ernment, as governor and commander of troops in Sulu Archipelago; the conquest and pacification of the Sulu Archipelago and brought about the abolishment of slavery and the slave trade therein.

On 31 Aug. 1906, he was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy, with rank of colonel, and served as such until 31 Aug. 1910. On 3 March 1911, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and on 18 Aug. 1911, he reached, in due course of promotion, the rank of colonel, and was assigned to command of the Third cavalry. In November 1911, he was sent by the Secretary of War on a special mission to New Mexico and Arizona to adjust Indian troubles; on 23 March 1913 was promoted to rank of brigadier-general. During year April 1913 to April 1914, he commanded the United States troops on southern border from Texas to California, at time of our difficulties with Mexico. On the breaking out of severe troubles with the Navajo Indians on Beautiful Mountain, Arizona, November 1913, he was sent there with four troops of cavalry and was so successful in settling a difficult situation that he received the commendation of both the President and the Secretary of War. On 22 April 1914, he was appointed assistant chief-of-staff, and on 17 November of same year became chief-of-staff. In January 1915 he settled by diplomacy the impending conflict on the Mexican border at Naco, Arizona. In March 1915, he settled the Piute Indian trouble at Bluff, Utah. On 30 April 1915 he was promoted to rank of major-general. In August 1915, he was sent down to the Mexican border on a special mission, and was successful in recovering property of foreigners in Mexico confiscated by General Villa. In 1917 he was a member of the United States Commission to Russia and on 26 Dec. 1917 was made commander of the 78th Division of the National Army at Camp Dix, Wrightstown, N. J. In March 1918 he was made commander of Camp Dix. In 1910 he received the L.H.D degree from Princeton University, and in 1915 the LL.D. degree from Columbia College. General Scott is a member of the Geological Society of America, American Anthropological Association, Historical Society of Texas, Historical Society of North and South Dakota, Society of Moro Campaigns, Society of American Wars, Military Order of Foreign Wars, and Society of the Spanish-American War. He is author of various monographs and reports relating to the Plains Indians.

SCOTT, Hugh Stowell, English novelist, known by the nom-de-plume "HENRY SETON MERRIMAN" b. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1862; d. Ipswich, 10 Nov. 1903. He was a short while in business, made numerous sea voyages, finally devoted himself wholly to literature, and from the appearance of his novel The Phantom Future in 1889 wrote a long series of somewhat melodramatic works of fiction, particularly successful when dealing with Russia and Nihilistic plots. His best book was perhaps The Sowers (1896). Others are Suspense (1890) 'With Edged Tools' (1894); 'Flotsam (1896); Roden's Corner (1898) 'The Isle of Unrest (1900); The Vultures) (1902).

SCOTT, John Morin, American soldier and legislator: b. New York, 1730; d. there, 14

Sept. 1784. He was graduated at Yale University in 1746, and engaged in practice in New York. He was an early supporter of American rights against the British Crown, was one of the Sons of Liberty and an advocate of extreme measures. He was a leading member of the New York General Committee in 1775, and a delegate to the Provincial Congress in that year, In 1776 he was appointed brigadier-general in the Continental Army, and he participated in the battle of Long Island. He was secretary of State for New York in 1777-79, and served in Congress in 1780-83.

SCOTT, Julian, American artist: b. Johnson, Vt., 14 Feb. 1846; d. Plainfield, N. J., 4 July 1901. He entered the Northern army in 1861 and while in service made his mark by his sketches of hospital life. He entered the National Academy, New York, in 1863, and subsequently studied under Emmanuel Leutze. He became an associate of the Academy in 1871. His pictures are largely scenes of army life, such as 'Rear-Guard at White Oak Swamp' (1869-70), owned by Union League Club; 'Battle of Cedar Creek' (1871-72, at the State-house, Montpelier, Vt.); 'Battle of Golding's Farm' (1871); The Recall (1872); On Board the Hartford (1874); Duel of Burr and Hamilton' (1876); Reserves Awaiting Orders (1877); In the Cornfield at Antietam (1879); Charge at Petersburg) (1882); The War is Over (1885); "The Blue and the Gray' (1886); 'Death of General Sedgwick, in the Plainfield (N. J.) Public Library.

SCOTT, Levi, American Methodist Episcopal bishop: b. Odessa, Del., 11 Oct. 1802; d. there, 13 July 1882. He was chiefly self-educated, was licensed as a local preacher in 1826 and in 1834-36 he was presiding elder of the Philadelphia Conference. He was principal of the Dickinson Grammar School in 1840-42, and was connected with the Methodist Book Concern, New York, in 1848-52. In 1852 he was elected and ordained bishop.

SCOTT, Orange, American clergyman: b. Brookfield, Vt., 13 Feb. 1800; d. Newark, N. J., 31 July 1847. He entered the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1822; was presiding elder of the Springfield, Mass., district in 1830-34, and of the Providence, R. I., district in 1834-35. From 1833 he was a zealous anti-slavery worker, and failing to receive the support of his bishop he withdrew from the Church in 1842. In 1843 he organized the Wesleyan Methodist Church at Utica, N. Y., becoming its president. He was editor of the True Wesleyan, an antislavery and anti-episcopal publication, in 184244. Failing health compelled his retirement from the ministry in 1846. Author of An Appeal to the Methodist Episcopal Church' (1838).

SCOTT, SIR Richard William,_ Canadian statesman: b. Prescott, Ontario, 24 Feb. 1825; d. Ottawa, 23 April 1913. He was admitted to the bar in 1848; was mayor of Ottawa in 1852; was elected a member of the Canadian assembly in 1857-63, and of the Ottawa assembly in 1867-73, where he was speaker in 187173. He was also member of council and commissioner of the Crown lands of Ottawa in 1871-73. He was a member of the Dominion Senate from 1874, and was Secretary of State

in 1874-78 and again in 1896-1908. He secured the enaction of the separate school act for the province of Ontario, and the Canadian temperance law known as the "Scott Act." He was knighted in 1909.

SCOTT, Robert Falcon, English naval officer and Antarctic explorer: b.. Outlands, Devenport, 6 June 1868; d. Antarctic regions, 29 March 1912. He was educated at Stubbington, Fareham, and entered the navy in 1882. He become interested in Antarctic exploration and in 1900 after his promotion to commander he began preparations for his first exploring tour. In 1901-04 he commanded the Royal Geographic Antarctic Expedition, discovered Edward VII Land and reached the farthest point south then penetrated, lat. 82° 17', long. 163°. Returning in 1904 his achievements were highly acclaimed. He was appointed naval assistant to the First Lord of the Admiralty in March 1909 but resigned later in that year to make preparations for his second journey of exploration in the Antarctic regions. He set out in 1910 on the Terra Nova, and established headquarters at MacMurdo Sound late in that year. (See ANTARCTIC REGIONS- Exploration). With four others in the party making the last part of the journey he reached the South Pole 18 Jan. 1912, after the longest sledge journey ever made, 1,842 miles. Here awaited him the bitter disappointment of the discovery that Amundsen had gained the Pole five weeks earlier. Scott photographed the tent surmounted by the Swedish flag left by Amundsen and carried with him the letter to King Haakon according to the request left by his victorious rival. Scott's observation placed the pole only one-half mile from the point selected by Amundsen, and he planted the British flag there, made the necessary observations and set out upon the return journey. From the first ill-fortune dogged them; two of the party succumbed while Scott and the other two reached a point but 11 miles from One Ton Base and 155 miles from MacMurdo Sound on 20 March, with provisions for two days. They were held there by a blizzard and all died of hunger and exposure 29 March. Scott wrote in his diary until the last day, completing his records and leaving letters to the families of his companions, his own family, friends and officers, all stamped with matchless spirit. His observations of the expedition were in excellent order and of high scientific value. These and his diary were later published in the same style as his account of the first journey. The bodies of Scott, Wilson and Bowers were recovered in the spring of 1913. The officers of the navy contributed the funds for a bronze monument of Scott executed by his wife- who after his death was by Royal order known as Lady Scott-at Waterloo Place, London, in 1915. Author of 'Voyage of the Discovery) (2 vols.. 1905); 'Scott's Last Expedition' (posthumous, 2 vols., 1913).

SCOTT, Robert Kingston, American soldier and governor: b. Armstrong County, Pa., 8 July 1826; d. Napoleon, Ohio, 13 Aug. 1900. He studied medicine and engaged in practice in Henry County, Ohio, in 1851-57, later entering the mercantile business. In 1861 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the 68th Ohio regiment, and in 1862 he was promoted

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colonel. He took part in the campaigns in Tennessee and Mississippi, and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers 12 Jan. 1865. He was assistant commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau in South Carolina in 186568 and was elected governor of South Carolina in 1868 and in 1870. He was charged in 1871 with being party to a fraudulent overissue of State bonds, but cleared himself and defeated the movement to impeach him. His adminis-tration was further complicated by the activities of the Ku-Klux-Klan, which compelled him to appeal to President Grant for United States troops to put down the disorder. He removed to Napoleon, Ohio, upon retiring from office, and in 1880 he shot and killed Warren G. Drury, but was acquitted on the grounds that it was accidental.

SCOTT, Thomas, English Anglican clergyman and Bible commentator: b. Braytoft, Lincolnshire, 4 Feb. 1747; d. Aston Sandford, Buckinghamshire, 16 April 1821. Possessing a strong love for learning he obtained a wide knowledge of both Latin and Greek, and in 1773 took orders in the Church of England. Through his friendship with John Newton he became an ardent Calvinist, defending Calvinism both in the pulpit and in the public press. He was chaplain of the Lock Chapel, London, in 1785-1801, and was then appointed rector of Aston Sandford, where he remained until his death. His reputation rests chiefly on his 'Commentary on the Bible' (1788-92), of which it is estimated that 100,000 copies have been sold. His other publications include "The Force of Truth (1779); 'Remarks on the Bishop of Lincoln's Refutation of Calvinism) (1812), etc. His collected Theological Works were published (5 vols., 1805-08; 10 vols., 1823-25).

SCOTT, Thomas Alexander, American railway manager: b. London, Pa., 28 Dec. 1824; d. Darby, Pa., 21 May 1881. He entered the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1850; became its general superintendent in 1858, and its vice-president in 1859. His services as superintendent of all government railroads and telegraph lines at the beginning of the Civil War placed him in the ranks of men of extraordinary ability, from which he was appointed Assistant Secretary of War in August 1861. This post he resigned in the following June, but re-entered the government service later and achieved distinction in the rapid construction of railroad lines necessary to the relief of General Rosecrans at Chattanooga. Again entering the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad, he inaugurated the policy of securing control of Western railway lines for the purpose of operating them in conjunction with the Pennsylvania lines. From 1874-80 he was president of the Pennsylvania and at various times of other lines.

SCOTT, Sir Walter, Scotch poet and novelist: b. Edinburgh, 15 Aug. 1771; d. Abbotsford, 21 Sept. 1832. He was the ninth child of Walter Scott, a writer to the Signet (lawyer), who belonged to the strenuous Border clan of Buccleugh, and of Anne Rutherford, a representative of another famous family. There were 11 other children, six of whom died in infancy. Walter at the age of 18 months suffered from spinal meningitis which caused a permanent

lameness of his right leg. On account of this he was early sent to the country, where he learned to love nature. Later his imagination was impressed by a journey to Bath and London. At the age of seven he was entered at the school in Edinburgh, where he displayed a love of sport and of good reading, though_no great aptitude for hard, systematic study. For a short time he was at school at Kelso, where he formed his friendship with James Ballantyne. All accounts show that he was a manly, attractive boy who loved stories, poems like The Faerie Queene,' ballads and family legends.

In November 1783 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where his course was impeded by illness and his desultory habits were not overcome. His knowledge of the classics was slight, but he learned something of the chief Romance literatures and, while riding or walking for his health,, he laid the foundations of his immense stock of antiquarian learning. In 1786 he was apprenticed to his father and, strength having come to him, he developed systematic habits of labor. He attended law lectures and debating clubs and in 1792 was called to the bar; but his interest in literature and history was no less than it had been, and he enjoyed the convivial society of his fellow law students. Despite his lameness, he was tall, strong, athletic and manly in appearance, full of life and merriment, and attractive to both sexes. An early attachment to a pretty young woman was to be expected, but impediments presented themselves and Scott was left with memories which bore witness to what is thought to have been "the strongest passion of his life."

His early work at the bar did not interfere with his making excursions into the Highlands and along the Border, which added to his stock of ballads and legends and gave him an extraordinary insight into the character of his countrymen. The life with which he came in contact had its seamy side, especially with respect to intemperance, but his was a romantic temperament that was not to be contaminated. A new interest also came to him in 1792, when, with his friend William Erskine, he began to study German. A few years later he attempted a paraphrase translation of Bürger's 'Lenore,' which he was persuaded to print along with another imitation of a ballad by the same author. This led to an introduction to "Monk" Lewis (q.v.), who brought about the publication in 1799 of Scott's translation of Goethe's 'Götz,' and persuaded his young friend to write some more ballads. Having thus had a taste of the pleasure of writing and publishing, though his success was far from dazzling, the young lawyer made plans to have his collection of ballads printed by his friend Ballantyne.

Meanwhile, his income from his profession had increased, and he had fallen in love with the attractive daughter of a French refugee, Charlotte Mary Carpenter (Charpentier). She had a small income settled on her, so that marriage did not seem a rash step. They took it in December 1797 and lived together congenially, although it does not appear that she was a specially qualified helpmate. In 1799 Scott was appointed sheriff-depute of Selkirkshire with a salary of £300 and few duties. Soon after, he prosecuted with energy the task of editing and publishing his important Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,' the first two volumes of which

appeared in 1802, the third in 1803. This contained some imitations of the old ballads, but fortunately did not include a narrative poem on the legend of Gilpin Horner, that was at first intended for it. The excluded poem, written in the free measure of Christabel' which a friend had recited to Scott, was slowly elaborated into The Lay of the Last Minstrel, which was published early in 1805 and achieved great success. Here the creative genius of Scott first manifested itself in marked powers of narration, characterization and description, though scarcely in what may be called the strictly poetic gifts of high imagination, inevitable phrasing and noble harmony.

He now determined to follow literature seriously, but also to secure a more definite income than could be had from that or from his not specially brilliant work at the bar. With this end in view he undertook to perform the reportorial duties of an infirm clerk of session, who was to keep the emoluments of the office till his death or, as it turned out, until he was pensioned. Six years later (1812) Scott came into the comfortable salary of £1,300, but he had given much time to the clerkship and had done in addition work that would have worn out any less herculean constitution. He took some interest in politics, became a partner in James Ballantyne's printing business, proposed publishing schemes, wrote articles and edited books, working early in the morning, took rides (especially when he was at his beautiful home of Ashestiel near Selkirk), answered correspondents faithfully and yet found time for reading and study. There is scarcely another such energetic and copious genius of a high order in several spheres to be found in the annals of English literature.

If

His most important creative works during this period were 'Marmion' (1808) and 'The Lady of the Lake) (1810), which increased his fame as a poet; but they represent only a small part of his labors. He edited 'Dryden' in 18 volumes (1808), prefixing an elaborate bioggraphy; he superintended a new edition of the Somers Tracts' in 13 volumes, to say nothing of about eight smaller undertakings of a similar kind; he helped to establish The Quarterly Review, and he formed an unlucky partnership with John Ballantyne, brother of James, to conduct a publishing business. they could have confined themselves to publishing Scott's poetry, even after the unenthusiastic reception of 'Rokeby' (1813) showed Scott that he could not successfully rival Byron and that his own talents must be exercised in another sphere, the partners, despite John Ballantyne's unbusinesslike habits, might have made a passable success; but Scott thought himself a born promoter and literary adviser, and he was generous to a fault with authors who were his friends. Miss Seward's works, Beaumont and Fletcher's plays edited by Weber, The Edinburgh Annual Register and other undertakings fell so flat it seemed best in 1813 to wind up the publishing business.

These difficulties were tided over by loans and by the transfer of more or less worthless books to the publisher Archibald Constable, and the success of the "Waverley" novels for some years made Scott feel more confident of his financial position than a prudent man should have felt. His was, indeed, a glorious genius

with a splendid energy to match, but he had also costly tastes which he aspired to gratify an a magnificent scale. His social position meant much more to him than his fame as a writer, and to maintain and increase that position he thought that he must acquire large estates and dispense a profuse hospitality. He began to realize his dream in 1812 when he bought the small farm of Abbotsford. Then he added one piece of land after another until he had spent about £30,000; he built himself a castle, and he lived on a scale which, in view of his tangled affairs, even his large income did not justify. It was only the discovery of his incomparable gifts for prose romance that his financial ruin was postponed for so long.

Early in July 1814, just after the edition of Swift in 19 volumes marked the culmination of Scott's career as an editor though not as a critic, the romance 'Waverley, or 'tis Sixty Years Since, an anonymous story dealing with the period of the Young Pretender, made its appearance and took the novel-reading world by something like a storm, six editions being needed before the close of the year. Scott had begun the tale as far back as 1805, the year of the "Lay," but Erskine and James Ballantyne, who wanted another well-paying poem, discouraged his attempt, and the easy-tempered author put it aside. In 1808 his attention was again directed to historical fiction through the fact that he undertook to prepare for the press an unfinished romance by the antiquary Joseph Strutt, entitled 'Queenhoo Hall. He had always had a faculty for narrative and had enjoyed the tales and novels of others, especially, in recent years, the Irish stories of Miss Edgeworth (q.v.). We have already seen that the comparative waning of his poetic fame before that of Byron-illustrated by the failure of "The Bridal of Triermain' (1813) which was anonymous, and to be confirmed later by the reception of "The Lord of the Isles (1815) and of 'Harold the Dauntless) (1817) - led him to think that he must transfer his energy to other fields, and he would probably have tried prose fiction again, sooner or later, even if a famous accident had not recalled his early attempt to his mind. One day at the end of 1813, while searching for some fishing tackle, he found the manuscript of his forgotten tale in a drawer. He read it over and determined to complete it. This time Erskine had the good sense to approve his friend's experiment, and Scott, writing with his phenomenal steadiness and rapidity, finished the last two-thirds of the book in three weeks. He did not put his name to it, partly for fear of losing some of his reputation if it failed, partly because novels were still looked upon in the main as an inferior form of literature in which a dignified officer like a clerk of session would not be expected to dabble.

Of course his fears proved to be ill-founded and there was no necessity for his preserving his anonymity, but he seems to have liked the mystery involved, and perhaps he thought that by remaining "The Great Unknown" he appeared to be less of a professional man of letters and in consequence more of a country gentleman of high standing. There have been squeamish people who could not easily forgive Scott for his innocent deceptions and his failure to come out into the open as a proud representa

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tive of his art; but it is not difficult to understand him and it seems idle to be irritated with him. After all, he did not succeed thoroughly in his attempt to remain anonymous, for competent critics like John Wilson (q.v.) saw in the author of the novels the man who had written the poems and edited the ballads. The matter was enough discussed, however, to lead to the writing of J. L. Adolphus's "Letters" to Heber on the Waverley Novels and the question of their authorship (1821), but even after this unmasking Scott continued to wear his tenuous disguise for about six years.

His

'Waverley' was followed shortly by 'Guy Mannering, which illustrated his genius as a painter of Scotch life and a revealer of Scotch character - especially in the lower ranks of life. Like its predecessor it was dashed off, but was none the less immensely successful. Scott was delighted, particularly as money began to flow in and he was thus enabled to pay obligations and buy more land. He visited London and was over-enchanted at the flattering reception given him by the Prince Regent; but then Scott was a born Tory and consequently not likely to see the spots in a royal sun. cordial relations with Byron were much more to his credit, especially as he championed that unfortunate poet when all England was crying out upon him. Later he visited Waterloo and met Wellington, who greatly impressed him. The literary results of this tour, 'Paul's Letters to His Kinsfolk' and 'The Field of Waterloo,' a poem, were failures; yet Scott was a great martial poet, would probably have been a soldier if he had not been lame and could scarcely have had a more congenial subject. Fortunately no decline was visible in (The Antiquary; and in 'Old Mortality, which came later in 1816, forming with The Black Dwarf' the first series of "Tales of My Landlord,' Scott produced a story which in construction, characterization, historical imagination and sympathy, power of description and broad human interest, ranks deservedly, not only very high in the list of his own creations, but as one of the masterpieces of English fiction. The style is not flawless, the psychology is not penetrating, the art in general is less subtle and refined than that to which the novelists who have followed in Scott's wake have accustomed us; but in the essential points of wholesomeness and truth to nature and of large, copious, equable creative powers, Scott, as his influence upon other lands and generations plainly shows, has little reason to fear comparison with any of his successors.

At the close of 1817 Rob Roy' followed and six months later came "The Heart of Midlothian, which to many readers marks the culmination of Scott's genius as a novelist. The public responded heartily to every fresh appeal, but, unfortunately, Scott's popularity was used as a club to force publishers to take over the worthless stock of his publishing firm, and Scott and the Ballantynes were inextricably involved with Constable, who finally became Scott's sole publisher and dragged him down in his own failure. Meanwhile, the tragic 'Bride of Lammermoor,' which appealed so deeply to the sombre genius of Poe, and (The Legend of Montrose appeared in 1819, despite the fact that Scott had suffered tortures from a stomachic trouble. The heroic way in which he dictated the 'Bride' to Laidlaw and John

Ballantyne is well known, as is also the fact that, when he got up from an illness which it was feared would prove fatal, he could not recall "a single incident, character or conversation" in the story. Yet such was his pluck that he not only began a new book, but actually branched out into a new type of novel by crossing the border and throwing his scene back into a remote past. Ivanhoe,' for so this important venture was named, appeared at the close of 1819 and may be regarded, not as the best, but as the most popular of all Scott's works and as the one which made him a favorite and a great influence throughout Europe. The brilliance of its descriptions and the thrilling interest of its plot continue to atone for the carelessness of its construction and the untrustworthiness of its representation of the epoch in which its scene is laid.

Scott was now at the height of his literary and his social renown. In 1820 he accepted a baronetcy from George IV - he had previously declined the laureateship- and published 'The Monastery and The Abbot.' The next year came the popular (Kenilworth' and The Pirate, followed in 1822 by The Fortunes of Nigel,' and in 1823 by Peveril of the Peak.' A stroke that seemed apoplectic did not affect the power of that masterly portrayal of the age of Louis XI, Quentin Durward' (1823), but 'Saint Ronan's Well,' a novel of contemporary manners, has never been popular, a fate shared by Redgauntlet (1824) and by the first of "The Tales of the Crusaders' (1825)- 'The Betrothed. The companion of the last named, 'The Talisman, revealed, however, the old Scott; but despite the merits of this and of 'Ivanhoe and Kenilworth' and the greatness of Quentin Durward,' the novels of this second period do not deserve to rank with those of the first. The stories of his period of financial ruin, Woodstock' (1826), The Fair Maid of Perth (1828), Anne of Geierstein' (1829), were the work of a still vigorous and an even more heroic man; those of his complete physical breakdown, Count Robert of Paris' and 'Castle Dangerous' (1831), call for no criticism.

Meanwhile, the crash had come. Scott, confident in his powers, had not narrowly scrutinized his relations with the Ballantynes and Constable and, in his mania ior lands and buildings and lavish hospitality, he had raised money on Constable's notes given for novels yet unwritten. A general period of depression came on and Constable failed in January 1826, bringing down with him the firm of James Ballantyne and Company, of which Scott was a partner. The result was that as Ballantyne was practically without resources, Scott felt bound in honor to pay off alone a debt of nearly £120,000. How he set to work on 'Woodstock, how he refused all offers of help, how he made in two years, especially through his 'Life of Napoleon Buonaparte) (1827), the enormous sum of £40,000, how he bore the loss of his wife (1826) and his own infirmities, how he turned his pen to every possible task of profit Tales of a Grandfather' (1829) combined pleasure with profit,- how he wrote admirable prefaces for a new edition of his novels

- all this is familiar to the reader of Lockhart. Early in 1830 he had a paralytic stroke and after that his efforts to save Abbotsford, where his creditors let him continue to reside, as the seat of the family he had so longed to estab

lish, became truly pathetic. In April 1831 he had a still more serious stroke and a little later he suffered perhaps even more acutely from the rude treatment he received from the mob at Jedburgh, where he had gone to protest against the proposed reform of Parliament. A born conservative and ever a true child of the past, it was time for him to say good-bye to a world that was entering upon a series of rapid and far-reaching changes. After his last novel had been published, it seemed that he ought to try a milder climate in order to prolong his life. The government offered him the use of a frigate; and, after a notable parting with Wordsworth, he set out for Plymouth to take it. He visited Malta, Naples and Rome, then the Tyrol and the Rhine region. At Nimeguen, on 9 June 1832, he was severely stricken and was shortly after brought home to Abbotsford, where, on the afternoon of 21 Sept. 1832, he died, surrounded by his children.

He had been what, in his last words, he told Lockhart to be - a good man. His foibles and faults we cannot lay the whole blame for his misfortunes on the Ballantynes and Constable

when they were not those of his class and his age, were such as detracted little from the greatness of his character, and much the same thing may be said of his defects as a writer. There have been few nobler spirits in the world's history; nor is it clear that since Milton's day a more illustrious or, take him all in all, a greater writer has been born within the lands that use the English tongue. Abbotsford yields only to Stratford as a literary shrine, but it is an ironical comment on Scott's labors to aggrandize his family that no direct male heir should welcome pilgrims to it. See Guy MANNERING; HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN: IVANHOE; KENILWORTH; LADY OF THE LAKE; MARMION; OLD MORTALITY; QUENTIN DURWARD; ROB Roy; also SCOTT, LOCKHART'S LIFE OF.

Bibliography.- The standard editions of Scott's poems and novels are those in 11 and 48 volumes with his prefaces (1829-33). The miscellaneous works fill 28 volumes in the edition of 1834-36. Of the numerous later editions mention may be made of the "Cambridge Edition" of the poems edited by H. E. Scudder (1 vol.) and of the "Border Edition" of the novels (48 vols., 1892-94) with excellent introductions, by Andrew Lang. The chief authority for Scott's life is his son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart's (q.v.) admirable biography (7 vols., 1837, but best read in the Cambridge Edition, Boston, 1902). There are short lives by R. H. Hutton (English Men of Letters'), C. D. Yonge (Great Writers'-with a bibliography), W. H. Hudson (1901), Lang, Literary Lives' (1906), Saintsbury (Famous Scots, 1897), Norgate, G. Le G., Life of Sir Walter Scott (London 1906), and others. Attention should also be given to Scott's last Journals' (1890) and his 'Familiar Letters (1894) edited by David Douglas. For criticism consult Lang's biography and introductions; F. T. Palgrave's introduction to the "Globe" edition of the poems; Leslie Stephen, Studies of a Biographer (Vol. II, 1898) and 'Hours in a Library (Vol. 1); Ruskin, Fors Clavigera' and the histories of English literature.

WILLIAM P. TRENT, Professor of English Literature, Columbia University.