Minas Geraes, flows north-northeast through that state and the state of Bahia, then turning east forms the boundary between the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas on the north and Bahia and Sergipe on the south. It falls into the Atlantic 50 miles north-northeast of the town of Sergipe by two mouths, one to the north, called Aricari, so shallow as to be scarcely navigable even by canoes; and the other to the south, hence called Francisco do Sul, much larger and deeper, but unfortunately encumbered at its mouth by a large bar about six miles broad, covered with a heavy surf, and with seldom more than four feet of water on it. It is a large and majestic river, with a course which has been estimated at 1,600 miles, but, in addition to the bar at its mouth, has numerous rapids and cataracts, which make its continuous navigation impossible; those at Paulo Affonço, about 190 miles inland, are about 60 miles in length. Its principal affluents are, on the right, the Paraopeba, Guacuhi or Velhas, Jequitahi and Verde; and on the left the Andaia, Borrachudo, Ábaité, Paracatu, Urucaia, Carinenha, Correntes and Grande. Railroads have been built around some of the rapids and in conjunction with inland steamers on the river afford continuous communication for about 1,000 miles.

SÃO JOÃO DA BARRA, sän zhō-oon' dä bär'rä, or SÃO JOÃO DA PARAHYBA, Brazil, a town on the Atlantic Coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, at the northern end of the state. It is the port of Campos, with which it has railroad connection. But since Campos became connected by rail with Rio de Janeiro, São João has lost its importance, as the port is only an open roadstead. Pop. 5,000.

SÃO JOÃO DEL REY, děl rā'ē, Brazil, a town in the state of Minas Geraes, situated 75 miles southwest of Ouro Preto, on the railroad running west from Barbacena. It was founded as a gold-mining town, but the gold bas been exhausted, and the chief wealth of the town now comes from cattle raising and the manufacture of cloth and leather. Pop. 10,000.

SÃO LEOPOLDO, lä-oo-pol'do, Brazil, a town in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, situated on the railroad 18 miles north of Porto Alegre. The town has two churches, a Jesuit college and two high schools. It has had a considerable industrial and commercial development. Agriculture, viticulture and cattle-raising are carried on successfully in the surrounding country, and the town manufactures leather-goods. The products of the town have amounted to over $6,000,000 annually, most of them going to Porto Alegre, which, besides the railroad connection, can be reached by steamboats on the Rio dos Sinos. The town was founded by German immigrants in 1824, and most of the inhabitants are still Germans. It was almost totally destroyed during the civil war of 1846. Pop. 7,500.

SÃO LUIZ DE MARANHAO, loo-ēzh dā mă ran yän. See MARANHÃO.

SÃO PAULO, pow'loo, a state of Brazil, bounded on the north and northeast by Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean and Paraná, and on the west by Matto Grosso. Area, 112,307 square miles, including a large section of fertile

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but unsettled land near the Paraná River, which forms part of the western boundary. The principal mountains are between the capital of the state and Santos, Serra do Mar (average height about 3,000 feet); and, toward the interior, spurs of the Mantequeira range. Adjoining the coast is a comparatively narrow strip or zone, low-lying and tropical in its characteristics; but an abrupt ascent leads from this to the plateau which extends westward to the Paraná, sometimes cut by the valleys of the river system, sometimes rough and mountainous, but in general maintaining an altitude which ensures a temperate climate. In fact, the winters in the southern part of the state are decidedly cold, frosts occurring many times during a single season; and at the capital the temperature occasionally falls below 32° F. The fertile red soil of the plateau is peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of coffee. The railway system of this state, with that of the neighboring Rio de Janeiro (q.v.), is the best in Brazil. A notable piece of engineering is seen on the line which crosses the Cubatão range at a height of more than 2,500 feet. The principal cities are the capital, São Paulo (founded by the Jesuits in 1552, became a city in 1712, created a bishopric in 1746) and the leading port, Santos. The Bulletin of the Pan American Union, April 1919, notes that the population of the city. of São Paulo, which in 1900 was 239,820, at the end of 1918 had reached 504,278-an increase of 115 per cent in eighteen years. In 1900 there were 22,407 buildings in the city, valued at 33,306 paper contos (one conto, paper-$270 U. S. gold). In 1918 fully 55,356 buildings were reported, valued at 89,456 contos. Santos (1919 est. 80,000) is built on an island, a narrow channel separating it from the mainland. Its harbor and general sanitary conditions have been improved by important works. It is not only the shipping centre of the State of São Paulo but also ranks as the largest entrepôt of coffee in the world. Two of the main causes of the prosperity of this state which is generally regarded as the most progressive part of Brazil—are successful agriculture, undertakings to improve the means of communication, and immigration. For description of the coffee industry, cattleraising, etc., in this state, see BRAZIL- AGRICULTURE AND FOREST PRODUCTS.

MARRION WILCOX.

The

SÃO THOMÉ, tō-ma', or SAINT THOMAS, Africa, an island in the Gulf of Guinea belonging to Portugal, and situated a little north of the equator in long. 6° 30′ E., 150 miles northwest of Cape Lopez. Its area is 358 square miles. The whole island consists of a volcanic mountain 7,026 feet high, and heavily forested. The climate is equable, temperate and healthful, and the soil is very fertile. chief products are coffee, cocoa, oranges, lemons, figs, grapes, pine-apples, vanilla, cinnamon, india-rubber, cinchona, etc. The exports are valued at over $10,000,000 annually. Pop. 53,969. There are nine miles of railway in operation. São Thomé forms, with the neighboring island of Principe, a Portuguese province. The capital is Cidade, with a safe harbor and a pop. of 3,000.

SAÔNE, son (ancient, ARAR), France, a river which rises at Viomenil, in the department of Vosges, flows southwest through that depart

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ment, traverses the department of Haute-Saône, and on entering the department of Côte-d'Or, receives the Ognon. Continuing a southwest course, past Auxonne, it receives its most important tributary, the Doubs. It flows past Châlons and Maçon to Lyons, where it joins the Rhone after a course of about 280 miles; of these 190 miles are navigable. The Canal du Centre, Canal de Bourgogne and Rhone and Rhine Canal, bring it into communication with the Loire, Seine, Meuse, Moselle and Rhine.

SAOSHYANT. See SOSIOSH.

SAP, the fluid which circulates in plants, and consists of water carrying various nutritive salts in solution. This water and its contents, "crude sap," so-called, is absorbed by root-hairs and permeates the plant, passing through the woody portions of the vascular bundles, in the newer rings of the "sap-wood," which, in dicotyledons, constitutes a woody cylinder between the bark and the heart-wood or pith. This sap, by some process which is not fully understood, but which is ascribed to root-pressure, transpiration, or suction, severally or collectively, carries its raw materials to the chlorophyll granules in the green, growing parts of the plant, where they are metamorphosed into organic substances, and are again taken away through the vast cells to those places where they are needed for the life or propagation of the plant, or are stored for future use. Maple and corn sugar, india-rubber, opium and the milk of certain plants are all saps, and the products of the lactiferous cells. Many plants, such as cacti and others, living in desert regions, store away water to carry them through the droughts, a fact which is taken advantage of by travelers in thirsty lands.

SAP-GREEN, a yellowish-green pigment which is prepared by mixing the purplish-red juice expressed from the ripe berries of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) with an alkali. The liquid is fermented, evaporated until it has reached a proper consistency, and then suspended in bladders, to harden into a brittle mass. The color is used by water-color painters, paperstainers and leather-dyers, but is very fugitive.

SAPAJOU, or SAJOU, a French adaptation of an Indian word, and now applied to several species of American monkeys of the family Cebide. The sapajous live in flocks in the forests of Brazil, Peru, Guiana, Colombia and Venezuela, and possess tails of feebly prehensile powers, and feed on fruits, eggs, small birds, etc. They are familiar in habits, become soon domesticated, and are thus in favor among mountebanks, etc., who teach these monkeys to become very expert in performing tricks. Common species of sapajous are the sai (Cebus capucinus) and white-throated sapajou or sajou (C. hypoleucos).

SAPAN, or SAPPAN-WOOD, red dyewoods, obtained from two genera of the Leguminosa, but principally from Casalpinia sappan. This tree is indigenous to tropical Asia and to the Indian Archipelago, but since it gives a good, red dye, similar to that of Brazil-wood, although somewhat difficult to fix, its cultivation is promoted in the West Indies and Brazil.

SAPHO. Of Daudet's 'Parisian Dramas' the most widely read and most intensely poig

nant is Sapho (1884). Though Edmond de Goncourt pronounced it the author's "most complete, most humane, and most beautiful story," it owed its popularity not alone to its literary merits, which are very great, but also in part to the fact that it dealt with a phase of life that has often a morbid interest for those who, from whatever cause, are precluded from experience of it. The book is dedicated significantly "To my sons when they are twenty," to be to them a warning of the perils, spiritual and material, that encompass every attempt to set up domestic life outside of legitimate marriage. Gaussin, a youth of rich promise but weak will, is betrayed by the very generosity of his eager passion into a connection with Fanny Legrand, a woman who lives by and for sex and knows no law or love but the satisfaction of her animal desire, while she clings to Gaussin with the desperation of a last passion. How through the years of this union Gaussin's young ideals, family connections, material prospects, mental powers, moral character were sacrificed, blighted and betrayed; how he was tortured in turn by jealousy and desire, clung yet shrank, rejected, married another and returned to his degradation, only to find his utter sacrifice uncomprehended, because to such as she incomprehensible all this is shown with relentless psychoanalysis and undeviating seriousness of purpose. No lighter touches relieve the development of the inevitable tragedy, finely allegorized in an unforgettable opening scene, where the ardent young student carries his new-won mistress up the long stairs to his dwelling, first a light burden, gaily borne, then from landing to landing ever heavier, till it bears him down in utter exhaustion at the end. Consult translations by Ives, G. B., Rogerson, T. F. and others.

BENJAMIN W. WELLS. SAPI-UTAN, a small wild ox of Celebes. See ANOA.

SAPINDACEÆ, săp-in-da'sē-ē, a family closely allied to the maples, and containing the soap-berry (Sapindus), litchi-nut (Nephelium) and other genera. The species are usually tall trees or vines with watery juice. The leaves are generally compound, and alternate, evergreen and abruptly pinnate. The flowers are small, but often showy sometimes apetalous, sometimes with four or five unequal and imbricated petals, and about the same number of sepals; the stamens are eight, and are situated on a disc; the ovary is 3-celled, becoming in fruit capsular or indehiscent, or composed of several wing fruits, or a drupe, or nut, or berry. The species are mostly found in warm countries. The fruits of several, such as the Nephelium, are eaten, but the leaves of many are poisonous. The typical genus Sapindus has a very saponaceous fruit, used in the place of soap. In Brazil, a paste called "guarana" is made from the pounded seeds of the sapindaceous climbing shrub, Paullinia cupana, and serves for food, for medicine (since it contains caffeine), and for the preparation of a refreshing drink.

SAPODILLA, or SAPODILLA PLUM, an evergreen tree (Achias sapota) some 20 feet high with thick, shining leaves, clustered at the ends of the branches and a milky juice. It is sometimes called bully-tree, also, and is indigenous to tropical America, where it is

often cultivated for its fruit which in the West Indies is sometimes called naseberry. The flowers are small and whitish and the sapodilla, the fruit, resembles a russet apple in color and size and has a milky acrid juice, which disappears when over-ripe, leaving the fruit in a sugary condition and with a pleasant, pear-like flavor. It is a valuable food in warm countries. The seeds are large and black and used as an aperient and diuretic. The juice of the sapodilla is made into chewing-gum, the bark is astringent, and employed as a febrifuge (Jamaica bark), and the wood is reddish-brown, hard, heavy and durable.

SAPONIN, a glucoside contained in the roots of Saponaria officinalis or soapwort and many other plants; also in the fruit of the horse-chestnut, in quillai-bark or soap-bark, etc. By means of boiling alcohol it is readily extracted from the root of soapwort, the alcohol, as it cools, depositing the saponin as an amorphous sediment. It derives its name from its behavior with water, in which it is soluble in all proportions, yielding an opalescent fluid which froths when shaken like a solution of soap, if even one one-thousandth part of saponin be present. Its solution, or an infusion of soapwort, is sometimes employed in place of a solution of an alkaline soap for cleansing the finer varieties of wool from grease. Many preparations for cleaning kid gloves, etc., derive their virtues from saponin.

SAPOTACEÆ, săp-o-ta'sē-e, a large genus of trees and shrubs of the heath tribe, indigenous chiefly to the tropics and principally to the tropical islands. The leaves are entire, alternate and leathery, with flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, or at the older stem-nodes. The flowers are regular, bisexual, with stamens borne on the corolla, as many, or twice as many, as its lobes; the calyx-lobes are rigid and obtuse, and longer than the corolla-tubes; the fruits are baccate. The Sapotacea have a milky juice which furnishes true gutta-percha (q.v.). The sapodilla and star apple of the West Indies are fruits produced by this family. The genus Bassia contains species valuable for the oils which they yield and the seeds of Mimusops elengi also yield oil abundantly. The sapotads are natives chiefly of tropical India, Africa and America; known genera 21, species 212. Consult Gray, School and Field Book of Botany) (1875).

SAPPAN-WOOD. See BRAZIL-WOOD.

SAPPHIRE, a mineralogical name including all highly colored and transparent varieties of corundum (q.v.), except the red, which is called ruby, an exception confined chiefly to jewelers. Sapphire corundum occurs in three forms -as small, distinct crystals, hexagonal or rhombohedral in various modifications; as transparent portions of ordinary corundum; and at times as nodules or small rounded masses enclosed in ordinary corundum, though distinct. Most gem sapphires are of the first kind; but some fine stones have been cut from material of the two latter kinds, especially in the corundum workings in North Carolina, notably the Culsagee mine in Macon County. Sapphires present almost every variety of color, although blue is the most familiar, deep shades being most valued. Other blue gems occasionally seen

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are blue tourmaline (called Brazilian sapphire), cyanite and iolite, which is known somewhat as water-sapphire. True sapphires are, however, easily distinguished by their greater hardness (9), and density (3.95 to 4.1). The main sources of sapphire are Ceylon, Cashmere and the Pailin district of Siam, also the Anakie district of Queensland, Australia. In the United States, sapphires are obtained chiefly in Montana; first from the "bars" or low bluffs, of gold-bearing gravel, along the Upper Missouri River, east of Helena and later from a decomposed igneous dike_at Yogo Gulch, in Fergus County; also at Rock Creek, Granite County and Dry Cottonwood Creek, Deer Lodge County. The river bars and Rock Creek yield a great variety of rich and delicate colors, as in Queensland, but Yogo Gulch furnishes the deep blue shades most valued and is being worked very extensively. Small and poorly colored stones are largely sold for watchjewels. All blue and green sapphires, like rubies, possess marked dichroism, a point important to the lapidary, as the tint of gems from such crystals depends upon the direction in which they are cut. In biblical history the sapphire was a stone of an azure color (Exod. xxiv, 10) and very precious (Job xxviii, 16). It was the second stone in the second row of the high priest's breastplate, which is now believed to have been the lapis lazuli, and not the modern sapphire, as doubtless was also the stone mentioned in Rev. xxi, 19. Among the Greeks the sapphire was sacred to Jupiter. See PRECIOUS STONES.

SAPPHO, să f'o, Greek poetess: b. Mitylene, or Eresus, Island of Lesbos. She was the greatest of ancient poets of her sex and flourished between 630 and 570 B.C., being a younger contemporary of Alcæus. Little is known certainly of the events of her life. On account of political commotions she left Lesbos for Sicily. But in later years she returned to Mitylene where she became the centre of a female coterie, a school of poetry of which the famous Erinna was a member. She was the author of various poems; hymns, odes, elegies, epigrams of which only two complete pieces, an ode To Aphrodite' and 'To a Maiden,' together with some fragments, have come down to us; these display intense feeling, glowing imagination and a high finish. One of them is quoted in full by Longinus in his treatise 'On the Sublime.' She is said to have invented several metres; at least one still bears her name and has been used by such ancient poets as Horace and such modern ones as Canning in his 'Needy Knife-grinder.' There is an edition of the extant fragments with translations and memoir by H. T. Wharton (3d ed., Chicago 1895). Ancient papyri have recently brought other fragments of Sappho's verse to light. Consult Bergk, 'Poetæ Lyric' (Vol. III, Leipzig 1914); Edmonds, J. M., (in Classical Review, Vol. XXII, Vol. XXVIII, London 1909 and 1914); Classical Quarterly (Vol. III, ib. 1909); Hunk, A. S. (in Classical Studies, Vol. IX, p. 39, ib. 1915) Brandt, P., (Sappho (Leipzig 1905); Christ-Schmid, "Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur (6th ed., Munich 1912); Farnell, G. S., Greek Lyric Poetry (London 1891); Wright, W. C. (Short History of Greek Literature' (New York 1907).

SAPPHO. Following the success of his first great tragedy of Fate, 'Die Ahnfrau,' which was written in 16 days, Franz Grillparzer wrote a second poetic drama (Sappho (1819), also composed at white heat and resembling 'Die Ahnfrau' in the general character of its poetry although differing from it in form and spirit. In its conception it is half way between the tragedy of fate and the modern tragedy of character; in its form, too, it is half way between the classical and the modern. Out of the slight tradition which tells how Sappho, one of the greatest poets of her age, threw herself from the high Lesbian cliffs into the sea when she found her love for the youth Phaon unrequited and her own handmaiden preferred, Grillparzer has made a stirring drama, with an acting quality strong enough to carry it to success on the stage when well performed. At the same time he has developed a poetic symbolism in the story, and the conflict between the spiritually gifted Sappho and the beautiful Melitta becomes, in Grillparzer's hands, the conflict between art and the pleasures of life. Although the verse has neither the dignity nor the sheer beauty of some of Grillparzer's later work, notably 'Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen,' it has the cumulative quality which often accompanies verse written in long stretches at a single sitting, a quality which does not detract from its distinctly dramatic value. Through the dignity and the success of his early dramas Grillparzer forged the link that bound the drama of Austria definitely to the literature of Germany. EDITH J. R. ISAACS.

SAPPHO'S LEAP. See CAPE DUCATO.
SAPRÆMIA. See BLOOD-POISONING.
See FUNGI

SAPROLEGNIACEÆ.

Water Molds.

SAPROPHYTES, a class of plants living on the carbonic compounds resulting from the decay of organic life. They sometimes contain chlorophyll, but generally do not, and since organs of assimilation are therefore not necessary, the leaves in many kinds are reduced to mere scales. This habit of existing only on decaying organisms makes the higher saprophytic plants very difficult to transplant. Algæ are often saprophytes, making use of the decaying refuse of the sea; and fungi, especially the molds and dung-loving genera as Splachnum, are the most generally known cryptogams acting as scavengers in this manner. Even the globular alga, the "red snow" (Spharella nivalis), exists on the corpses of insects, pollen-grains and other decaying materials drifting across the snow. Certain other saprophytes attach themselves to the bark of trees, not to suck the juices of the host in the manner of parasites, but to subsist on the decaying bark and on the organic dust and material in solution washed. down by the rain and stopped by the projecting mass of the plants. Many saprophytic plants living in the cracks of rocks have only the humus collected in tiny pockets and the supply of dissolved organic matters in percolating water, to draw upon. Some orchids, as the coral-roots (Corallorhiza), that have no true roots, but a thinskinned rootstock, which absorbs nutriment directly; the familiar Indian pipes (Mono

tropa) and others spring from the humus of decaying leaves, in close connection with the hyphæ of fungi. The meadow pastures support such saprophytes as the true mushroom (Agaricus campestris), the moonwort (Botrychium lunaria) and the blue and violet flowered gentians. These micro-organisms, non-virulent and always present in animal intestines, may in certain conditions become virulent poisons. See BOTANY; FUNGI.

SAPSUCKER, the popular American name of several small woodpeckers, but properly restricted to the yellow-bellied woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius), an Eastern species represented in the Rocky Mountain region by variety nuchalis and along the Pacific Coast by variety ruber. This woodpecker is of moderate size; is black and whitish above; black on breast; rump black and white mixed; belly more or less yellowish; sides streaked with dusky; crown red in the adult; chin scarlet and throat black in the male, but both white in the female. This bird illustrates well the curious tendency toward increase of red in plumage toward the Pacific Coast. In variety nuchalis, the nuchal band is red instead of brown, extending the chin red by so much; in specimens from Nevada, the scarlet area is still larger; and in the Coast form (ruber) the whole head, neck and breast are red, sometimes obliterating the normal pattern. This woodpecker is migratory, spending its summers and breeding only in the cooler parts of the United States and northward, and going South in midwinter. Its habits differ from those of other woodpeckers mainly in its custom of drilling a great number of holes in the bark of trees, to get at and eat the new wood and sugary sap lying beneath it. In many cases serious harm is done to fruit trees by the great number of chains of holes so bored, although many harmful insects are also devoured. See WOODPECKERS, and consult authorities cited thereunder.

SAPUCAIA (săp-oo-kia) or PARADISE NUTS, the seeds of Lacythis zabucayo, or sometimes those of L. ollaria, belonging to the Myrtacea and closely allied to the Brazil nut. The trees, often 75 feet high, grow abundantly in the northern part of South America. The nuts which have a sweet almond-like flavor are more wholesome than Brazil nuts. They are about two inches long and an inch thick, with a corky shell furrowed lengthwise, and are found in hard urnshaped fruits, six inches across and with a woody wall half an inch thick. These curious, very hard capsules, have lids which fit closely, but fall off when quite ripe. Like the fruits of other members of the genus they are called monkey-pots, perhaps not only on account of their shape, but because monkeys are said to be very fond of the seeds, which are scarce for this reason. An edible and soap-making oil, which soon grows rancid, is expressed from sapucaia nuts.

SAPULPA, sa-půl'uȧ, Okla., city and county-seat of Creek County, 102 miles northeast of Oklahoma City, on the Saint Louis and San Francisco Railroad. It is the centre of a region producing oil and natural gas in great quantities and of a rich agricultural region. It has oil refineries, railroad repair shops, glass plants, cotton gins, machine shops and

manufactories of bricks, candy, cigars, ice, oilwell supplies, etc. The city has 10 miles of paved streets, a large passenger railroad station, modern electric light and power plant, an electric street and interurban railway, a watersupply system owned by the city, storm and sanitary sewer system, several churches of the principal religious denominations, fine high school building, four ward schools, manual training and domestic science building, Colored Baptist College and district school, and the Euchee Indian Mission. There are four banks with over $4,000,000 on deposit and two daily and three weekly newspapers. The freight receipts, an index of the city's manufacturing strength, average $3,000,000 annually. Pop. (1920) 11,634.

SARA, sa'ra, Philippines, pueblo, province of Iloilo, Panay; in the district of Concepción, two miles northwest of the town of Concepción. Pop. 11,300.

SARABAND, a dance, said to be derived from the Saracens. Its character is grave and expressive. It originated in Spain, where it was formerly danced to the castanets. Handel, Bach and other masters frequently wrote tunes of this description for the harpsichord or clavichord. It became popular in Europe in the 16th century, but was prohibited for a time in Spain because of its indecency. The name is used now to denote a musical composition written for the saraband.

SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE. MOHAMMEDAN ART.

See

SARACENS, săr'a-senz, a people mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as inhabiting the northern district of Arabia Felix. At the period of the Crusades the term was employed to designate all infidel nations, against which crusades were preached; and in course of time it became the generic name of all the Arabian tribes who embraced Mohammedanism and extended their conquests in Asia and Africa.

SARAGOSSA, săr-a-gos'a, Maid of, Spanish heroine: d. Ceuta, Spain, 1857. Her name was Augustina and she was a vivandière in the Spanish army. During the siege of Saragossa (1808-09) she distinguished herself on several occasions in battle and was made a sub-lieutenant. Her praises are sung by Byron in 'Childe Harold, canto i, 54-56.

SARAGOSSA, or ZARAGOZA, thä-rägo' thä (ancient CESAR-AUGUSTA), Spain, (1) Capital of a province of its own name and of the ancient kingdom of Aragon, situated on the river Ebro, in a fertile plain, 174 miles northeast of Madrid. The town is highly picturesque with its forest of towers, cupolas and spires, the houses of solid masonry highly ornamented, a city of castles and palaces. Many of the chief buildings were destroyed by the French invaders. Others deserving notice are the exchange (1551); the Torre Nuevo; the old citadel, Aljaperia, built by the Moors; hospitals, numerous churches and charitable institutions, town-house, new university, schools of medicine, theology, etc., many monastic institutions, theatre, bath, museum, bull-ring and botanical gardens and promenades. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants and the industries include machinery and iron foundries, tanneries, carriages, pre

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serves, breweries, glass, candles, soap, liqueurs, distilleries and porcelain. Some of the articles referred to are imported besides rice, dried cod, bar-iron, timber and dye-stuffs. The exports consist chiefly of chocolate, paper, cast iron, wool, hats, dyed silks, soap and especially wheat and flour mainly to Catalonia. Saragossa was the salduba of the Celt-Iberians, but the walls are all that remain of the ancient city. It renounced paganism at an early period and Aulus Prudentius, the first Christian poet, was born here in 348 A.D. It suffered from various wars, and in 1808 sustained two memorable sieges, costing 60,000 lives, but finally capitulated to the French.

(2) The province of Saragossa contains 6,607 square miles. The highest elevation is 7,700 feet. On the northwest are the spurs of the Pyrenees. The Ebro, Jalon, Huerva, Aguas, Arva and Gallego and part of the Aragon are the chief streams. The lower mountain slopes are covered by forests. The soil in the plains is fertile, producing wheat and other cereals, flax, hemp, oil, wine, etc. Silkworms are reared, sheep are bred. The growing industries include paper, leather, soap, brandies, liqueurs, machinery, various kinds of carriages, railway material, pianos, beds, glass, bronze, chocolate, jams, woolen and linen goods and foundries. Several railways and a canal connecting the Atlantic and Mediterranean are the chief ways of communication. Pop. about 433,000.

SARAH (Heb. "Princess"), the daughter of Terah, half sister and wife of Abraham, who in her 90th year bore to him a son, Isaac, according to the promise of God. She died in Hebron at the age of 127 years. See ABRA

HAM.

SARANAC (săr'a-năk) LAKE, N. Y., village in Franklin and Essex counties, on Lake Saranac, and on a branch of the New York Central and Hudson River and the Chateaugay railroads, about 70 miles south by east of Malone. The village is in a part of the Adirondack region noted for its healthfulness and the beauty of the scenery. The hunter and lumberman settled here in 1860-70, but the railroad brought the health and pleasure seekers in great numbers. In the vicinity are the Trudeau and the Gabriel sanatoria for consumptive patients. The principal public buildings are the hotels, the churches and the schools. The government is vested in a village president and a board of trustees. Pop. 5,174.

SARATOGA, The, a former wooden sailing ship of the United States navy; displacement, 1,025 tons. Sailing ships of this class are fast disappearing from the navies of the world, but for training the young apprentice into an able-bodied man-o'-war's man there is no better school.

SARATOGA, Battles of, two battles of the American Revolution, called also the battles of Bemis' Heights, or of Stillwater, fought on ground about 12 miles east of Saratoga Springs and near the Hudson River. Both battles were fought under the same officers, the Americans being commanded by Horatio Gates (q.v.), who was ably served by Benedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan (qq.v.), and the British by John Burgoyne (q.v.). The first battle, 19