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As Mercanda, it was taken by cat: Timur made it is capital it contained population of the 15th century it was celebrated of astronomy Fathematics. It kered history taken in 712 by the o introduced be crged and customs , it finally fell to possession in 1868. Pop. of cay (1910) 84,6 (1914) 1,198,000.

HARSHITE, a rare and exca dingly black, nearly opaque mineral, massive, rarely in ervals. It by its dark reddish-brown vitreous to resinous lustre

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SAMBUR

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hst developed for hare, if an original style after first showing some halination to the methods of each and Keene, le displayed ingenuity and firmness of touch, and a classic feeling for hae. He was perhaps the least humorous of the Purch artists, being weighted with a strain

seriousness and dignity. He illustrated Burmand's 'New History of Sanford and Merwa? (1872) - Kingsley's Water Babies' (1885); Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales) (1887), etc. SAMFRK, sambar, river of France and Bel

very of the Meuse. It rises in the art of the French department of between steep and rocky heights, Several smaller streains, and finally, very tortuous course, empties at Namur The Meuse The Sambre is 110 miles long. 1 navigable am Landrecies for 143 kiloneres, and from that point for 67 kilometers

analized, having 10 locks. The Sambre Caual passes stulpward as far as Oise, connecting the Seine and Maas. Practically the vicinity of the entire length of the river in France for-1 wast batuefield after the Teutonic bvaded France in the early part

of dee grear World War.

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SAMBUKE, an ancient musical instrurough applied sometimes to several strutants of different kinds, such as a dulcimer, a triangular harp or trigon age Asiatic and Egyptian harps. ANLUR, a large deer (Cervus unicolor), dtributed throughout southeastern Asy, and especially the hill country of India and the species of most importance to the sportsman. Large bucks approach five feet in bergh at the withers, and may exceed 500 poutals in weight. The antlers are large and rough, have the brow-tine sprouting at an acute angle with the beam instead of at or near a right angle, and dividing into two subequal tines at the extremity; the bear sometimes exceeds 40 mches in length in fine specimens from the Bay of Bengal. The color is properly a uniform deep brown, but paler and less handsome hues are often seen; the hair is long and wiry, and forais an erectile mane on the necks of full-grown stags. This deer is an inhabitant of the woodlands, coming out to graze on the hill-slopes, at times, for like the wapiti it subsists mainly upon grass and herbage, but never for from a refuge in the jungle; yet at certain seasons browses the new twigs, or seeks for There is great variety in their circumsades and habits throughout the wide area of the distribution of this species, and consepuzzling amount of variation in their pearance, so that several separate en without good reason, as furshown. Consult Blanford, i (1888); Lydekker, Deer

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SAMÍAN WARE – SAMOAN ISLANDS

SAMIAN WARE, the name of a kind of ancient Greek pottery made of Samian earth, or to a variety of Roman pottery made in imitation of this. The vases are of a bright red or black color, covered with a lustrous silicious glaze, with separately molded ornaments attached to them.

SAMNITES, an ancient people sprung from the Sabines, and inhabiting the province of Samnium, in Lower Italy. They were divided into four nations: 1, the Caraceni in the north, capital, Aufidena; 2, the Pentri in the centre, capital, Bovianum, who constituted the most powerful nation of the Samnite stock; 3, the Caudina in the southwest; 4, the Harpini in the south, capital, Beneventum. The Samnites are described in Roman history as a people fond of war and of liberty, who were brought completely under the Roman yoke after long and bloody wars, which continued with few interruptions 53 years. After the most fatal defeats, and the entire devastation of their country, the Samnites, together with the other nations which had assisted them, found themselves obliged to submit to the supremacy of Rome, 290 B.C. When the Italian allies of Rome revolted against her in the year 90 B.C. the Samnites once more rose against their oppressors, and fought with desperation. But Sulla entirely subdued them, and commanded that every Samnite should be put to death. Three days after the battle he ordered 4,000 of them who had been taken prisoners to be put to death on the Campus Martius. The few that remained lived from that time scattered in villages. The Samnites cultivated various arts and manufactures, for the proximity of the refined Greeks in Lower Italy had a very beneficial influence upon them. Even their laws and constitution were borrowed in a great degree from the Greeks. Their form of government was democratic. At the commencement of a war they were accustomed to choose a common general.

SAMOA DISASTER, The. See SAMOAN ISLANDS.

SAMOAN ISLANDS, The, or SAMOA, formerly known as the Navigator Islands, an important group in the South Pacific Ocean, belonging till 1914 partly to Germany and partly to the United States. They are about 2,000 miles south of the Hawaiian Islands, in an almost direct line between San Francisco and Australia and extend from about lat. 13° to 15° S., and from long. 168° to 173° W. They lie 2,410 miles north of Auckland, New Zealand, and about 4,200 miles southwest of San Francisco. The group comprises 14 islands, of which only Savaii (700 square miles), Upolu (500 square miles), Tutuila (200 square miles) and the Manua group (26 square miles) are important. The total area is about 1,700 square miles. The climate is tropical, with abundant rainfall and a mean temperature of 80° in December and 70° in July.

All the islands are peaks of a submarine chain of volcanic mountains. Barrier reefs encircle the large islands more or less, and especially Upolu. Brown and bare in many places at low water, the reefs are submerged at high tide, when the surf booms and bursts upon them in miles and miles of snowy whiteness. Between the outer reef and the shore stretches a lagoon of multi-tinted waters, varying in

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width from 200 yards to two and three miles. This generally smooth belt of water is, in effect, a canal encircling the islands and is the highway along which all intercourse is had between different points of the islands. In the interior lofty mountains rise, leaving broad stretches of comparatively level land bordering the shore and reaching up to low-lying foot hills. Water courses extend down the mountain side through which the tremendous rains, turning into furious torrents in a few minutes, have cut great ravines. In many places the sides of the mountains are not far from perpendicular. Yet such is the climate that they are held in place by the network of growth that covers them. Over such a surface is spread a tropic forest of often giant trees.

Savaii, the most westerly member of the Samoan group is much the largest and most rugged. It is ridged with lofty, cloud-encircled mountains that are covered with a mantle of dense tropical foliage, giving to them an evenness of outline that delights the eye of the newcomer. The interior of the island, which has never been explored and concerning which little is known, is wholly occupied by mountains. Only a small strip of alluvial land bordering the shore is productive and the island is capable of sustaining a small population. Ten miles east of Savaii is Upolu, in many respects the most attractive island of the group. Its centre is occupied by a range of hills, the sides of which are covered with vegetation and slope gently down to the sea with many intervening valleys and broad plains. The soil of these slopes is for the most part stony. A comparatively small part of it can be cultivated, but on the lower foot-hills it is largely alluvial and consequently very fertile. Here all the productions of the tropics grow in abundance and the gentle, half civilized natives have made their villages and plantations, where they spend an indolent life, with a minimum of care and labor. Upolu has no perfectly sheltered harbors except those of Apia and Saluafata, upon the north coast, which are anchorages of considerable area. They afford convenient shelter from the easterly trade winds and for the most part are perfectly safe, except during the hurricane season, which includes the months of December, January, February and March. At this time, these anchorages, being opened to the north, are exposed to the full fury of the cyclonic storms that annually traverse this region, and blow most heavily from that direction. Upon such occasions great losses occur. Ships are driven ashore, where they break up on the coral reef; sometimes they go down at their anchors. About 40 miles off the eastern coast of Upolu lies Tutiula, on the south side of which is Pango-Pango harbor. This is the only landlocked anchorage in the group and affords protection in all kinds of weather to the largest men-of-war or ocean vessels. The land around the harbor is level and well adapted for wharves, warehouses or other structures. It is more suited to steamers than to sailing vessels, since the heavy trade winds sometimes blow directly into the entrance, making it difficult for vessels under sail to leave it. But as a harbor for steamships it probably has no equal among the thousand islands of the Pacific. It lies, moreover, directly in the great circle track between Australia and America, and is, there

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fore, a convenient calling place for vessels traversing the Pacific.

Within the sea reef of Upolu lies the island of Manono, little more than a barren rock, which has played a great part in the domestic history of the group. It has always been the cradle of a feudal aristocracy and the focus of native politics. Its chiefs have held a commanding influence in all Samoan affairs. The Manua Islands, three in number and of small area, are 60 miles east of Tutuila. Although they are properly classed with the Samoan group they have little in common with the three larger islands already mentioned save in their language and origin.

The Samoans belong to the so-called brown people or Malayo-Polynesians. Although they have always been considered as having affinities with the Malays of the Indian Archipelago, nothing is positively known about their origin. That they are a branch of the Malay race or family is not much questioned and they are also remotely allied to the Malagasy of Madagascar. The parent race has disappeared; but that branch from which the Samoans are descended was one of its earliest offshoots, and having remained almost free from admixture of blood, nearly represents the original. They trace back directly to the great Aryan family

melancholy air and meekness which Humboldt first pointed out as a characteristic of the islanders of the Pacific. Their skin is dark olive, resembling polished copper, presenting no difference in the sexes, though the prominent chiefs and better families are much lighter, with smoother skin. They are also taller and more symmetrical in person than the common people. The infant is much lighter in complexion than the adult. The male Samoan is tall, erect and proud in bearing, with smooth, straight and well-rounded limbs, the contour seldom presenting muscular protuberance or development. Females are generally slight, especially the young girls; erect and symmetrical, easy and graceful in their movements, the charm of light-heartedness seeming to follow every action. Beauty of feature is not the rule; though many of the village maids are exceedingly attractive.

The Samoans build primitive houses, stone fences and canoes, and in war time dig ditches, throw up earthworks and construct forts and palisades. They cultivate the yam and taro and to some extent, since the advent of the whites, collect cocoanuts and make copra; they manufacture cloth and mats and engage in fishing and in collecting the food that nature offers to them freely for the gathering. The fale

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and their ancestors centuries before the present era emigrated from India and established themselves in the Indian Archipelago, whence they afterward pushed further on into the Pacific. Never having been subject to the inroads of other alien races, and the consequent admixture of blood, the Samoans have preserved uncorrupted and unchanged many of their original racial characteristics. They are of splendid physique, handsome, bright, strikingly erect, sound, healthy, vigorous and of tremendous strength. Many of the distinctive marks of the European appear in their faces, giving that

teles or council houses features of all the villages, in many instances are of imposing dimensions. The houses are built of the wood of the bread-fruit tree. They are slightly oval, some 25 or 30 feet high. In building them three centre posts are raised, which support a ridge pole, while cross beams are lashed in at different heights, thus binding the structure firmly together. A thatching of sugarcane or pandanus leaves covers the roof. Large houses generally have prominent sides; the smaller ones are open all around, but are curtained by

mats.

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