tory, received a wound, of which he died. Night by this time approached, and found the Auftrians every where retreating before the victorious republicans.

The next morning prefented a field of battle covered with the wounded and the flain, and gave both armies an armistice, and an opportunity to bury the dead, to attend the wounded, and to recover the wearied and haraffed foldier from his late fatigue.

It was computed by the French that the campaign of Buonaparte, from the time of his defcending from Mount St. Bernard, till the clofe of the day of Maringo, coft the Auftrians above fixty thousand men. In the morning of that day, the French force amounted to about fifty thousand men, of whom three thoufand were cavalry, and two companies of light artillery, with thirty pieces of cannon: the Auftrian force to about fixty thoufand, of which fifteen thousand were cavalry. In artillery, the Auftrians were still more fuperior to the French. Buonaparte, in the battle of Maringo, had his clothes pierced with balls in different places. General Melas had two horfes killed under him, and received a contufion in his arm.

The reader of military hiftory may recollect that it was, in like manner, that the English, by breaking their line, fuffered victory to elude their grafp at Fontenoy.

On the morning after the battle, the generals in chief of the French and imperial armies entered into a convention, by which an armistice was established between the contending armies until an answer fhould be received from the court of Vienna. The imperialifts were

to occupy all the country comprifed between the Mincio and FoffaMaeftra, and the Po; that is 10 fay, Pefchiera, Mantua, Borgoforte, and thence the whole left bank of the Po. And on the right bank, the city and the citadel of Ferrara. The imperialifts were alio to occupy Tufcany and An

cona.

The French army was to occupy the country comprifed between the Chiefa, the Oglio, and the Po.The country between the Chiefa and the Mincio was not to be occupied by either of the two ar mies. The imperial army to draw fubfiftence from thofe parts of that country which made part of the dutchy of Mantua. The French army to draw fubfiftence from thofe parts of that country which made part of the province of Brefcia. The caftles of Tortona, of Alexandria, of Milan, of Turin, of Pizzighetone, of Arona, and Placentia, were to be put into the hands of the French army, between the fixteenth and twentieth of June. The place of Coni, the caftles of Ceva, Savona, and the city of Genoa to be put into the hands of the French army between the twenty-fixth and twenty-fourth of June; and the fort of Urbino on the twenty-fixth. The artillery and the provifions of the places evacuated to be divided.-The garrifons to march out with military honours, and repair with arms and baggage, by the fhortest route, to Mantua. No individual to be ill-treated on account of any fervice rendered the Auftrian army, or for any political opinions. The Auftrian general, on his part, alfo engaged to releafe all perfons in the ftrong places under his command, who might have been taken [02]

UF

up in the Cifalpine republic for political opinions. Whatever might be the anfwer from Vienna, neither of the two armies were to attack the other without ten days previous

notice.

The laft article of this treaty was of very great military importance. It provided that, during the fufpenfion of arms, neither of the arinies fhould fend detachments into Germany. The propofal for the armiftice was firft made, as will be readily fuppofed, by general Melas. Buonaparte's answer to the Auftrian general's meflage, refpecting terms, was remarkably laconic as well as dignified: dignified not by pride and loftinels, but moderation. The Auftrian army hall immediately retire within the line which it fhould occupy, according to the treaty of Campo-Formio." He immediately difpatched a mellenger with an offer of a general peace to the emperor, on the fame bafis.

While the treaty for an armiflice was drawn up, Buonaparte prepared to return to Milan, in order to re-organize the Cifalpine republic. Before he fet off, he fent general Melas a prefent of a Turkish fabre, brought from Egypt. General Melas faid, to the aid-decamp who delivered it to him"I am forry peace is fo long deJaved: I fhall contribute my efforts to obtain it, that I may go and fee Buonaparte at Paris. I would even go to fee him in Egypt."

The prifoners made by the Auftrians were reftored on the fixteenth of June. And immediately thereafter the chief conful, escorted by a body of chaffears, haftened to Milan, where he recognized and declared the Cifalpine republic to be a free and independent nation. He

eftablished a provifional adminiftra tion, and a confulto for preparing for the republic a conftitution and legislature. He gave orders for refpecting religion, and the property of all citizens without distinction.— Chiz ns, who had fled from their country, were invited to return; with the exception of fuch as had taken arms against the Cifalpine republic, after the treaty of CampoFormio. All fequeftrations were taken off, whether placed upon property poffetled either under the title of ancient property, or in virtue of legal acquifition, under whatever pretext; and, on whatever occafion the said sequeftrations might have been ordered. The ! citadel of Milan having agreed to furrender, the garrifon, to the number of four thoufand, marched out with the honours of war. The full half of thefe being French and Piedmontele, came Over to the French with arms and baggage, and colours flying. A magnificent te deum was celebrated in the cathe dral of Milan, in gratitude for the fuccefs of the French arms, and particularly the triumphs of Buonaparte, the great patron and protec tor of religion. At this folemnity, amidst an immenfe number of peeple, the chief conful, general Berthier, and all his chief fiaff, were prefent.

Buonaparte, in a conference le had with the clergy at Milan, advifed them to preach and practile the morality of Jefus Chrift.

When the victory of Maringo had put the fate of Italy in the hands of Buonaparte, the first idea that occurred to his mind was, how it was to be fettled. Though nat rally and habitually referved ard taciturn, he difcovered, on this

occafion,

occafion, that among the objects nearest his heart was that of eftablishing a very powerful republic in Lombardy: fuch a fate as might be a check on the enemies of France, and even ftronger, perhaps, than might be agreeable to that fpirit of domination and tyranny which prevailed among fo great a portion of the French nation. In a folemn fpeech, pronounced at Milan, he fard, that Lombardy, and Liguria, fhould form only one republic. Time las not yet unfolded his fentiments and views on that great fubject. That a republic fhould be formed in Italy, fitted to reft, immoveable, on its own bafis, and to counterpoife and check the unprincipled defigns, and capricious fallies of other powers, is an event greatly to be defired by every government, and by none that would be of long duration, more than by the rulers of France itself.

After Italy was re-conq ered, by the quick paffage of the Alps, the battle of Maringo, and the furrender of all the ftrong places in Lombardy, Piedmont, and Genoa, to the French general, Berthier, as well as the first conful, returned to Paris, and Massena was fucceeded in the command of the army by general Brune.

rous of repoffeffing the duchy; and, on pretence, of frequent outrages and depredations committed, as was alleged in the adjoining diftriéts by Tulcan brigands, or robbers. It was thus that they thought proper, on the prefent occafion, to flyle an armed corps, which the inhabitants had formed for maintaining the internal order and tranquillity of the country. General Sommeriva, in the end of September, was fent with only a fm ll'efcort to difarm and difperfe the national guard of the Tulcars. This requifition not being readily complied with, general Brune fent a detachment, under general Dupont, to take poffeffion of the Tuscan territory. Dupont, on the fifteenth of October, entered Florence without oppofition. Soon after this, brigadier general Clement perfuaded the Auftrian troops, at Leghorn, to furrender that town to him, or his affenting to a convention for the continuance of the Tufcan government, and the fecurity of privileges aid of property This agree

ment was not fcrupulously obferved, though the British merchants were fortunate in preferving the greater part of their effects, by means of the flips in the harbour. Strong parties were now fent out against the armed Tufcans at Arezzo, and other places; and, as fome refiftance was made by the latter, they were not fubdued and hiperted without bloodthed. Abor the fame time, a heavy contr but on was impofed on the fall helpleis ftate of Lucca.

The French authority and power, throughout Italy, was at this time

great, that the municipality of Celenatico, a fa-port on the Adriatic coaft, prefamed to aneit [08]

an

an English officer, who carried difpatches to them from the British admiral in the Mediterranean. The municipality do not appear to have had any other motive for this deed, than the ufual propenfity of paltry and overawed ftates to pay court to the prevailing power, by marks of zealous fervility. Lord Keith determined to take fevere vengeance for this breach of the law of nations; and captain Ricket carried his orders into prompt execution. A proclamation was iffed, lamenting that the innocent fhould fuffer with, and for, the guilty, but ftating at the fame time the neceffity of fanctioning and fupporting a law fo indifpenfably neceflary in all the intercourfes of peace or war, and which the magiftrates of Cefenatico had fo unneceffarily and wantonly violated. And, a fhort time after the publication of this, all the veffels within the Mole were funk or burned. The two piers were confumed, and the harbour was ren-, dered ulelefs.

It is not eafy, amidst fo many complicated views and fhifting fcenes, to account for the reftoration of Rome, with the greater part of the Roman territories to the pope. The conclave for the election of a fucceffor to Pius VI. was held under the auspices of the em peror at Venice. It was generally fuppofed, that, in this fiep, the court of Vienna had it in contemplation, to ftipulate for fome ceffions on the part of the Romish fee

to the houfe of Auftria, in Italy. The ecclefiaftic, honoured with the pontificate, was cardinal di Chiaramonte, a man of good fenfe, and mild and unaffuming manners. As it was cuftomary for the new pontiff to affume the name of the pope who had promoted him to the dig nity of cardinal, Chiaramonte took that of Pius VII. The emperor, on his election, prefented him with a fum of money, as an earnest of his regard and protection; but, did not at firft reftore any part of the papal dominions, It is not impoffible, that after the battle of Maringo, when he became apprehen five of the lofs of his power and influence in Italy, he refolved to have the credit of delivering up to the pope the greater part of the ecclefiaftical eftate, rather than that it fhould fall into either the poffeffion or difpofal of other hands. court of Vienna, it was faid, had been for fome time fufpicious of an understanding between the king of Naples and the Ruffians. The king, it was fufpected, was to accommodate the court of St. Petersburgh with the long object of its ambition, fome fea-port in the Mediterranean, and to be indemnified by a portion of the ecclefiaftical territories. Be all this as it may, the Auftrians having delivered up to his holinefs the greater part of the ecclefiaftical ftate, Pius VII. took poffeffion of the fee of Rome in July, and began to exercife the functions of fovereignty, with great dignity and moderation,

The

CHAP.