IN

THE CENTURY MAGAZINE.

N the Century for July, Prof. William M. Sloane draws a fine picture of Miss Sarah Porter and her unique educational work in her private school at Farmington, Conn. Miss Porter had the most remarkable strength and charm of character, a physical constitution scarcely less remarkable than Gladstone's, and a capacity for concentration on the business in hand which, together with promptness of decision and execution, made her wonderfully successful. Yet she never allowed her school to grow very large. For a long time not more than fifty pupils were received, and the numbers were never allowed much to exceed a hundred. Professor Sloane lays stress on Miss Porter's deep distrust of mechanism and fixed organization in educational matters, and her conviction that these things tend to be regarded as in some sort a substitute for the essential.

THE ESTHETIC SIDE OF PARADES.

In Mr. Barr Ferree's discussion of the "Elements of a Successful Parade," he takes the ground that a procession is, properly speaking, a work of art, to be arranged with as much beauty in itself and in its surroundings as can be commanded. The effect may be one of grandeur, as in the ceremonial triumphs of previous times; or solemnity, as in the great ecclesiastical function; of gayety, or of mass. Mr. Ferree thinks that we have somewhat lost the true conception of a public procession; that they were better understood in earlier days. He says the Renaissance period seems to have offered the world the last of the great artistic parades. Now, however, he thinks the tide has turned, and that the modern spectator is beginning to demand real art in his public festival and parade, just as he is beginning to demand art in his public and private life. He cites the great popular interest in the peace festivals in Philadelphia and Washington, the Dewey receptions in New York and Boston, and the Chicago festival of 1899 as proofs that the public is becoming educated in this matter.

DR. MASON'S MUSICAL MEMORIES.

In the July number of the Century, a very promising series of papers begin in "Memories of a Musical Life," by William Mason. Dr. Mason has lived through practically the entire development of organized musical culture in America, and no man has a larger acquaintance with the famous members of his profession throughout the world, which gives him a very entertaining and valuable fund of significant anecdote.

THE FRENCH ACADEMY'S DEADENING INFLUENCE. In an essay on "Artistic Paris," by Richard Whiteing, he says that the influence of the Academy has brought a solicitude for form pure and simple so far that some who live by its laws have hardly a word to bless themselves with. They are like those masters of fence who are afflicted with a sort of paralysis of the power to attack. "With the everlasting refinement of style, the writing of Academic French has become the labor of a lifetime. You had better say nothing than say anything less than perfectly well;-hence a misunderstanding between the Academy and the world that is very much like the misunderstanding between the Church and the world."

Mr. E. E. Easton's third contribution under the title, "Inside the Boer Lines," gives an exceptionally clear insight into the methods of the Boer soldiers. Mr. Easton says the older Boers, the so-called "Doppers," although relatively very ignorant of the resources of Great Britain and the general conditions of modern warfare, retain their ascendency over the younger members-their college-bred or office-trained sons. Notwithstanding the fuller knowledge of the younger generation of Boers, it was they who were most hopeful of final success and of establishing a United States of South Africa, independent of any foreign control.

WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA.

Mr. Frederick A. McKenzie writes on 66 English War Correspondents in South Africa." He says the correspondent in England like Mr. Melton Prior has two outfits always ready at home, which he calls his "hot" and his "cold" outfits. If his editor asks him to take the afternoon boat express to St. Petersburg and go from there to Nova Zembla, he has only to wire for his "cold" bag, while if Timbuctoo is his destination he simply substitutes "hot" for "cold." Concerning the salaries paid to the more noted war correspondents, Mr. McKenzie says one of the best-known of the specials receives £1,000 a year in times of peace, and £2,000 during war. In addition to this, of course, enormous expenses have to be paid for the active correspondent. Mr. McKenzie says one newspaper's bills for telegrams alone, during a quiet month of the present South African campaign, came to £3,000. Mr. McKenzie has a great deal of complaint of the censors-not for carrying out their orders so much as for their lack of order, and their passing of messages without respect to time or precedence. Many messages are suppressed altogether; and, of those that were passed, he gives this as a sample : The correspondent writes: "Heavy Boer attack. Guns rain shell-fire on position. Severe losses, both yesterday and to-day."

The message reaches the foreign editor in London thus: "Heavy rain yesterday and to-day."

THE KING OF ABYSSINIA.

Under the title of "At the Court of the King of Kings," Capt. M. S. Wellby describes a visit to King Menelek, of Abyssinia, in his court. Captain Wellby put on evening clothes, and then rode a mule at 7 o'clock in the morning through the business portions of the city, through an outer stockade of the palace, across an untidy, rough, stony court. He was received by the King in a squatting position, which made him look like a very small man, although he is five feet ten inches high. He says that, in spite of Menelek's faults, he has achieved wonders for the well-being of his country. He is far in advance of any previous Abyssinian monarch, and under his peaceful reign the population and prosperity of the Abyssinians have greatly increased.

IN

SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE.

N the July Scribner's, Mr. Richard Harding Davis maintains his reputation as a capital descriptive writer in his pen-picture of "The Relief of Ladysmith." Mr. Davis thinks that the wonder was not only that Ladysmith was ever relieved, but that it was ever defended. He describes the strategic position of the garrison at Ladysmith as not unlike that of a bear in a bear-pit, at which the Boers around the top of the pit were throwing shells instead of buns.

THE BOER SOLDIER INSUBORDINATE.

Mr. Thomas F. Millard, writing from Pretoria, March 24, describes "The Boer as a Soldier," and says some very striking things concerning the military weaknesses of the Republican armies. A special weakness which we have not seen emphasized to such an extent anywhere else is the failure to obey the generals. If Mr. Millard is entirely accurate, it would seem exceedingly astonishing that the Boers should have won any battles. He says that in all the terrible fighting around Ladysmith and the Tugela, not more than one-third of the burghers were ever at any time engaged, and that in none of the assaults was the whole Boer force actively employed, simply because when the Boer private soldiers thought that the position which they were ordered to capture was too dangerous, they simply said so and sat still. Mr. Millard says: "I have seen General Botha tear his hear and curse the day when he ever undertook to defend fifteen miles of treacherous river-front against an enemy ten times his strength, with another powerful foe in his rear, with a couple of thousand burghers, who could not be induced to obey orders." He says plainly that the Boer must be wheedled into fighting, and he shows the absurdity of the theory that it has been the foreign officers who were responsible for the Boer successes by the fact that none but native officers can persuade their soldiers to fight. Yet notable Boer commandants have attained a great ascendency over their men-Krüger, Joubert, Cronje, and more recently Gen. Louis Botha.

SUBJECTIVE AIDS TO HEALTH.

Mr. Daniel G. Mason, writing on "The Tendency to Health," lays great stress on the command of the attention in attaining health. He thinks that a vast deal might be done in aiding nature's trend to health by confining attention to more pleasant themes than one's unpleasant symptoms, by dwelling on the inevitable tendency of nature to become normal, and by making capital of one's pleasures.

EARLY DAYS OF AMERICAN SLAVE-TRADE.

The opening article in the number is a finely illustrated account by John R. Spears of "The Slave-Trade in America," from the first American descent on the coast of Guinea by a Boston ship in 1645. Previous to 1750, Mr. Spears says, the harvesting of slaves on the coast of Africa was conducted with about as great a regard for honesty as was any other trade with uncivilized peoples. The old slaver embarked a cargo of rum, and headed for the African coast. After two or three months he arrived at some West African port, and invited the chiefs on board to get drunk free of charge and receive presents. Then the slave-ship swung at anchor, waiting for the natives to grow thirsty and bring slaves to exchange for more rum. With the growing price of slaves, however, the methods gradually became more brutal.

IN

THE COSMOPOLITAN MAGAZINE.

N his article entitled "Is Russia to Control All of Asia?" in the July Cosmopolitan, Mr. Alexander Hume Ford seems to show an affirmative answer. He gives a bird's-eye view of the military dispositions and diplomatic advantages which seem to favor Russia's control of the entire continent. North of India Russia has now in camp, within forty miles of Herat, the key to India, a force of the best soldiers larger than our entire army of invasion of Cuba and Porto Rico, while 300 miles back there is a fighting force outnumbering our entire standing army at home and abroad, which can be mobilized within a few hours. An advanceguard of Cossacks is within hailing distance of the gates of Peking, and within short call behind them is an army even greater than that on the borders of Afghanistan. Mr. Ford gives credit to the report that on the British frontier are now stationed more than 100,000 Cossacks, while in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria there are stationed over 120,000 troops. Altogether, along the line of her Asiatic frontier Russia has stretched an army of over 500,000, with fully 10,000,000 horses and camels to mount them and supply packtrains for carrying provisions and forage across the desert. Mr. Ford thinks that even if plucky little Japan should begin war on Russia with the aid of England's fleet and an invading army of 169,000, which she is ready to mobilize within a week, there would be little hope of her securing permanent possession of the soil of a country whose army on a war footing amounts to 8,000,000 men. Mr. Ford thinks the following is the significant keynote of the present situation: "The 'open-door' policy is far more welcome to Russia now than the 'sphere of influence,' which would mean her exclusion from parts of Asia. Once Russia has brought the people of China under her sway, she will have a standing army greater than all the other combined forces of the world, and with but one vast cohesive country, without a single detached colony to defend."

THE TREND OF MODERN COLLEGE EDUCATION. President David Starr Jordan, of Leland Stanford University, writing on "Modern College Education," thinks that the keynote to the education of the future must be "instructive individualism," by which he means that the teachers must come close to the students and find out with them what knowledge each of them most needs.

A FRENCH PROFIT-SHARING EXPERIMENT.

Under the title "Organized Thrift," Mr. Vance Thompson gives an account of the interesting experiment of a Frenchman, M. Godin, a manufacturer of stoves and cooking utensils, in profit-sharing. In 1880 M. Godin turned over his entire large plant, of the value of about $1,000,000, to a company, reserving for himself 5 per cent. per year, as "the wage of the capital," the second charge being the cost of running the shop, the wages of employees, the expenses of the communal school, and care of the sick and young, after these expenditures all profits being distributed prorata between the wage-earners and the capital. In place, however, of distributing the surplus each year to the workers, the sum due each man was given him in shares, so that little by little he became a proprietor. To-day, after twenty years, the entire capital has been repaid to M. Godin's heirs, with the exception of a few

thousand francs, and the working-men are the proprietors of the shops and the "Family House," are their own masters, and choose by election their chiefs and directors.

IN

M'CLURE'S MAGAZINE.

IN the July McClure's, we have quoted at length in another department from Mr. William Barclay Parsons' account of "Railway Development in China."

THE BIRTH OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN ENTENTE.

Mr. A. Maurice Low, the American correspondent of the London Chronicle, in his "Unwritten Chapter in American Diplomacy," says that, contrary to the general opinion of the people of the United States, the present Anglo-American entente was not born in the stress of the Spanish War. He says it came into being three years earlier, in the travail of the Venezuelan affair. Mr. Low says that when Mr. Cleveland and Mr. Olney were sending the famous message which made such a critical moment in the Anglo-American situation the Cleveland Administration, owing to the humble attitude of Secretary Gresham and of Minister Bayard, made John Hay an unofficial ambassador of the United States to the Court of St. James. Mr. Hay had an immensely delicate mission in this position, but he succeeded in urging on Lord Salisbury's Government that it was necessary to close the dispute. The success of the diplomacy in the Venezuela incident, therefore, Mr. Low thinks, should go largely to the credit of John Hay, and he calls this incident the germ of the entente which was continued in England's attitude during the negotiations which led to the Spanish War.

THE UNITED STATES LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE. The number opens with an article by Mr. Ray Stannard Baker, "The Sea-Builders," in which he gives typical instances of the boldness, skill, and endurance of the men who erect danger-signals on rocks and shoals. He tells us that the United States Government maintains more than 1,100 lighthouses and lighted beacons; 88 light-vessels and lantern-buoys; nearly 1,800 post-lights, most of which mark the shores of navigable rivers; 354 siren-signals, besides other hundreds operated in connection with the regular lighthouse service, blow a deep bass warning at the rising of a fog. Whistling-buoys, bell-buoys, and shoal-buoys, to the number of nearly 5.000, are distributed along the channels of a hundred harbors. In the daytime dangerous bits of coast or river are indicated by 434 day-beacons, and 41 vessels and more than 4,200 men are required to attend, repair, and supply these aids to navigation, the cost to the people of the country being between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 a year.

In this number of McClure's comes the first story from Mr. Kipling inspired by the Boer War. "The Outsider" is a story of the South African battlefield, written from the field.

man was a reckless rough, who followed his occupation as a pleasure, profoundly disrespectable" a cross between a highwayman and a Hooligan." To-day he is a good citizen, who pays taxes directly instead of through a saloon, as formerly.

SOCIETY IN CUBA.

Miss Mary C. Francis, writing on "Society in Cuba," says that up to the time of the Ten Years' War there had been no definite social gulf between the Cuban and the Spaniard. All of the latter were wealthy, and many of the former had amassed estates which enabled them to rival their political masters in luxurious living; but when this war was over, the Cubans were beggared, and after that an impassable gulf yawned between Spaniard and Cuban. Miss Francis says that this gulf was so deep and wide that, when once a high-born Cuban woman dared to marry a Spanish captain-general, she was immediately cut off from her family and ostracized from her own society. While hitherto Cuba has known but two social grades, the aristocracy and the low class, Miss Francis thinks that now there will be the growth of a great middle class, untrammeled by rigid etiquette. The English language is making its way fast, and American newspapers and magazines are finding their way into Cuban homes.

BADEN-POWELL A GREAT SCOUT.

In a sketch of "The Man of Mafeking," Mr. Franklin Chester tells of the eminence that General BadenPowell has attained in the scientific art of scoutingthe best authority of Europe, he calls him, on this branch of the art military. He says that General Baden-Powell thinks our Buffalo Bill the greatest scout that ever lived. "B.-P." himself is frequently referred to as the Sherlock Holmes of the British Army.

IN

THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE.

N the July number of the New England Magazine, Mr. Edmund J. Carpenter contributes a very well-written and excellently illustrated description of Provincetown, Mass., the sea-city at the tip of the long, curling whiplash of land, Cape Cod, where, on November 11, 1620, the Mayflower dropped anchor. Mr. C. N. Hall pleasantly describes "Some Features of Old Connecticut Farming." He tells of the days when there was no widespread degeneration in New England agriculture the days of sixty years ago, when the hired laborers were all of native birth and parentage; when work was done by hand, shoes were home-made, and clothes were almost entirely home-made; and when even the lawyer, the doctor, and the minister were inevitably at the same time farmers. In Mr. Arthur L. Golder's article on "The Rangeley Lakes," he tells why Maine is fast becoming the most popular region for recreation east of the Mississippi. The State has more lakes and forest than all the rest of New England combined, and she has as well a sea-coast of unsurpassed magnificence from the standpoint of the tourist. Of all the resort regions, the Moosehead and Rangeley Lake districts are chief. Moosehead is the largest lake in the State, and is of comparatively recent popularity. The Rangeleys have given recreation to thousands for over fifty years. They are six in number, extending over a length of fifty miles in Western Maine and terminating in Eastern New Hampshire.

ence of the Executive," an address delivered before the students of Princeton University two months ago.

Mr. James W. Alexander attempts to correct "Some Prejudices About Life Assurance." He talks in a very clear-headed way concerning the factors which should base one's choice of an insurance company, and he lays great stress on a mistake people are apt to make of selecting a company which offers the greatest inducements. He thinks this is often the worst company, as it will probably be sacrificing essential principles of safety in order to make the attractive showing which captures the new client. He thinks most of the ambition to do the best instead of the largest business. Mr. Alexander says it would be more sensible for a man to select a company charging the highest premiums, if that was the only basis on which he was going to make a choice, the one granting the least privileges outside of the death indemnity. “It is better for a mutual company, and therefore for its members, who constitute the company, that they should pay too high rather than too low premiums. Too low premiums will certainly cramp the management, lessen the profit, and may even result in failure, while too high premiums facilitate business and increase profit, and the excess ultimately returns with interest to the policy-holders."

CUBAN PROSPECTS.

Mr. J. D. Whelpley, writing on "Cuba of To-day and To-morrow," frankly confesses that the Cubans do not like the Americans. He says the intelligent Cubans think of the Americans as withholding from them their birthright. Mr. Whelpley thinks that a continuation of the present conditions in Cuba will, however, be possible for some time without serious trouble. "The experiment of a free Cuba may even be tried in time, this depending largely upon public sentiment and the dominant power in politics in the United States. It will inevitably result in another intervention which will need no apologies, and will continue so long as the United States shall remain a nation."

JOURNALISM IN THE MAGAZINES.

Mr. Arthur Reed Kimball writes on "The Invasion of Journalism," not only its inroads in the magazines, but the increasing number of reportorial or journalistic books. He thinks this growing tendency towards journalism involves much more than a matter of colloquialism and style; he thinks it concerns point of view and method of treatment as well, and that this is seen conspicuously in the changed relations of the popular magazine and newspaper. "Once it was the ambition of a newspaper to be rated as high as the magazine; now it often seems to be the ambition of the magazine to be ranked as a monthly newspaper."

proaching general election in Great Britain, Mr. Redmond believes that the reunited Irish members of Parliament will be masters of the situation (thanks to the Boer War). He regards as well within their grasp the further reform of the land question, the redress of financial injustice, educational reform, and home rule itself.

Former Minister Charles Denby attempts an answer to the question, "Do We Owe Independence to the Filipinos?" Mr. Denby replies to the well-worn argument that the Filipinos were our allies against Spain, and that therefore honor requires us to acknowledge their independence. He cites abundant testimony in contradiction of these statements from official documents.

WOOL AND THE TARIFF.

Mr. Jacob Schoenhof contributes an "Unwritten Chapter in Recent Tariff History," giving tariff estimates made in 1897, while the Dingley bill was under consideration, and reviewing in detail the changes made in the tariff on wool and woolens. Mr. Schoenhof declares that materials manufactured in our country at the present time to take the place of woolen goods are a discredit to a civilized country. "The wage-earning classes are asked to wear so-called woolen goods, made of about 25 per cent. of wool, the balance cotton and shoddy, and pay higher prices for these compounds in 1900 than they paid for first-class all-wool articles under the Wilson tariff." Although our wool stocks are not increased by importations, they still satisfy the demand. "The average for the four years ending with 1900 even shows a decided step backward, and brings our status to the one occupied by Germany in 1885. this manner the trade, with unerring scent, chronicles the protest of the people against the rise of prices decreed by the Dingley tariff.”

HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHING AS A LIFE WORK.

In

Prof. Edward E. Hill contributes a rather pessimistic article on "Teaching in High Schools as a Life Occupation for Men." He shows that while the work in its nature is worthy of the highest ambitions and best efforts of able men, it is hardly probable that men with such qualifications as promise success in other professions or in business will care to undertake it as a life vocation under present conditions. The compensation is much less than they would be able to command in other occupations, and they sacrifice that public esteem which attaches to many callings, and often subject themselves to harassing and belittling restrictions.

THE NICARAGUA CANAL FROM A BRITISH POINT OF VIEW.

Sir Charles W. Dilke contributes a paper entitled "U. K., U. S., and the Ship Canal." This writer disavows the extreme British view regarding the fortification of the canal; and while he regards it as idle to suggest that a British fleet could use an unfortified canal in the event of war, he still thinks that the taking of security against the possibility of such a state of affairs is prudent, "provided that it may be made clear to the whole world that it is not intended by reasonable Americans, or likely to be intended by an American majority, to subvert in the canal the principle of the 'open door' which the United States demands in China, and by which, throughout the world, in the future, she will have much to gain."

OTHER ARTICLES.

In a study of organized labor in France, Dr. Walter B. Scaife describes the reunion of the two opposing wings of the French Socialist and Labor parties at the Socialist congress in December last.

The Hon. John Charlton, a member of the AngloAmerican Joint High Commission, writes on "American and Canadian Trade Relations." The concluding paragraph of his article contains the suggestion of a threat. He intimates that the fiscal policy of the United States may be imitated by the Canadian Government to the extent of raising the Canadian standard of 26 per cent. on dutiable imports to the American standard of 49 per cent., with perhaps an increase of the differential in favor of Great Britain.

Pres. G. Stanley Hall, of Clark University, writes on "College Philosophy;" Rev. H. A. Stimson on "The Preeminent Profession;" Mr. C. A. P. Rohrbach offers "A Contribution to the Armenian Question; " Mr. William O. Partridge defines "The American School of Sculpture," and Mr. Benjamin W. Wells reviews "Southern Literature of the Year."

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

E have selected Mr. Bryan's article on "The Is

WE sue in the Presidental Campaign," in the June

number of the North American Review, for extended quotation in another department.

Mr. Edmund Barton, a well-known Australian statesman, writes on the subject of "Australian Federation and Its Basis," giving a summary of the provisions of the new Federal constitution, and pointing out the features in which it differs from the Constitution of the United States and that of Canada. The main difference between the American and Australian constitutions seems to lie in the insistence in the latter to the principle of continuous responsibility. The House of Representatives is made the real custodian of the purse, and it is provided that after the first general election no member of the ministry is to hold office for a longer period than three months, unless he has become a member of one or the other of the houses.

EDUCATION AS A SOLVENT OF THE RACE PROBLEM. "Will Education Solve the Race Problem?" is the subject of a paper by Prof. J. R. Straton. Mr. Straton does not undertake to state what the final solution of the problem will be, although in his opinion Mr. Washington's plans appear to be the best tentative policy, and are worthy of all support. Mr. Straton questions whether even industrial education goes back far enough, and whether the dangers and temptations which surround the negro here will not prevail over his weakness before his judgment to choose and his strength to overcome have developed. On the question of colonization, Mr. Straton admits that no plan for the wholesale deportation of the race from the country is practicable. He thinks, however, that something might be done by establishing elsewhere conditions which would invite the negro there, and then assisting him to go. He points out that as many foreigners as there are members in the colored race have come to this country within the past few decades on account of the inviting conditions here. He thinks, therefore, that if conditions elsewhere invited them the negroes might go for the same reasons.

THE REVIVED OLYMPIAN GAMES.

Baron Pierre de Coubertin writes on "The Meeting of the Olympian Games," describing the arrangements made for the athletic festivals at Paris during the present summer. It will be remembered that nearly ten years ago Baron de Coubertin conceived the plan of reviving the Olympian games in a modern form. The International Congress, which met in Paris in June, 1894, decided at his request that each of the new Olympiads should be celebrated in a different city of the world, and Athens was chosen as the seat of the first Olympian meeting, and Paris that of the second, four years later. It is Baron de Coubertin's personal desire that the third Olympian games of the series, those of 1904, shall take place at New York. The distinctly cosmopolitan character of the enterprise would thus be clearly shown.

ENGLAND AND THE BOERS.

The question, "How England Should Treat the Vanquished Boers," is discussed by Sir Sidney Shippard. This has been the topic of innumerable articles in the English reviews; in fact, the subject of dealing with the vanquished Boers was soberly and ponderously discussed by English review writers long before the Boers were in any sense "vanquished." The North American writer recognizes England's duty of dealing justly both by the loyal colonists of Cape Colony and Natal, and also by the Boers themselves nd also the necessity of rendering impossible a. repetition of attempts at a Boer conquest of South Africa with foreign aid, and the desirability of conciliating England's Dutch fellow-subjects by all fair means and gradually reconciling them to their lot as British citizens. With regard to territorial limits, he is of opinion that the best plan would be to establish in Southeastern Africa one great colony comprising Swaziland, the Transvaal, and the Orange territory. He believes that no effort should be made to force on a federation of the South African colonies. Such a federation, if it comes at all, must be spontaneous. For a capital of this new territory, he recommends the founding of a new city, in a high and healthy situation, as near the western side of the Drakensberg as possible. Of existing sites, he prefers Johannesburg.

THE QUESTION OF FUTURE PUNISHMENT.

The Rev. Dr. George Wolfe Shinn attempts an answer to the pressing question, "What Has Become of Hell?” He concludes that hell has not been obliterated. "Retribution exists as an awful fact back of all figurative language. Men in our day have overlooked retribution in seeking to get rid of materialistic notions concerning hell. The time has come to recall the awful fact of retribution. But it must be done discreetly, and always with those exceptions in mind which so greatly modify it." In considering the working out of retribution as it pertains to the future, there are allowances to be made. For example, we cannot include children in its penalty, inasmuch as not inherited sin, but willful sin, is punished, and children are irresponsible. Dr. Shinn would also except the multitude of heathen who have never had the opportunity to hear the Gospel.

THE IDEAL CITY CHARTER.

Comptroller Coler, of New York City, writes on "Charter Needs of a Great City." He regards brevity and