water body covering from 40,000 to 50,000 acres. In 1905 and 1906 the basin was flooded by accidental influx of water from irrigation ditches from Colorado River and it became a sea 42 miles long, 10 to 16 miles wide and 93 feet deep covering an area of about 470 square miles. The surface of the water at this stage was 198 feet below sea-level. In 1907 the influx of river water was finally stopped by dikes and since then the water area has been diminishing because of the great excess of evaporation over the very scant rainfall. The decrease in depth has averaged about 5.8 feet a year and at this rate the sea will return to its original condition in 1926 or 1927 when evaporation will equal the inflow of torrential waters from the slopes of the enclosed basin. Terraces slightly above sea-level on the sides of the basin indicate that there was formerly present a lake, called Lake Cahuilla by Blake, which was more than 120 miles long and 30 miles wide. Consult Mendenhall, W. C., Ground Waters of the Indio Region, California, with a sketch of Colorado Desert (U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 225, 1911); Newell, F. H., Salton Sea (Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1907); MacDougal, D. T., The Salton Sea (Carnegie Institution, Pub. 193, 1914).

SALTONSTALL, sâl'ton-stål, Gurdon, American colonial governor: b. Haverhill, Mass., 27 March 1666; d. New London, Conn., 20 Sept. 1724. He was graduated at Harvard in 1684, and became minister of the Congregational church of New London, Conn., in 1691. He succeeded Governor Winthrop as chief executive of Connecticut in 1708, and continued