SCOTT, Walter, Canadian statesman: b. London, Ontario, 27 Oct. 1867. He was educated in the public schools, and early settled in the North West Territory, where he engaged in printing and journalism. He owned and edited various newspapers in 1892-1906, and in 1900 was elected to the Canadian House of Commons. He was instrumental in creating the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905, became the leader of the Liberal party in Saskatchewan and served as its first Prime Minister in 1905-17. He was also Minister of Public Works in 1905-12, and later was presiIdent of the council and Minister of Education.

SCOTT, William Amasa, American political economist: b. Clarkson, Monroe County, N. Y., 17 April 1862. He was graduated from the University of Rochester in 1886, was professor of history and political science in the University of South Dakota, 1887-90 instructor and graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, 1890-92, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from that institution in June of the latter year; assistant professor of political economy in the University of Wisconsin, 1892-93; associate professor there 1892-97 and professor 1897-1900. Since the date last named he has been director of the school of commerce and professor of political economy in that institution. In 1911 he received the honorary degree of LL.D., from the University of Rochester. He has published 'Repudiation of State Debts' (1893); Money and Banking) (1903; 5th ed., revised and enlarged, 1916); Money' (1914); 'Banking' (1914); chapter on The Austrian School and Recent Developments' in Ingram's 'History of Political Economy) (new and enlarged edition, 1915); Introduction to 'Recent Literature on Interest (1884-99) by Eugen von BöhmBawerk, translated from the German by him in co-operation with S. Feilbogen; several articles and monographs on economic and educational topics in encyclopedias and periodicals.

SCOTT, William Bell, Scottish poet and painter, brother of David Scott (q.v.): b. Edinburgh, 12 Sept. 1811; d. Perthshire, 22 Nov. 1890. He received his first education in art from his father, who was an engraver, and in 1834 began to write poetry for the current magazines. His first picture of note, The Old English Ballad Singer,' was exhibited in 1838. From this time forward his reputation as a painter was established. He is best remembered, however, as a poet. While for many years he was an exhibitor in the Royal Academy, his greatest activity was along literary lines. His most noted poetical works are "The Year of the World'. (1846); Poems by a Painter (1854) and 'Ballads,' etc. (1875). His other writings include 'Lectures on Art' (1861); Albert Dürer: His Life and Works' (1869); The Little Masters) (1879); 'Life and Works of David Scott.'

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(8 vols.). He has written numerous graphs on geology and palæontology and is author of Introduction to Geology (1897; 2d ed., 1907); History of Land Mammels of the Western Hemisphere) (1913); (The Theory of Evolution (1917).

SCOTT, Winfield, American soldier: b. near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Va., 13 June 1786; d. West Point, N. Y., 29 May 1866. After study at William and Mary College in 1805, he read law at Petersburg, and having obtained his license, rode the circuit and was retained in several causes. In 1808 he obtained a captain's commission in the United States army, and in 1809 embarked with his company from Norfolk to New Orleans. On 18 June 1812 war was declared by Congress against Great Britain (see WAR of 1812). On 6 July following Scott was commissioned the lieutenant-colonel of the Second Artillery. He at once was ordered to mobilize his regiment at Philadelphia and soon after, at his request, to proceed to the Canadian frontier. He arrived at the headquarters of Brig.-Gen. Alexander Smyth 4 October. The affair at Queenstown took place on 13 October. Scott did not take part in the successful attack on the heights, but commanded the American forces in the ensuing battle, and after brisk fighting was obliged to surrender to much superior numbers. He was soon after exchanged, in March 1813, was appointed adjutant-general with rank of colonel, and at about the same time was promoted colonel of his regiment. With the regiment he joined General Dearborn on the Niagara frontier, became Dearborn's chief of staff, led the successful attack on Fort George 27 May, commanded the rear guard in the retreat from Stony Creek to Fort George and cooperated with the naval forces in the descent on Burlington Heights and York. Promoted 9 March 1814 to be brigadier-general, he established a camp of instruction at Buffalo. Scott's brigade and Ripley's crossed the Niagara 3 July 1814; Fort Erie was invested and captured; and on the 4th Scott moved toward Chippewa. On 5 July occurred the battle of Chippewa (q.v.). Scott greatly distinguished himself, and General Brown, commanding, declared that to Scott more than any other the American victory was due. The battle of Lundy's Lane (q.v.) followed on the 25th, where Scott again displayed great ability. These battles, both won chiefly by Scott, fully established American military prestige. For his services, Scott received a gold medal from Congress, and was made brevet major-general (from 25 July). He declined to act as Secretary of War, and was in Europe in 1815-16. In 1826 he was made president of a board of army and militia officers convened at Washington for the consideration of various military questions, and in 1829 was assigned to the command of the Department of the East. In July 1832 he was ordered to Illinois to take command of the forces in the Black Hawk War (see BLACK HAWK), and left Buffalo for Chicago with 1,000 troops. He was not in the active campaign, but co-operated with Governor Reynolds of Illinois in concluding treaties with the Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes, Sioux and Menominees. At the time of the nullification troubles he was sent to South Carolina (1831-32), where he was successful

in averting civil war. He prosecuted the Seminole and Creek campaigns in Florida (1836), and superintended the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia to their reservation west of the Mississippi. On 25 June 1841 he became major-general and general-in-chief of the army. In 1839 at the Whig Convention at Harrisburg, Pa., Scott was presented as a candidate for the Presidency, though he urged Clay as first, Harrison as second, choice and the 62 votes cast for him went ultimately to Harrison. He was ordered on 23 Nov. 1846 to Mexico to take charge of the forces there. He assembled his troops at Lobos Island, moved transports in February, landed at Vera Cruz 9 March and effected its surrender 29 March. From this time he proceeded on the uniformly victorious campaign which practically closed the war by his entry into the City of Mexico on 14 September. (For complete account see MEXICAN WAR and articles on various battles). At the close of the war Scott relinquished the command to Gen. W. O. Butler, and returned to the United States, where he received a gold medal from Congress, and was a candidate in 1848 in the Whig Convention which nominated Taylor for the Presidency. In 1852 he was defeated by Franklin Pierce, and in 1855 made brevet lieutenant-general. In 1859, when the American and British governments were adjusting the northwestern boundary question, he was sent to Puget Sound to adjust the difficulties caused by the precipitate occupation of San Juan Island. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he took command at Washington 12 Dec. 1860, provided for the safety of the national capital, and the organization of the army, but resigned the command to McClellan 1 Nov. 1861. Scott was a strict disciplinarian and this, with his formality, led to his army nickname of "Old Fuss and Feathers." As to his skill as a military leader there can be no question. He gained notable distinction in two wars. Webster, in a Senate speech (20 Feb. 1848), called the Mexican War "the most brilliant campaign on recent military record," and Grant writes of the faultless strategy at Churubusco. His political defeats in no way detracted from his reputation. He published General Regulations for the Army) (1825) and 'Infantry Tactics' (1835). Consult biographies by Mansfield (1846); Headley (1852); Victor (1861) and Wright (1894); Scott's Memoirs (1864); Townsend, 'Anecdotes of the Civil War' (1884); Wilcox, 'History of the Mexican War (1892) and Barnes, J., Giant of Three Wars' (New York 1903).

SCOTT: Lockhart's Life of. The 'Life of Scott' by John Gibson Lockhart is the biography usually mentioned as a serious rival of Boswell's 'Life of Johnson.' The works have many points in common. Each has for subject one of the greatest men in English literature; each was written by a man intimately acquainted and thoroughly in sympathy with the subject; each is constructed upon a large plan, with canvas filled even to the smallest details. Furthermore, Lockhart followed the autobiographical plan of Boswell. Beyond these resemblances, however, there are striking dissimilarities. So far as command over language is concerned, Lockhart was probably superior to Boswell; but as a biographical artist he was

clearly inferior. He did not possess Boswell's dramatic skill, nor his ability to report a conversation, nor his discrimination in selecting the most important material.

The Life of Scott' is probably the longest biography of established rank in the English language. Carlyle, who reviewed it before the publication of the seventh and last volume, deplored what seemed to him the excessive length of the narrative. "Study to think it nothing miraculous," he wrote, "that seven biographical volumes are given where one had been better Scott's biography, if uncomposed, lies printed and indestructible here, in the elementary state and can at any time be composed, if necessary, by whosoever has a call to that." Carlyle's opinion has in the main been justified. In 1911 Sir Sidney Lee expressed his conviction that "Lockhart's merit is mainly due to the excellence and the abundance of the raw material provided for him in Scott's ample journals and correspondence.» In short, the 'Life of Scott' is a Gothic cathedral, overawing us by its size and magnificence, rather than a Greek temple, gaining our admiration by its artistry and simplicity.

With all of its limitations, however, the biography is great. The combination of subject and biographer is sufficient to guarantee its greatness, and, to a certain extent, its finality. Lockhart, personally acquainted with Scott since May 1818, became his son-in-law on 29 April 1820, when he married Sophia Scott. The biography was completed in 1838, six years after Scott's death. Lockhart had access to all documents; his work, therefore, together with the journals of Scott later published in full, must always remain the great mine of information from which later biographers must dig. In writing the life of his father-in-law Lockhart had set "the truth and the fear of God" before his eyes; his work, consequently, is not a panegyric; but, like Boswell's Life of Johnson, a straightforward account of faults as well as of virtues. Professor Hugh Walker, in The Literature of the Victorian Era' (pp. 920-923), highly commends Lockhart upon the skill and insight with which he interprets certain manifestations of Scott's character, particularly his love of display and his consequent lavish expenditure. The style of the biography is admirable; several passages, notably the description of Scott's death, are among the best in English literature. All in all, the work, by its very length and exhaustiveness, forms a noble monument to the memory of a man who did all things on a large and magnificent scale.

WALDO H. DUNN.

SCOTTDALE, skot'dal, Pa., borough in Westmoreland County, on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania railroads, about 30 miles in direct line southeast of Pittsburgh and 16 miles south of Greensburg, the county-seat. It is in an agricultural and coal mining region, and it has considerable manufacturing interests. The chief manufacturing establishments large pipe-works, rolling mill, foundry, machine shops and steel works. The coal mines of the vicinity contribute to the prosperity of the borough. The two banks have a combined capital of $100,000. The principal buildings are the churches and schools. The educational in

are

stitutions are a high school, public and parish elementary schools, a private school and a public library. Pop. 5,678.

SCOTTISH CHIEFS, The, a romance by Jane Porter, published in 1810. It was still popular, and historically correct in all important points. The narrative opens with the year 1296.

SCOTTISH CLANS, Order of (American), an organization with 4,000 members, having its headquarters in Boston, Mass. It is a fraternal and benevolent order, having in 1903 a total income of $85,214. In the same year it paid out claims to the amount of $67,000.

SCOTTISH GAELIC LITERATURE. The Gaelic spoken in the Highlands and islands of Scotland forms one of the subdivisions of the Gaelic language, the other two being Irish and Manx. (See CELTIC LANGUAGES; GAELIC LITERATURE). It was introduced into the southern part of Argyll by the Dalriads, who emigrated from Ireland in the 6th century, and there established the subkingdom of Dalriada. The language spread until it became paramount, and it was used at court as late as the reign of Malcolm Canmore. Gaelic, which was the language of the district of Buchan in Aberdeenshire, in the 12th century, and was spoken in Galloway in Queen Mary's reign, gradually retired north and west beyond the Highland line, until now its strongholds are Arran and the Hebrides, the counties of Argyll and Inverness, Ross and Sutherland, and parts of Perth and Caithness. A strong Gaelic-speaking colony was founded in Carolina in the 18th century. In 1772 the first Gaelic-speaking immigrants landed in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and in the first quarter of the 19th century_some 25,000 landed in that part of Canada. Prince Edward Island, Glengarry in Ontario and other parts also received settlers who spoke the Gaelic tongue and have maintained it to the present time. One of the objects of Lord Selkirk in founding the Red River Settlement was the formation of a Gaelic-speaking colony, which, through difference in language, would be proof against any tendency to amalgamate with the Americans. Within the past half century there has been a marked revival of interest in the Gaelic literature of the Highlands, one of the proofs of which was the founding of a Gaelic chair in Edinburgh University in 1882.

For nearly 300 years Scotland and Ireland had a common literary tradition, and the tales of the great Irish legendary heroes were current in the Scottish Highlands. Adamnan's life of Saint Columba, written in the island of Iona before 713 A.D., is the first literary product of Gaelic Scotland that survives. The 'Book of Deer' is of the 9th century; the 'Book of the Dean of Lismore,' by Sir James MacGregor and his brother Duncan, is a manuscript collection of date 1512-26. John Knox's Liturgy was the first book to be printed in the Gaelic dialect (1567). Long after the invention of printing the output was small in this language; only some 20 books had been printed in Gaelic up to the time of the Rebellion of 1745. A valuable collection of manuscripts is deposited in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. The language has been peculiarly rich in poets, a succession of notable bards appearing for about 300 years. Among them may be cited Mary

Macleod (b. 1659); John Macdonald, a member of the Keppoch family; Alexander Macdonald, an officer in Prince Charles's army; Robert Mackay (Rob Donn, 1714-78); Ban McIntyre (1724-1812); Ewen McLachlan of Aberdeen (1755-1822), and William Livingston of Islay (1808-70). Consult Stuart's edition of the Book of Deer' (1862); (Book of Lismore> (edited by MacLauchlan, 1862, and by Cameron, 1892); Blackie, 'Language and Literature of the Scottish Highlands'; Henderson Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland) (1910); Sinclair, (Gaelic Bards from 1411 to 1517) (1890); Carmichael, 'Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations, with Illustrative Notes orally collected in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, and translated into English' (2 vols., 1900); McAlpine, 'Pronouncing Gaelic Dictionary, with a Grammar) (12th ed., 1903); McLeod, 'Dictionary of the Gaelic Language) (1909); Mac Bain, 'Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language) (1911); Maclean, Typographia Scoto-Gadelica; or, Books printed in the Gaelic of Scotland from 1567-1914, with Bibliographical and Biographical Notes) (1915).

SCOTTISH PHILOSOPHY, School of, the school of philosophy founded by Thomas Reid, whose aim was to disprove the skeptical conclusions of Hume, which had obtained a wide vogue in Great Britain and on the Continent. Reid, who was born in Kincardineshire, Scotland, 26 April 1710, and died in 1796, insisted upon certain principles as everywhere present in experience, and he appealed to human consciousness and intelligence against what he called "the ideal theory. The resemblance of Reid's philosophy to Kant's vindication of the categories as elements necessary to the constitution of the simplest experience is obvious. Reid and his successors cannot be said to have produced a system, but they started many others in a train of thought that led to valuable philosophical observations, and the Scottish School of Philosophy proved no insignificant breakwater to the tide of skepticism which rose so high in the 18th century. Besides Reid, the most noted representatives of the Scottish philosophy were Dugald Stewart (1753-1828); Sir William Hamilton (17881856); W. Whewell, master of Trinity College, Cambridge (1794-1866); Henry Calderwood (1830-97). James McCosh (president of Princeton University from 1868 to 1888) and Noah Porter (president of Yale University from 1871 to 1886) belonged to the same school, and as teachers of philosophy contributed largely to its influence in this country. Consult McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy.›

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SCOTUS, skō'tus, John Duns, Franciscan friar, one of the great lights of the mediæval scholastic philosophy and theology. The years 1265 and 1275 are variously assigned for his birth; he died at Cologne, 8 Nov. 1308. His cognomen Scotus plainly betokens his Gaelic origin. The chief advocate on behalf of Ireland is Luke Wadding, who contends Scotus cannot have been an Englishman, since his epitaph runs, "Scotia me genuit, Anglia suscepit; not a Scotchman, since Bonaventure, in a list of the Franciscan provinces, mentions that of "Scotia, or Ireland»; on behalf of North Britain, Thomas Dempster (1579-1625), "one of the most learned men whom Scotland has pro