in, or in connection with, the regular courses of instruction, or independently of them. The programme is ordinarily committed to the proper Division Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees for its consideration and approval.

Studies pursued in a Professional School, either by Graduate Students or by Professional Students, may be approved by the Administrative Board of the Graduate School as constituents of the scheme of study offered for the degree of Master of Arts; but only under the condition that the candidate is precluded from offering any of the same studies, at any time, for a professional degree. A student in a Professional School, not a Bachelor of Arts of Harvard University, who wishes to be a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts, must make application to the Administrative Board of the Graduate School to be accepted as qualified for candidacy.

All studies offered for the degree of Master of Arts are required to be of advanced grade.

The studies offered for the degree of Master of Arts should be submitted to the Administrative Board of the Graduate School for approval early in the academic year; and no applications for such approval will be received after the fifteenth day of January.

DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE.

The requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE for a Bachelor of Science of Harvard University, or for a Bachelor of Arts of Harvard University whose studies for his degree would have qualified him to take a degree of Bachelor of Science, or for any other student who has been accepted, without special conditions, as qualified for candidacy for the degree on the ground of his previous studies, is a full year of residence and study in the Graduate School, devoted to advanced work in science approved by some Division of the Faculty as affording suitable preparation for the degree and completed with high credit. In every case the candidate must have satisfied the Division under which he wishes to work that he is qualified by his previous training to enter on the proposed course of study, which must form a consistent plan, with a definite aim in view, and, while not necessarily lying wholly within one department or field, must be of such character that it can properly be referred to a single Division of the Faculty. The Divisions in which the degree may be obtained are those of Mathematics, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, and Anthropology; and the Department of Architecture, which for this purpose is treated as a Division.

The Administrative Board of the Graduate School has general charge of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Applications

for approval of courses of study offered for the degree should be placed in the hands of the Dean of the Graduate School as early as possible in the academic year, and no such applications will be received after the fifteenth day of January.

DEGREES OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND DOCTOR OF SCIENCE.

For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, not less than two years, at least one of which must be spent in residence at this University, devoted to advanced studies, approved as affording suitable preparation for the degree by the Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees in that Division of the Faculty in which the student is to be a candidate, are required of students already qualified for candidacy for the degree. The Faculty will, in estimating the amount of a candidate's study for the degree, give weight to advanced work done in the graduate department of another university.

For the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCE, three years of scientific study, approved as affording suitable preparation for the degree by the proper Division Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees, at least one of these years being spent in residence at this University, are required of students already qualified for candidacy for the degree. A student who holds the two degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science from Harvard University is excused from one of the three years of study required for the degree of Doctor of Science.

The periods of residence and study named above for the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science must be regarded merely as minimum requirements. The requirements of time for the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Science are wholly secondary. These degrees do not rest on any computation of time, nor on any enumeration of courses; although no student can become a candidate for one of them until he has, in the judgment of the Administrative Board of the Graduate School, fulfilled the requirements of residence and study for the prescribed periods.

The degree of Doctor of Philosophy or of Science is given, not for the mere reason of faithful study for a prescribed time or in fulfilment of a determinate programme, and never for miscellaneous studies, but on the ground of long study and high attainment in a special branch of learning, manifested not only by examinations, but by a thesis, which must be presented and accepted before the candidate is admitted to final examination, and must show an original treatment of a fitting subject, or give evidence of independent research.

Any person on whom the University confers the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or of Science is thereby recognized as qualified to give instruc

tion to candidates for this degree in the Department in which he has taken the degree, and to advance knowledge in that Department by his own investigation.

A Doctor of Philosophy or of Science who has been approved for the purpose by the Division or Department with which his work is most closely related, may be authorized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences to give instruction under the direction of the Faculty for a period not exceeding four months, either gratuitously or for such fee as he may himself fix and collect.

A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must offer himself for examination in some one of the Divisions of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The subjects in which the degree may be taken, as designated by the Faculty, are: Philology, History, Political Science, Economics, Philosophy, Music, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Anthropology.

Within his chosen Division, the candidate must name some special field of study, approved as sufficient by the Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees in that Division. He is liable to minute examination on the whole of that special field; and is also required to prove such acquaintance with the subject-matter of his Division in general as the Committee in that Division shall require. Information in regard to the specific requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in the different Divisions may often be found in the pamphlets issued by the various Divisions and Departments.

A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Science must offer himself for examination on two subjects, or fields of study, in the range of the mathematical, physical, and natural sciences. He must show special attainments in one of these subjects, and is liable to minute examination in the whole ground which it covers; and he is also required to have such general knowledge in the Division to which his special studies belong as the Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees in that Division shall require. His thesis must embody some contribution to science or some special investigation.

Any student who means to become a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or of Science must carry on his studies with the approval and under the direction of the Committee on Honors and Higher Degrees in that Division of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences to which his special studies belong. He should give early written notice of his intention to be a candidate to the chairman of the Committee; and he should consult the chairman, at suitable intervals, about his plans of study.

An applicant for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or of Science must hand a fair copy of his thesis to the chairman of the Committee in his Division on or before the first day of May of the year in which he expects to receive his degree. But the last day for receiving Doctors' theses in a Division may be changed from May 1 to April 1 by a vote of

that Division sent to the Dean of the Graduate School in time for publication in the pamphlet of the Graduate School for the preceding year. Under this rule, the thesis of a candidate for a Doctor's degree in 1905 in the Division of Ancient Languages or of Modern Languages must be handed in on or before the first day of April. The chairman of the Division Committee has power to reject a thesis not plainly written. No candidate is admitted to final examination till his thesis has been approved by the Committee; and, on the approval of the thesis, and as early as the first day of June, the thesis is deposited, with a certificate of approval signed by a special committee, at the office of the University for inspection by any member of the Faculty.

A successful candidate is allowed to print his thesis as one accepted for the degree, with the certificate of approval and the signatures of the approving committee; and either a printed or a written copy of the thesis and the original certificate must be deposited in the Library, and must be open to public inspection.

The branch of study in which the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or of Science is conferred is named in the Diploma and in the Quinquennial Catalogue of the University; and the special field of study and the title of the thesis are also named in the Commencement Programme and in the next following Annual Catalogue.

If a student has already received the degree of Master of Arts at Harvard University, the residence and study accepted in fulfilment of the requirement for that degree may be counted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, provided such residence and study be approved by the appropriate Division Committee as suitable to be so counted.

If a student has already received the degree of Master of Science at Harvard University, the residence and study accepted in fulfilment of the requirement for that degree may be counted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Science, provi led such residence and study be approved by the appropriate Division Committee as suitable to be so counted.

PRIZES.

DETURS.

EDWARD HOPKINS, born in 1600, was a successful London merchant who came to New England in 1637. He was several times Governor of Connecticut Colony; and on his return to England he was elected to Parliament and appointed Warden of the Fleet under Cromwell. His will expresses his desire to give some encouragement in those foreign plantations, for the breeding up of hopeful youths, both at the grammar school and college, for the public service of the country in future times"; and his educational bequests to New England are of great imporPart of the income of one of these bequests is used in the purchase of books called DETURS, for meritorious students in Harvard College of one year's standing. Seniors and Juniors may receive Deturs if, since the Freshman year, they have shown sufficient improvement in scholarship. The awards are usually made in December.

tance.

THE BOWDOIN PRIZES.

JAMES BOWDOIN, born in 1726, was graduated at Harvard College in 1745. He was of Huguenot descent, and was a wealthy merchant of Boston. He entered public life in 1753; and soon became a conspicuous leader of the patriotic party in Massachusetts He was a member from 1757 to 1774 of His Majesty's Council for the Province; and distinguished himself there as an active opponent of the Ministry. In 1775, on the outbreak of the Revolution, he was made President of the Council, under the circumstances of the time an important post, which he held for two years. He was President of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the Commonwealth, in 1779-80. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1785 to 1787; and while holding that office, he rendered an important service to his state and country by suppressing the formidable insurrection known as 66 Shays's Rebellion." He was a member of the State Convention for the ratification of the Constitution of the United States, in 1788. From 1750 throughout his life, he was a valued correspondent of Benjamin Franklin, on scientific as well as political subjects. He was a Fellow of Harvard College from 1779 to 1785, being the first who was neither a