city and suburbs. The schools for the boys are located close to those for the girls, and sometimes in the same building. English is taught in all these schools; nearly all the teachers of English being Americans, and mostly women. The 86 teachers who use Spanish are Tagalos, Mestizos, and a few Spaniards. The large majority of these teachers are graduates of the normal school of Manila, conducted by the Jesuits.

"The greater part of these 38 schools are in rented buildings, for the most part unfit for the purpose, and entirely inadequate to accommodate the number of pupils attending them. There is a most urgent need for larger school buildings, and for properly constructed ones, with playgrounds attached a luxury entirely unknown in Manila. Accommodations should be provided for at least 30,000 or 40,000, who, having no occupation, are roaming the streets and acquiring bad habits. These children are worthy of immediate attention."

The American officials in charge of this school system have great faith in the Filipino children of Manila. They describe them as "bright, capable, polite, earnest, and persevering.' The parents, too, wish their children to know English. The native teachers are capable and patient workers. Mr. Hilder was present at the exercises held in several of the schools when they closed for the summer vacation, and was surprised at the proficiency of the pupils, particularly in English, considering the short time they had been under instruction. The proceed. ings were closed by the singing of "America" in the English language.

A nautical school has been opened under the direction of an American naval officer.

MRS. GLADSTONE AS WIFE AND
PHILANTHROPIST.

Good Words a sketch of Mrs. Gladstone as Seen from Near at Hand." Of her devotion to her husband one pathetic anecdote is given:

DEAN WICKHAM contributes to

Her efforts were unresting, and rarely unsuccessful, to economize his strength and time by giving him all the comfort of home and none of its worries. It is a touching witness, in a small matter, to the master-purpose that in the wanderings of her failing life one of the very last fancies which expressed itself in intelligible words was that a carriage which should have been ready for him was after time. She scolded the nurse and sent urgent messages, and then turning, as she thought, to him, with her old tact changing her voice that he might not guess that there was any delay or difficulty, said: 'Shall you be ready soon to start, darling?""

THE LATE MRS. GLADSTONE.

But the writer brings also to view her philanthropic initiative:

"The Newport Market Refuge was due to her initiation. She got together the committee which found the disused slaughter-houses in Soho, in which the refuge was first established; and partly by means of meetings, at which Mr. Gladstone spoke, partly by endless personal correspondence, and by appeals through The Times, she raised the funds both for the start and for the subsequent developments. It was a new departure in the effort to grapple with the problem of the shelterless.

"The Free Convalescent Home, so long located at Woodford Hall, like the industrial school attached to the Newport Market Refuge and her own orphanage for boys at Hawarden, grew out of the needs of which she had had personal experience in the London Hospital during the great cholera epidemic in 1867. There were two novelties in her scheme: the absence of nomination, payment, etc., and the attachment of the convalescent home to a great hospital. As Mrs. Gladstone had been its foundress, so she watched over it, visiting it constantly."

One incident may be cited:

"She was traveling down to Woodford. The footman had taken her ticket when she started, and she had no money, having left her purse at home, or (as she often did) emptied it. On the way she entered into conversation with a sadlooking young lady in the carriage, and learned

by degrees her trouble- -a sick husband, whom she was just sending off for a voyage to Australia as a chance for his life, but whom she could not afford to accompany. In the interest of the story she overran her station. As she got out, remembering that she had no money, she borrowed a shilling of her traveling companion, and then gave her her address in St. James's Square and asked her to call, telling her that she would see what could be done for her. The same evening, at a smart dinner, she told the story with such effect that, with her own promised contribution, there was enough to pay the second passage to Australia. Next morning the young wife came and with her to the door her husband, who was afraid she might have been hoaxed; but she was warmly received, and the story being fully veri fied, she was made happy by being enabled to accompany her husband on his voyage.

"She never had a thought of personal risk or trouble or fatigue. It struck no one as anything but what was natural in her that in the first hours after Mr. Gladstone's death she should have driven up the village to comfort the new-made widow of a collier who had been killed that morning in a mining accident."

STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT.

SOME very striking work has been done re

cently, in the field of experimental embryology, by Prof. Jacques Loeb, who announces his latest results in Science for August 3, under the title Artificial Parthenogenesis in Annelids (Chatopterus)."

Every animal develops from a single cell, called the egg-cell, or ovum; and it has been an accepted fact that every such cell must be fertilized before it can develop into an individual-that is, it must unite with another specially differentiated cell. This is true throughout the animal kingdom, whether there is an elephant or a butterfly under consideration. Some exceptions occur among less highly organized animals, such as worms, etc., which may also have an asexual method of reproduction, known in its most typical form as fission, in which a portion of the body changes directly into a new individual that separates and becomes free.

Dr. Loeb has experimented with ova that develop in sea-water. He found that when ova of the sea urchin were placed in sea-water, the composition of which had been changed by the addition of certain chemicals, they would develop, although there had been no possibility of union with a fertilizing cell. It was not necessary to leave them in the changed water for any length of time; treatment for a few moments was sufficient. The

He has also experimented on the ova of starfish and of Chatopterus, one of the marine worms, in both of which the embryos passed through the early stages of development after being placed in water containing chemicals.

Two kinds of fertilization are distinguishedfirst, that resulting from substances that increase the condensation of the liquid, and designated as osmotic fertilization; and, second, a chemical fertilization, which results from changing the con. stitution of the sea-water without increasing its density. This kind of fertilization was not effective in the case of the sea- urchins.

Great interest was aroused, a few years ago, by experiments from which it was shown that after artificial division of the egg in its earliest stages of development two individuals might develop, or half of a complete individual, or a complete one of one-half normal size, according to the kind of egg experimented upon. These later unexpected results show us that there is much to be learned yet of the dynamics of embryonic growth.

IN

HOW A LION IS TAMED.

N the September McClure's, there is an article by Samuel Hopkins Adams on "The Training of Lions, Tigers, and Other Great Cats," which explains rather more on that interesting topic than we have before seen. Mr. Adams writes from personal interviews with the leading trainers of the world. He tells us, in the first place, that all trainers prefer an animal from the wilds to one born in captivity, the reason being that the captive creature lands after a long voyage, during which it has almost incessantly suffered from seasickness, want of care, and insufficient food. It has become wretched and broken in body and spirit. In a few hours it has a comfortable and spacious cage, with clean straw, fresh air, good food, and, above all, quiet and peace. This renders the new arrival, whether lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, or puma, more amenable to the advances of human beings than the feline born in captivity. The latter is a spoiled child, and has neither respect nor fear for man. It endures the presence of a trainer in its cage without protest; but let him attempt to force it into some course of action against its will, and at the first touch of punishment it springs at his throat.

TACKLING A WILD TWO-YEAR-OLD LION.

In his interesting description of the actual methods of taking a wild beast in hand, Mr. Adams considers the education of a two-year-old lion just arrived from Africa. "Presumably he is looking about him with some curiosity as to what is coming next. Already he has become accustomed to regard the approach of man as an indication of feeding-time. Consequently, he is inclined to honor the human being with his approval on general principles. To his cage comes the trainer, and speaks to him in soothing tones. Leo regards him without any evidence of perturbation. The trainer, after talking to him for a few minutes, throws him a savory strip of meat, and loiters about the cage for an hour or more before he goes.

THE FIRST ADVANTAGE.

The next day he is back again, and the same performance is repeated. By the third day Leo, being of average intelligence, recognizes his voice when he comes to the cage-it is always the voice that a lion recognizes first, for which reason a trainer invariably speaks to his animals upon approaching them and, if he is in pretty good humor, purs. That is the signal for the next step in the acquaintanceship. The trainer pokes a broomstick between the bars.

This invasion is more than Leo bargained for, however. He draws back, growls, and, thrusting out a huge paw, pins the intruding object to the floor; then drags it into the cage, the trainer offering no resistance. Perhaps the lion contents himself with knocking the stick about a bit and growling at it, having ascertained that it is harmless; or perhaps he crunches it between his terrible teeth. At any rate, no sooner has he disposed of it to his satisfaction and settled down again, than another stick appears, and the quiet voice that he has learned to recognize is heard outside. Very likely Leo pulverizes that intruder too; but the broom sections persist, until he wearies of trying to make toothpicks out of such a quantity of lumber, and permits one of them to be laid on his back without protest.

66 Behold, now, a wonderful matter to the illuminated mind of Leo; for not only is there no harm in this piece of wood, but it is an agency for the increase of happiness. He feels it rubbed, gently rubbed, along his neck and back, and from a dubious and somewhat timid frame of mind passes to serene content, which he announces by loud purrings. There is nothing a lion so loves as grooming." In other ways, too, it shows the same traits as Tabby.

GOING INTO THE CAGE.

"The next step is the plunge. Having become thoroughly accustomed to the stick and its manipulator by repeated rubbings, Leo is judged to be in a condition of mind favorable to a more intimate association. One day his cage door is opened and his human friend steps in, carrying with him a stout chair, upon which he seats himself. Much disturbed, not by the man, but by the chair-which is beyond his comprehensionthe lion retreats to the far corner of the cage, and crouches there growling. The trainer sits quietly reading a paper, and casting glances at the lion from the corner of his eye. Thus the situation remains for a couple of hours; then the man and his chair depart as they came, and Leo is left to think it over.

66

Upon their reappearance, the next morning, he has very likely reached the conclusion that the matter will stand a little investigation, and he approaches cautiously. trainer stretches out toward him the same stick from

The

which he has experienced that pleasant grooming; but in its new surroundings it rouses his quick distrust, and he retreats to his corner. It is feline nature to disAlarm begets wrath. semble that wrath until the moment of action. Leo does not growl or lash his tail. The growling lion is not to be feared, and the lashing tail is not, as commonly supposed, an indication of anger, but of good-humor. Watch the tail of a cat while you are scratching her head, and you will see. It is when the tail stands out straight and rigid that the trainer begins to think of retreat. Leo's tail becomes an iron bar. Perhaps the trainer is warned in time to slip out at the door; perhaps not until so late that he knows he will not have the opportunity. Leo glances aside carelessly, and the next instant, with open mouth and claws distended, he is sailing through the air, straight for the throat of the man, his 800 pounds of sinew and muscle inspired by all the ferocity of fear and hate."

WILD ANIMALS LIKE TO BE PETTED.

When this crisis comes, the chair is the shield, and the stick, forcibly applied to the lion's nose, in the tip of which the beast keeps all his most sensitive feelings, is the weapon of offense. Generally they are sufficient to allow the trainer to get out of the cage, leaving the lion to raise considerable fuss and then repent or not, according to his temperament. When he repents, as he generally does, the trainer goes into the cage the next day with his chair and stick again. The animal moves over to his corner. Little by little the man edges the chair over until he is

within reach, and then he begins to rub the lion with his stick; little by little he decreases the distance still more by shortening his grasp on the stick, until finally he has his hand on Leo's shoulder, and is petting him. This is the second great step; the lion has learned to endure the touch of the human hand. Not only does he endure it he likes it-for few animals are indifferent to petting. Day by day the trainer familiarizes the lion with his presence and touch, rubbing his back, stroking his shoulder, raising his paws; and in the course of a fortnight after first entering the cage, if the animal be of fairly good temper at all, a long and open enmity has been eradicated.

From this on, Mr. Adams tells us that the education of an animal is simply getting him into certain habits of action, each one of which is intimately connected with something he sees or uses. The one great accident to be avoided under all circumstances is falling down. The moment a trainer is prostrate, the animal con'siders the man's power gone and attacks him.

IN

HOW TO CARE FOR ONE'S EYES.

N the September Cosmopolitan, there is a chapter on The Human Eye and How to Care for It," by Dr. H. O. Reik, being one of the prize-winning essays, the programme for which was announced in the Cosmopolitan last year. Dr. Reik explains the physiology of the eye, and then proceeds to give some practical advice as to the care of the most delicate of our senses. He says special care of the eyes should begin at a very early period; in fact, from the very first week of life, as there are diseases which begin as early as that, and may result in blindness. During infancy the child should be guarded against glaring lights in the house or direct sunlight-out-of doors. Especially is it necessary to give intelligent care to the eyesight of schoolchildren. This writer thinks many children who have been punished at home and at school because of a persistent dislike of study are in reality only suffering from the handicap of defective vision. He thinks, with Dr. Risley, of Philadelphia, that every child on entering school should be subjected to a systematic examination as to the state of its vision. Errors of refraction should be corrected by glasses, and then the following precautions as to their work :

PRECAUTIONS IN THE SCHOOLROOM.

(1) Sufficient light, properly admitted to the schoolroom, should be regarded as a fundamental

The

requirement in schoolhouse architecture. light should be admitted from the left side of the pupils, and the ratio of window surface to floor surface should never fall below one to five; and this should be exceeded in many localities, on the north side of buildings and on the ground-floors. (2) The desks and seats should be of such a pattern as will permit independent adjustment as to height and size, to meet the requirements of individual pupils and to insure unright sitting. (3) Instruction should be imparteu as far as possible by means of blackboards, wall-maps, charts, and orally, instead of by work at a near point, as with pencil and paper or slate. Where the work must be done at a near point, a pen and black ink should be used, instead of a lead-pencil or slate and pencil. (4) The work required to be done at home should be in a large measure abandoned, or at least largely reduced. (5) A more elastic curriculum of study is desirable for pupils with weak eyes or feeble health, which will permit the lengthening of the school-life and at the same time admit of steady promotion. (6) Great care should be exercised in the selection of properly printed text-books. Only good paper, and type no smaller than eight-point, or preferably ten-point, are admissible in schoolbooks; and these should be bold-faced and well spaced, on a double-column page. For the former a distance of two millimeters between the lines, and for the latter a distance of two and one-half millimeters, should be required. (7) In writing, the central position of the paper should be maintained; but in properly lighted rooms, with suitably arranged seating, the kind of script, vertical or slanting, will depend upon the vertical or the inclined position of the paper, and may safely be left to natural selection. Some of these suggestions are equally adaptable to the home-life or office-work of the adult."

THE USE OF STIMULANTS.

Dr. Reik says that excessive use of alcohol and tobacco affects the eyes very seriously, and that for some people tobacco is a poison and produces a lesion in the nerve of the eye leading to blindness. The most important thing of all, however, in order to take care of the sight, is to get sufficient light to work and read by. The most desirable location of a light to read by is from above, behind, and to the left of the body. artificial lights, the incandescent electric is the best, though the use of incandescent mantels has much improved gaslight. Where coal oil is the only illuminant, the so-called student lamps make a very satisfactory light.

Of

T

HARPER'S MAGAZINE.

HE September Harper's is largely taken up with lighter features. Mr. Julian Ralph's article on the Boer War, under the title "The Teuton Tug of War," is full of disdain for the Boers and of admiration for Lord Roberts and the British Army. Mr. Ralph thinks that what resistance has been made to the British arms in South Africa has been made chiefly by the country, rather than by the fighting Boers.

SUBMARINE TORPEDO-BOATS OF TO-DAY.

Mr. William W. Kimball tells all about submarine torpedo-boats, his article being illustrated with pictures of various types, but especially of the American submarine boat Holland. Mr. Kimball believes in submarine boats, and says that while it is true there is no way of seeing through water for a practical distance ahead, still a course can be steered under water by the compass as readily as on the surface on a dark night or in a thick fog. There is no difficulty about providing enough compressed air to keep the boat perfectly ventilated for days, and it is certain that very valuable military results otherwise unattainable can be had by utilizing water for cover against gun-fire. The French have a submarine boat regularly in commission in the navy. This, the Gustave Zédé, is driven by stored electricity; therefore, her radius of action is small, as she has no means of renewing her store of power. She is credited with a radius of action of only 30 miles. The Holland uses a gasoline engine for surface and stored electricity for under-water work. Her surface radius of action is a good 800 miles, and her submerged one about 50. All attempts at lighting the water ahead by strong electric arc lights have proved futile, and the boat must be steered, when submerged, by compass or gyroscope, or some method obtaining, by means of the camera-lucida, a reflected image of the object steered for. In the present state of the science of submarine navigation, 60 or 80 tons is the most effective size of a vessel. For this size an armament can be devised to include both aërial and water torpedo-tubes. The automobile water-torpedo cannot be depended upon to get home at distances greater than 300 or 400 yards under battle conditions. In delivering it, the conning-tower must show at 400 yards from the ship; but even then the ship can hardly sink her before the torpedo has been driven home. The projectile torpedo fired through water cannot be depended upon for a range greater than 100 yards. It is for use only at the moment of passing out from the shadow of a ship.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PARIS FAIR. This number of Harper's opens with an article by Edward Insley on "Paris in 1900, and the Exposition." Mr. Insley thinks that the present exposition differs from those that have gone before in little except degree. In nearly all respects the architecture of the Paris Exposition in 1900 is an improvement over 1889. The materials used, staff and stone, have made it another white city. With a much larger exposition to house in half the space, it was out of the question to imitate or surpass Chicago. The one advantage that Paris has over Chicago is the inclusion within the boundaries of the

fair of some of the most beautiful permanent attractions of Paris-the two magnificent Beaux-Arts palaces, the majestic Alexander III. bridge, one side of the Champs Elysées, and both banks of a considerable section of the river.

MR.

THE CENTURY.

R. R. VAN BERGEN writes in the September Century on "The Revolution in China and Its Causes." Mr. Van Bergen is fully convinced that it is a revolution and not an insurrection that is convulsing China now. He describes the Boxer Society as more like a labor union than a secret society. He says its purpose is mainly benevolent-to provide for old and disabled members. It is made up of men whose physical and muscular strength has been trained purposely and from early youth, not that they may enter the athletic arena, but that they may engage in a perfectly lawful and honorable career. They are engaged as watchmen by wealthy residents, and as guards by travelers carrying a large amount of money. Such a guard. or watchman insures perfect safety, for it places the property or person under the protection of the Boxer Union, and thieves or malefactors dread arousing its vengeance. Not a single instance is on record in which a member of the Boxer Union was faithless to his trust. Thus, Mr. Van Bergen says, the Boxer is more like a private detective in America than the bloodthirsty rioter he seems to be from this distance. As to the reasons for the discontent which led the Boxers to take the initiative in this anti-foreign movement, Mr. Van Bergen says that the people of northern China have great causes of complaint. The opening of the Tientsin-Peking Railway brought thousands of people in Chili to the verge of starvation. A host of donkeydrivers, carters, carriers, coolies, boatmen, innkeepers, and their assistants were thrown out of employment. He says the Germans exasperated the Chinese of Shantung by superciliousness, and rode roughshod over the superstitions of the natives. Mr. Van Bergen denies the report that the missionaries had been to blame for China's uprising. While a few dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church have interposed between secular justice and their converts, arousing some jealousy and resentment, the Protestant missionaries have, according to Mr. Van Bergen, conscientiously avoided the connection of secular and religious conditions.

AID THE PROGRESSIVE ELEMENT IN CHINA. Another article in the Century called forth by the Chinese upheaval is the Rev. Dr. D. Z. Sheffield's on "The Influence of the Western World on China." Dr. Sheffield, after rehearsing the political events that preceded and led up to the Chinese revolution, exhorts England and the United States to give all aid and sympathy to the progressive element already alive in China. This element will, he thinks, assert itself, and in due time overcome the spirit of conservatism and blind adherence to the dead past. Dr. Sheffield says that those who know the Chinese best have the highest confidence in the race capacities of that people. They are industrious, economical, persistent, capable, of high culture and of deep moral and religious convictions, shrewd in busi